The ayumodoki or kissing loach (Parabotia curtus) is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Botiidae.[3] It is found in lakes and streams on Honshu, the largest island in Japan.[4] Spawning grounds for kissing loach are ditches and small reservoirs for rice cultivation of a river system located in Japan. The kissing loach migrates to flooded areas, including paddy field areas, for spawning in early summer and the spawning of this species is limited after the formation of flooded areas over terrestrial vegetation.[5] [1] These flooded areas are the result of water from mountain streams and irrigation ponds flooding once dry land which create creating man-made wetlands.[6][7] As, adults, Parabotia curtus migrate from these flooded paddy fields to fast moving, muddy streams and rivers like the Yodo River.[3]
| Ayumodoki | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Cypriniformes |
| Family: | Botiidae |
| Genus: | Parabotia |
| Species: | P. curtus
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| Binomial name | |
| Parabotia curtus | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Physical description
editThe kissing loach has an elongated body that is colored a deep dark brown dorsally with lighter brown vertical stripes extending down the sides. The head is compressed and is pointed in the front where six barbels are located on the underside of the head near the mouth. They have large gill openings, a moderately forked caudal fin with dark stripes, lobate pectoral fins, and a lateral line present starting close to the operculum and stretching to the base of the caudal fin.[8]
Early development
editIn a study conducted by Tsukasa Abe and Tatsuya Sakamoto they tested the early development of kissing loach with special reference to the hatching at the early stage as well as the movement of the larvae toward the water surface. The bottoms of these areas, that are reported to be the spawning grounds for these fishes, are covered with vegetation that are submerged by irrigation water for rice cultivation during the spawning period in early summer. It is at this time "(spawning areas submerged for 39 days in 2005), the water depth at the spawning ground was 54.4 ± 0.4 cm [mean ± standard error (SE); 35 days], and the dissolved oxygen at the bottom and near the water surface (20 cm in depth) was measured at 1800 hours for 35 days with a water quality meter. The bottom water temperature was also measured hourly for 35 days using a data logger with a self-contained thermometer" (Abe & Sakamoto, 2011).<ref>Abe, T., Sakamoto, T. Embryonic development and larval behavior of the kissing loach (Parabotia curta): adaptations to an ephemeral, hypoxic environment. Ichthyol Res 58, 238–244 (2011).
Reproduction
editParabotia curtus only lay eggs once a year and spawn in early summer in flooded areas like ditches or small reservoirs used to harvest rice.[9] One of these spawning ground include paddy fields stemming from the Yoshii River in Okayama.[5] They migrate from rivers like the Yoshii River in June and have to spawn very quickly since the flooded paddy fields and ditches are only flooded for a few days.[6]
Diet
editWhen Parabotia curtus is young they are still in the paddy fields where they hatched, water fleas here are huge food source for both Parabotia curtus and other juvenile fish hatched in these areas.[10] Once juvenile loaches make their way to rivers and river channels, their suction mouths are fully developed and they scan the muddy river bottom for detritus, mud worms, and other macrofauna using the barbels that are located on the bottom and around their mouths.[11]
Conservation status
editCurrent conservation status on Parabotia curtus is that it is listed on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUSN) Red List as critically endangered.[7][12] Land-use change and urbanization in Japan is expanding rapidly and is beginning to threaten important river ecosystems in Japan. Many environmental organizations have begun to work with government officials to try and expand these crucial ecosystems and to prevent urbanization and destruction of the few natural habitats left used for spawning for many species of fish, like the protected kissing loach.[9]
In 2012 a plan to build a city park with a sports stadium was announced by the Kameoka city government. The developers of this city soon realized, after speaking with many environmental and conservational organizations, the planned location of the stadium would destroy an important spawning ground for juvenile fish and by building the land up flooding in certain areas could occur. In 2016, they decided that it was best to move the location to avoid the destruction of the few remaining natural loach habitats left in Japan.[13]
References
edit- ^ Watanabe, K.; Abe, T.; Iwata, A.; Shimizu, T.; Hosoya, K. (2015). "Parabotia curtus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T11661A83606443. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T11661A83606443.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
- ^ "Synonyms of Parabotia curtus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846)". Fishbase. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
- ^ a b Kottelat, M. (2012): Conspectus cobitidum: an inventory of the loaches of the world (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cobitoidei). Archived February 11, 2013, at the Wayback Machine The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 26: 1-199.
- ^ R. Froese; D. Pauly, eds. (2017). "Parabotia curtus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) Kissing loach". Fishbase. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
- ^ a b Abe, Tsukasa; Sakamoto, Tatsuya (2011). "Embryonic development and larval behavior of the kissing loach (Parabotia curta): adaptations to an ephemeral, hypoxic environment". Ichthyological Research. 58 (3): 238–244. Bibcode:2011IchtR..58..238A. doi:10.1007/s10228-011-0217-3. S2CID 19129495.
- ^ a b Abe, Tsukasa (2007). "Spawning Behavior of the Kissing Loach (Leptobotia curta) in Temporary Waters". Zoological Science. 24 (8): 850–853. doi:10.2108/zsj.24.850. PMID 18217493. S2CID 21899167.
- ^ a b Yuma, Masahide (1997). "Distribution of the freshwater fishes of Japan: an historical overview" (PDF). Environmental Biology of Fishes. 52 (1–3): 97–124. doi:10.1023/A:1007451417556. S2CID 26033409.
- ^ Jordan, David (1903). "A review of the Cobitidae or Loaches of the Rivers of Japan" (PDF). Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 26 (1332): 765–774. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.26-1332.765.
- ^ a b Ueda, Minoru (2008). "Project for restoring ayumodoki, a species designated as a national treasure, through rice paddy fish channels and use of idle farmland". Archived from the original on 2021-11-19.
- ^ Hata, Kenji (2002). "Perspectives for fish protection in Japanese paddy field irrigation systems". Department of Regional Resources – National Institute for Rural Engineering. 36: 211–218.
- ^ Watanabe, Kiyoko (1983). "Feeding behavior of the Japanese loach, Misgurnus aguillicaudatus (Cobitididae)" (PDF). Department of Zoology Kyoto University. 1 (1–2): 86–90. doi:10.1007/BF02347834. S2CID 24768716.
- ^ Kano, Yuichi (2018). "Photo images, 3D models and CT scanned data of loaches (Botiidae, Cobitidae and Nemacheilidae) of Japan". Biodiversity Data Journal. 6 (6): e26265. doi:10.3897/BDJ.6.e26265. PMC 6048182. PMID 30026666.
- ^ Watanabe, Katsutoshi (2017). "Sports stadium moved for an endangered loach, but conservation concerns still remain – a report from Japan" (PDF). Newsletter of the IUCN SSC/WI Freshwater Fish Specialist Group - Saving Freshwater Fishes and Habitats.
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