Wikipedia

Hainan Island incident

(Redirected from Letter of the two sorries)
For the earlier incident, see 1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown.

The Hainan Island incident was a ten-day international incident between the United States and the People's Republic of China (PRC) that resulted from a mid-air collision between a United States Navy EP-3E ARIES II signals intelligence aircraft and a Chinese Air Force J-8 interceptor on April 1, 2001.

Hainan Island incident

The damaged EP-3 on the ground on Hainan Island.
Date (2001-04-01) (2001-04-11)April 1–11, 2001
Location
Hainan Island, People's Republic of China, South China Sea
Result American crew detained, later released; one Chinese J-8 pilot MIA and presumed dead
Belligerents
 United States  China
Commanders and leaders

George W. Bush

Jiang Zemin

  • Lt. Cdr. Wang Wei †
Strength
1 EP-3E signals intelligence aircraft 2 Shenyang J-8II aircraft
Casualties and losses
  • 1 EP-3E damaged and captured
  • 24 aircrew captured and detained
  • 1 J-8 destroyed
  • 1 pilot missing, presumed dead

The EP-3 was flying over the South China sea at a point roughly midway between Hainan Island and the Paracel Islands when it was intercepted by two J-8II fighters. A collision between the EP-3 and one of the J-8s caused damage to the EP-3 and the loss of the J-8 and its pilot. The EP-3 was forced to make an emergency landing on Hainan without permission from the PRC, and its 24 crew members were detained and interrogated by Chinese authorities until a statement was delivered by the United States government regarding the incident. The ambiguous phrasing of the statement allowed both countries to save face and defused a potentially volatile situation.[1][2]

Background

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This sea area includes the South China Sea Islands, which are claimed by the PRC and several other countries. It is one of the most strategically sensitive areas in the world.[3]

The United States and the People's Republic of China disagree on the legality of the overflights by U.S. naval aircraft of the area where the incident occurred. This part of the South China Sea comprises part of the PRC's exclusive economic zone based on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the Chinese claim that the Paracel Islands belong to China. This claim was acknowledged by Vietnam in 1958 but it has since reversed itself to contest the claim after the end of the Vietnam War in 1975. The United States remains neutral in this dispute, but patrols the sea regularly with naval ships and airplanes, during what it terms freedom of navigation operations. The PRC interprets the convention as allowing it to preclude other nations' military operations within this area, but the United States does not recognize China's claim for the Paracel Islands and maintains that the Convention grants free navigation for all countries' aircraft and ships, including military aircraft and ships, within a country's exclusive economic zone.[4] Although the United States is not party to UNCLOS, it has accepted and complies with nearly all of the treaty's provisions.[5]

 
An EP-3E of VQ-1

A PRC Sukhoi Su-27 force is based at Hainan.[6] The island also houses a large signals intelligence facility that tracks civil and military activity in the area and monitors traffic from commercial communications satellites.[7] The United States has long kept the island under surveillance; on May 22, 1951, for example, RAF Spitfire PR Mk 19s based at Hong Kong's Kai Tak Airport flew photo-reconnaissance missions at the behest of U.S. naval intelligence.[8]

In the air

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On April 1, 2001, the EP-3 (BuNo 156511), assigned to Fleet Air Reconnaissance Squadron One (VQ-1, "World Watchers"), had taken off as Mission PR32 from Kadena Air Base in Okinawa, Japan. At about 9:15 a.m. local time, toward the end of the EP-3's six-hour ELINT mission, it was flying at 22,000 feet (6,700 m) and 180 knots (210 mph; 330 km/h), on a heading of 110°, about 70 miles (110 km) away from the island. Two Chinese J-8s from Hainan's Lingshui airfield approached. One of the J-8s (81194),[9] piloted by Lt. Cdr. Wang Wei,[10][11] made two close passes to the EP-3. On the third pass, it collided with the larger aircraft. The J-8 broke into two pieces; the EP-3's radome detached completely and its No. 1 (outer left) propeller was damaged severely. Airspeed and altitude data were lost, the aircraft depressurized, and an antenna became wrapped around the tailplane. The J-8's tail fin struck the EP-3's left aileron, forcing it fully upright, and causing the U.S. aircraft to roll to the left at three to four times its normal maximum rate.[3][12]

 
Shenyang J-8 81192, a different aircraft piloted by Lt Cdr Wang Wei in an earlier altercation with an American EP-3E.

The impact sent the EP-3 into a 30° dive at a bank angle of 130°, almost inverted. It dropped 8,000 feet (2,400 m) in 30 seconds, and fell another 6,000 feet (1,800 m) before the pilot, Lt. Shane Osborn, got the EP-3's wings level and the nose up.[13] In a September 2003 article in Naval Aviation News, Osborn said that once he regained control of the aircraft, he "called for the crew to prepare to bail out".[12][13] He then managed to control the aircraft's descent by using emergency power on the working engines, allowing him to plan an emergency landing on Hainan.[14]

The Shenyang J-8 (81192) in another altercation with a U.S. reconnaissance aircraft in January 2001.

For the next 26 minutes, the crew of the EP-3 performed an emergency plan which included destroying sensitive items aboard the aircraft, such as electronic equipment related to intelligence-gathering, documents and data. Part of this plan involved pouring freshly brewed coffee into disk drives and motherboards and using an axe from the plane's survival kit to destroy hard drives.[15] The crew had not been formally trained on how to destroy sensitive documents and equipment, and so improvised. As a result of the destruction, the plane's interior was later described as resembling "the aftermath of a frat party".[12]

Osborn made an unauthorized emergency landing at Lingshui airfield, after at least 15 distress signals had gone unanswered, with the emergency code selected on the transponder. It landed at 170 knots (200 mph; 310 km/h), with no flaps, no trim, and a damaged left elevator, weighing 108,000 pounds (49,000 kg). After the collision, the failure of the nose cone had disabled the No. 3 (inner right) engine, and the No. 1 propeller could not be feathered, resulting in increased drag on that side. There was no working airspeed indicator or altimeter, and Osborn used full right aileron during the landing. The surviving Chinese interceptor had landed there 10 minutes earlier.[16]

Wang was seen to eject after the collision, but the Pentagon said that the damage to the underside of the EP-3 could mean that the cockpit of the Chinese fighter jet was crushed, making it impossible for the pilot to survive.[17][18] Wang's body was never recovered, and he was presumed dead.

Cause of collision

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Area of the collision in the South China Sea.

Both the cause of the collision and the assignment of blame were disputed:

  • The U.S. government stated that the Chinese jet bumped the wing of the larger, slower, and less maneuverable EP-3. After returning to U.S. soil, the pilot of the EP-3, Lt. Shane Osborn, was allowed to make a brief statement in which he said that the EP-3 was on autopilot and in straight-and-level flight at the time of the collision. He stated that he was just "guarding the autopilot" in his interview with Frontline.[19] The U.S. released video footage from previous missions which revealed that American reconnaissance crews had previously been intercepted by the same aircraft.[20]
  • The Chinese government stated that, according to Wang Wei's wingman, the American aircraft "veered at a wide angle towards the Chinese", in the process ramming the J-8.[21][22][23][24][25]

Neither claim can be verified since the Chinese government did not release data from the flight recorders of either aircraft, both of which are in its possession.[21][22][23][24][25]

On the ground

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For 15 minutes after landing, the EP-3 crew continued to destroy sensitive items and data on board the aircraft, as per protocol. They disembarked from the aircraft after soldiers looked through windows, pointed guns and shouted through bullhorns. The Chinese offered them water and cigarettes. Guarded closely, they were taken to a military barracks at Lingshui where they were interrogated for two nights before being moved to lodgings in Haikou, the provincial capital and largest city on the island. They were generally treated well. However, they were interrogated at all hours and thus suffered from lack of sleep. They found the Chinese food unpalatable as it included fish heads, but this later improved. Guards gave them decks of cards and an English-language newspaper. To pass the time and keep spirits up, Lts. Honeck and Vignery worked up humorous routines based on the television shows The People's Court, Saturday Night Live and The Crocodile Hunter. These were performed as they went to meals, the only time they were together. They gradually developed good relations with their guards, with one guard inquiring of them the lyrics for the song "Hotel California" by the Eagles.[26]

Three U.S. diplomats were sent to Hainan to meet the crew, assess their conditions and to negotiate the crew's release. The diplomats were first allowed to meet with the crew three days after the incident. U.S. officials complained about China's delays in this regard.[27]

The 24 crew members (21 men and 3 women)[28] were detained for 10 days in total and were released soon after the U.S. issued the "letter of the two sorries" to the Chinese. The crew was only partially successful in their destruction of classified material. Some of the material they failed to destroy included cryptographic keys, signals intelligence manuals, and the names of National Security Agency employees.[12] Some of the captured computers contained detailed information for processing PROFORMA communications from North Korea, Russia, Vietnam, China and other countries.[12] The plane also carried information on the emitter parameters for U.S.-allied radar systems worldwide.[12] China also discovered that the United States could track People's Liberation Army Navy submarines via signal transmission.[12]

Letter of the two sorries

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Wikisource has original text related to this article:

The "Letter of the two sorries"[29] was the letter delivered by the United States Ambassador Joseph Prueher to Foreign Minister Tang Jiaxuan of the People's Republic of China to end the incident. Upon delivery of the letter, China released the detained crew and eventually returned the disassembled aircraft.[21] The letter stated that the United States was "very sorry" for the death of Chinese pilot Wang Wei (王伟) and was "very sorry" the aircraft entered China's airspace, additionally apologizing because its landing did not have "verbal clearance".[30] The United States stated that it was "not a letter of apology"–as then characterized by state-owned Chinese media outlets–but that instead it was "an expression of regret and sorrow".[2] China had originally asked for an apology, but the U.S. explained, "We did not do anything wrong, and therefore it was not possible to apologize".[31]

There was further debate over the exact meaning of the Chinese translation issued by the U.S. Embassy. A senior administration official was quoted as saying "What the Chinese will choose to characterize as an apology, we would probably choose to characterize as an expression of regret or sorrow".[32] Chinese President Jiang Zemin accepted the expression of "very sorry" as consistent with the formal apology that China had sought, and so China released the Americans thereafter.[33]

Aftermath

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The crew of the EP-3 was released on April 11, 2001, and returned to their base at Whidbey Island via Honolulu, Hawaii, where they were subject to two days of debriefings.[21] The pilot, Lt. Shane Osborn, was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for "heroism and extraordinary achievement" in flight. The J-8B pilot, Wang Wei, was posthumously honored in China as a "Guardian of Territorial Airspace and Waters".[21] His widow received a personal letter of condolence from US President George W. Bush.[34]

 
The EP-3 crew arrives at Hickam AFB in Hawaii. Pictured saluting is U.S. Air Force Senior Airman Curtis Towne.

U.S. Navy engineers said the EP-3 could be repaired in 8–12 months,[35] but China refused to allow it to be flown off Hainan island. The disassembled aircraft was released on July 3, 2001, and was returned to the United States by the Russian airline Polet in two Antonov An-124 Ruslans.[36][37] Repairs were performed at Lockheed Martin in Marietta, Georgia, for reassembly and to make it flightworthy again. The aircraft was then flown to L3 in Waco, Texas for missionization as they were the main provider of EP-3 maintenance and modernization at the time.[38] The aircraft returned to duty prior to 2013.[39]

In addition to paying for the dismantling and shipping of the EP-3, the United States paid US$34,567 for the 11 days of food and lodging supplied by the Chinese government to the aircraft's crew.[40] The Chinese had demanded one million dollars compensation from the U.S. for the lost J-8 and their pilot, but this was refused without further negotiations.

The incident occurred ten weeks after George W. Bush's presidential inauguration and was his first foreign policy crisis. Both countries were criticized after the event: the Chinese for making a bluff which was called without any real concessions from America other than the "Letter of the two sorries"; and the U.S. first for being insensitive immediately after the event and later for issuing the letter rather than being more oppositional.[41] The United States tried to be conciliatory in order to try to avoid Chinese objections to U.S. foreign policy, which became more important after the September 11 attacks and at the beginning of the War on Terror.[42]

Among the Chinese public, the incident created negative feelings towards the United States and increased feelings of Chinese nationalism.[33] Despite the fact that the destroyed aircraft carried the serial number 81194, footage of Lt Cdr Wang Wei piloting airplane J-8B bearing serial number 81192 in a similar incident earlier in the year was popularized and became a national icon for both the PLANAF and the Chinese nation.[citation needed]

After the collision, China's briefly lessened aggressiveness in monitoring of reconnaissance flights.[43] Flights of U.S. surveillance aircraft near the Chinese coastline continued as before the incident.[44][45]

Hainan is currently the home of the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) Hainan Submarine Base, an underground facility capable of supporting nuclear ballistic missile submarines.[46] During March 2009, Chinese ships and aircraft approached the USNS Impeccable, an ocean surveillance ship of the U.S. Navy while operating 75 miles (121 km) south of Hainan. Pentagon officials characterized the actions as "aggressive" and "harassment".[47][48] In August 2014, the U.S. protested when a Chinese Shenyang J-11BH came within 10 meters (30 ft) of a patrolling Boeing P-8 Poseidon aircraft and performed aerobatic maneuvers including a barrel roll.[49] In May 2016, the U.S. protested when two Shenyang J-11BH aircraft reportedly came within 15 meters (50 ft) of a U.S. EP-3 on "a routine" patrol approximately 50 miles (80 km) east of Hainan Island. China responded by demanding an end to U.S. surveillance near China.[50]

See also

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Further reading

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hainan Island incident.
  • Garver, John W. "Sino-American relations in 2001: the difficult accommodation of two great powers." International Journal 57.2 (2002): 283–310. online
  • Osborn, Shane (2001). Born to Fly: The Untold Story of the Downed American Reconnaissance Plane. Broadway. ISBN 0-7679-1111-3.

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Tapper, Jake; Lindsey, Daryl; Montgomery, Alicia (April 13, 2001). "War of words". Salon. Archived from the original on August 6, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  2. ^ a b Zhang, Hang (2001). "Culture and apology: The Hainan Island incident". World Englishes. 20 (3): 383–391. doi:10.1111/1467-971X.00222.
  3. ^ a b Brookes 2002, p. 102
  4. ^ "Why is the South China Sea contentious?". BBC News. July 12, 2016. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  5. ^ Almond, Roncevert Ganan (May 24, 2017). "U.S. Ratification of the Law of the Sea Convention". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on August 6, 2022. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  6. ^ "Wuhu Airbase". globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved March 21, 2009.
  7. ^ "Lingshui Air Base". globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on August 6, 2022. Retrieved March 21, 2009.
  8. ^ Peebles, Curtis, Shadow Flights: America's Secret Air War Against the Soviet Union: Presidio Press, 2001. pp. 16–18 ISBN 0-89141-768-0
  9. ^ "不是81192号：中美撞机事件王伟烈士座机到底是哪架". Sina. 新浪军事. April 4, 2017. Archived from the original on April 12, 2017. Retrieved May 2, 2023.
  10. ^ Air Forces Monthly. No. 158. Stamford, Lincolnshire: Key Publishing. May 2001. p. 4. {{cite magazine}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)[full citation needed]
  11. ^ Air Forces Monthly. No. 159. Stamford, Lincolnshire: Key Publishing. June 2001. p. 79. {{cite magazine}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)[full citation needed]
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Zetter, Kim (April 10, 2017). "Snowden Documents Reveal Scope of Secrets Exposed to China in 2001 Spy Plane Incident". The Intercept. Archived from the original on July 18, 2022. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
  13. ^ a b Turnbull, Jim (September–October 2003). "Lt. Shane Osborn: looking at a miracle" (PDF). Naval Aviation News. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 13, 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
  14. ^ Brookes 2002, p. 103
  15. ^ Brookes 2002, p. 104
  16. ^ Brookes 2002, p. 109
  17. ^ Richter, Paul (April 6, 2001). "Chinese Plane Flew Too Close". taiwandc.org. Archived from the original on March 30, 2010. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
  18. ^ Brookes 2002, p. 108
  19. ^ Frontline interview with Shane Osborn Archived August 2, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, retrieved August 28, 2009.
  20. ^ Kates, Brian (April 14, 2001). "U.S. Blames China's Hot-dogging Pilots Harassment in Midair Seen as Cause of Crash". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on August 27, 2017. Retrieved December 5, 2016.
  21. ^ a b c d e Brookes 2002, p. 107
  22. ^ a b "Chinese jet 'snapped in two'". BBC Online. April 13, 2001. Archived from the original on March 14, 2003. Retrieved March 13, 2009.
  23. ^ a b "U.S. aircraft collides with Chinese fighter, forced to land". CNN. April 1, 2001. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved March 13, 2009.
  24. ^ a b Richter, Paul (April 6, 2001). "Chinese Plane Flew Too Close". taiwandc.org. Archived from the original on March 30, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2009.
  25. ^ a b Eckert, Paul (April 19, 2001). "China says video shows US plane caused crash". iol.co.za. Archived from the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2009.
  26. ^ Brookes 2002, p. 105
  27. ^ "US diplomats meet with spy plane crew". The Independent. London. April 3, 2001. Retrieved March 24, 2009.[dead link‍]
  28. ^ Brookes 2002, p. 101
  29. ^ "China Promises Releases of U.S. Crewmembers". CNN. April 11, 2001. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved October 1, 2010.
  30. ^ Lindsey, Daryl et al. "War of words Archived March 8, 2021, at the Wayback Machine". Salon.com, April 12, 2001, retrieved on March 21, 2009
  31. ^ "Bush pleased by release of U.S. crew from China". Archived from the original on March 7, 2022. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
  32. ^ "China, US agree on freeing plane crew". Taipei Times. April 12, 2001. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved March 21, 2009.
  33. ^ a b Zhao, Suisheng (2023). The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 64. doi:10.1515/9781503634152. ISBN 978-1-5036-3415-2. Archived from the original on April 13, 2023. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
  34. ^ "US spy crew 'in excellent health'". BBC Online. April 9, 2001. Archived from the original on May 26, 2004. Retrieved March 13, 2009.
  35. ^ "Spy plane might not fly home". BBC Online. May 20, 2001. Archived from the original on August 6, 2022. Retrieved March 13, 2009.
  36. ^ "Russians to fly out spy plane". BBC Online. June 10, 2001. Archived from the original on October 18, 2002. Retrieved March 13, 2009.
  37. ^ Osborn, Shane (2001). Born to Fly: The Untold Story of the Downed American Reconnaissance Plane. Broadway Books. ISBN 0-7679-1111-3.
  38. ^ "The U.S. Navy EP-3 recovered from Hainan Island, China, has been delivered to Dobbins AFB at Marietta, Ga". Aviation Week & Space Technology. July 9, 2001. Archived from the original on October 11, 2022. Retrieved August 26, 2019.
  39. ^ "US Navy 156511 EP-3 Go Around Portland Airport (PDX)". Archived from the original on December 21, 2021.
  40. ^ Mufson, Steven (August 10, 2001). "US to pay China $34,567 related to spy plane incident". The Washington Post. Hearst Newspapers. Archived from the original on August 6, 2022. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
  41. ^ "Chinese poker". The Economist. April 17, 2001. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved March 13, 2009.
  42. ^ Henriksen, Thomas H. (January 31, 2022). America's Wars: Interventions, Regime Change, and Insurgencies after the Cold War (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009053242.005. ISBN 978-1-009-05324-2. S2CID 245269947. Archived from the original on August 2, 2022. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
  43. ^ Ellison, Michael (July 30, 2001). "China eases spy plane surveillance". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on August 6, 2022. Retrieved March 13, 2009.
  44. ^ Martin, Dan (July 27, 2011). "China tells US to halt spy plane flights". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  45. ^ Blanchard, Ben (July 27, 2011). "China protests U.S. spy flights near its coast". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
  46. ^ "New Chinese SSBN Deploys to Hainan Island". Federation of American Scientists. April 24, 2008. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved March 21, 2009.
  47. ^ "Officials: Ship in China spat was hunting subs". NBC News. March 10, 2009. Archived from the original on August 3, 2017. Retrieved March 28, 2009.
  48. ^ "Pentagon says Chinese vessels harassed U.S. ship". CNN. March 9, 2009. Archived from the original on August 1, 2022. Retrieved August 4, 2010.
  49. ^ "BBC News – US accuses China fighter of reckless mid-air intercept". BBC Online. August 23, 2014. Archived from the original on August 6, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
  50. ^ "BBC News – China demands end to U.S. surveillance after aircraft intercept". Reuters. May 19, 2016. Archived from the original on August 6, 2022. Retrieved May 20, 2016.

Sources

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17°36′20″N 111°21′40″E / 17.6056°N 111.3611°E / 17.6056; 111.3611

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