Wikipedia

Libyan Army

(Redirected from Libyan army)
See also: Libyan Army (1951–2011) and Libyan National Army

The Libyan Army[2] (Arabic: الجيش الليبي) is the brand for a number of separate military forces in Libya, which were under the command of the internationally recognised Government of National Accord (GNA) and the Government of National Unity (GNU).

Libyan Army
الجيش الليبي
Libyan Army Flag
Active1951 (Cyrenaica Liberation Army)
2016 (current form)
Country Libya
Allegiance

Formerly

TypeArmy
RoleLand warfare
Size
  • 6000 (Greater Tripoli, Aug 2019)[1]: 7 
  • 2200–2400 (Sirte, Aug 2019)[1]: 8 
Part ofLibyan Armed Forces
Garrison/HQTripoli
ColorsBlack, red
Commanders
Commander-in ChiefMohamed al-Menfi
Chief of General StaffMohammad Ali al-Haddad

Since December 2015 the groups of the Libyan Army has been nominally subordinated to the internationally recognised Government of National Accord (GNA) based in Tripoli. Due to the instability in the country in 2011 civil war and the outbreak of a new conflict in 2014, the Libyan ground forces remain structurally divided, with components constituting the Tobruk-based Libyan National Army (LNA) under the command of Khalifa Haftar.[3] The forces loyal to the GNA have been fighting against various other factions in Libya, including the Islamic State.[4][5] Some efforts have been made to create a truly national army, but most of the forces under the Tripoli government's command consist of various militia groups, such as the Tripoli Protection Force, and local factions from cities like Misrata and Zintan.[6][7]

Organization

edit

There are two main warfare organizations in Libya: GNA Libyan army and LNA. The other major military force in Libya is the Libyan National Army (LNA), which in 2014 evolved from what was originally called the LNA in 2011 following the fall of Muammar Gaddafi. In 2014, the LNA came under the control of Marshal Khalifa Haftar and the House of Representatives, whose geographical location is in the eastern Libyan city of Tobruk.

In 2017, there was no truly unified army or air force under the Presidential Council's command, and only the Libyan Navy was fully operating under the GNA's control.[8] The Tripoli government aimed to integrate many different militia groups into a regular command structure,[4][9][10] and created a Presidential Guard. Prime Minister Sarraj hold the role of supreme commander of the army.[11] The Libyan Army is commanded by the GNA Defense Ministry, which was initially led by Colonel Al-Mahdi Al-Barghathi from 2016[12] until he was removed in July 2018, at which point GNA Prime Minister Fayez al-Sarraj took on the role of defense minister.[13][7] The Chief of the General Staff was Major General Abdel Rahman al-Taweel,[8] from September 2017 until his removal in February 2019, being replaced by Lieutenant General Mohammed al-Shareef.[14]

2017–2018

edit

Since the establishment of the Government of National Accord in 2016 clashes continued to occur between different factions in Tripoli nominally loyal to the new UN-backed unity government, leaving hundreds dead. Khalifa al-Ghawil proclaimed the creation of a new government consisting of the former General National Congress.[15] Elements of the Presidential Guard defected to the rebels and took over key buildings in the capital.[16][17] Pro-GNA forces eventually were able to defeat the GNC coup attempt.[18][19] Around mid-2017, militias allied to the GNA fully secured the capital. In August 2018 fighting broke out between different groups in Tripoli that were all nominally subordinated to the GNA's defense ministry, forcing Prime Minister Sarraj to call in other militias from different towns outside the capital. A unit called the 7th Brigade had rebelled, leading to its dissolution.[7][20]

2019

edit

On 6 April 2019, a joint operations room was formed in response to Khalifa Haftar's attack on Tripoli to coordinate their military forces. It is led by Western military zone commander Osama al-Juwaili and includes the heads of the Tripoli and Central military zones, the Counter-Terrorism Force, and representatives from the Presidential Guard and Military Intelligence Bureau.[11]

In response to a common interest in defending Tripoli against the LNA, the armed militias that in mid 2019 composed the armed forces of the GNA coordinated with one another mainly by agreement among armed group commanders rather than by the official command structure. The militias remained mostly autonomous in decision-making while formally being integrated into the GNA chain of command. Lacher Wolfram, writing in a Security Assessment in North Africa publication, described this as "bottom-up integration" and a "remarkable development" that "could potentially serve as a starting point for the creation of properly integrated forces ... [with] loyalty to a unified command structure".[1]

Military zones

edit

On 1 June 2017, the GNA announced the creation of seven military zones throughout Libya. They include Tripoli, Benghazi, Tobruk, Sabha (Southern), Kufra, Central (from Misrata to Zuwetina), and Western (west of Tripoli to Jebel Nafusa) . The commanders of each zone were responsible for training and preparation of the forces in their area and answered to the Libyan army chief of staff. Not all of the territories accounted for were under the GNA's control at the time.[21][22][23]

The leaders of the military zones are as follows.

Known units

edit

Allies

edit

One of the GNA main allies is Turkey. Turkey had deployed weapons and equipment to GNA troops even before the Government of National Accord (GNA) requested Turkish military support in December 2019.[33] Turkey's engagement for the GNA is linked to its broader strategic interests in the Eastern Mediterranean: in November, Turkey and GNA leader Fayez al-Serraj signed a defense cooperation deal. At the same time GNA and Turkey agreed one on maritime boundaries in the Eastern Mediterranean, where Turkey is locked in a dispute with regional rivals Greece, Cyprus, Egypt and Israel over access to sea regions rich in natural gas.

Equipment

edit

Weapons

edit
Model image type Calibre Quantity Origin Notes
Pistol
TT-33[34]   Semi-automatic pistol 7.62×26mm   Soviet Union
Makarov PM[35]   Semi-automatic pistol 9×18mm Makarov   Soviet Union
Browning Hi-Power[36]   Semi-automatic pistol 9mm parabellum   Belgium
Glock 17[citation needed]   Automatic Pistol 9mm parabellum   Austria
SAR 9[citation needed]   Semi-automatic pistol 9×19mm Parabellum   Turkey
Caracal F   Semi-automatic pistol 9x19mm Parabellum   United Arab Emirates Purchased and issued to the Ministry of Interior of Libya staff.[37]
Submachine gun
Heckler & Koch MP5[36]   Submachine gun 9mm parabellum   West Germany
FN P90[38]   Submachine gun 5.7×28mm   Belgium
Shotgun
Benelli M4 Super 90[39][40]   Semi-Auto Shotgun 12 gauge 1800   Italy An order were delivered prior of the start of the Libyan revolution of 2011, later used by Libyan special forces.
Winchester Model 1200[41]   Pump-Action Shotgun 12 gauge   United States
Battle rifle and assault rifle
MPT   Battle rifle 7.62×51mm NATO   Turkey MPT-55K assault rifles supplied by Turkey.[42]
G3[43]   Battle rifle 7.62×51mm NATO   West Germany
  Turkey
M4A1[44]   Carbine rifle 5.56×45mm NATO   United States
M16[44]   Carbine rifle 5.56×45mm NATO   United States
Heckler & Koch G36[45][46][47][48][49]   Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO 600   Germany G36 (variants KV and E) were legally sold from Egypt in 2003, pressumably used by the Khamis Brigade/Special Forces (although this remains unclear), anti-Gaddafi forces, most notably the Tripoli Brigade, would later capture an unknown number of stockpiled G36 from the Bab al-Azizia armory.
AK-47[50]   Assault rifle 7.62×39mm   Soviet Union
AKM[51]   Assault rifle 7.62×39mm   Soviet Union
AK-103[52]   Assault rifle 7.62×39mm   Russia Formerly used by Gaddafi Loyalists and later captured by anti-Gaddafi forces.
PM md. 63[53]   Assault rifle 7.62×39mm   Romania
Zastava M70[36]   Assault rifle 7.62×39mm   Yugoslavia
Norinco CQ[54]   Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO   China Chinese unlicensed copy of M16 rifle, used by the National Liberation Army.
Type 65[55]   Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO   Taiwan Taiwanese copy of the M16 rifle
Beretta AR70/90[citation needed]   Assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO   Italy
FN F2000[56][57]   Bullpup assault rifle 5.56×45mm NATO 367   Belgium Purchased from FN Herstal in 2008, delivery commenced in 2009, durning the Libyan Civil War of 2011, Libyan rebels captured an unknown number of F2000 from Gaddafi loyalists.
FN FAL[36]   Battle rifle 7.62×51mm NATO   Belgium
Sniper rifle
M82[citation needed]   Sniper rifle 50 BMG   United States
SVD Dragunov[51]   Sniper rifle 7.62×54mmR   Soviet Union
PSL[58]   Sniper rifle 7.62×54mmR   Romania Formerly used by anti-Gaddafi forces.
Machine gun
PK machine gun[36]   General-purpose machine gun 7.62×54mmR   Soviet Union
RPK[34] Light machine gun 7.62×39mm   Soviet Union
RPD[34]   Light machine gun 7.62×39mm   Soviet Union
FN Minimi[59][36]   Light machine gun 5.56×45mm   Belgium
FN MAG[36]   General-purpose machine gun 7.62×51mm   Belgium
M2 Browning[44]   Heavy machine gun 12.7 mm   United States
DShK[43]   Heavy machine gun 12.7 mm   Soviet Union
Grenade-based weapon
GM-94   Pump-action grenade launcher 43×30mm   Russia Used by anti-Gaddafi forces.[60]
Daewoo K4[61]   Automatic grenade launcher 40mm   South Korea First export customer
Anti-tank weapons
RPG-7[34]   Rocket-propelled grenade launcher 40mm   Soviet Union Used by both sides durning the Libyan Civil War.
M40 recoilless rifle[62]   Recoilless gun 105mm   United States US, Chinese and Iran made variants used.
SPG-9[62]   Recoilless gun 73mm smoothbore   Soviet Union
9M14 Malyutka[63]   Anti-tank guided missile 125mm   Soviet Union
9K115 Metis   Anti-tank guided missile 94mm   Soviet Union Supplied by Turkey to the GNA.[64]
MILAN   Anti-tank guided missile 115mm   France
  West Germany 		Supplied by Qatar during the 2011 Libyan Civil War.[65]

Artillery

edit
Name Image Type Origin Quantity Notes
Rocket artillery
Type 63 multiple rocket launcher   107mm MLRS   People's Republic of China 1+ Some were captured from the LNA.[66]
BM-21 Grad   122mm MLRS   Soviet Union 4+ Some were captured from the LNA.[66]
T-122 Sakarya[67]   122mm MLRS   Turkey 20+ Supplied by Turkey
Self-propelled howitzer
2S1 Gvozdika   122mm   Soviet Union 1+ Formerly used by Gaddafi forces. Some were captured from the LNA.[66]
Palmaria[68]   155mm   Italy 9+ Some were captured from the LNA.[66]
T-155 Fırtına   155mm   Turkey Unknown amount supplied by Turkey.[42]
Towed howitzer
M114   155mm   United States Donated to the Libyan Army by Turkey.[69]
D-30[68]   122mm   Soviet Union 2+ Some were captured from the LNA.[66]
M-46   130mm   Soviet Union 6 Captured from the LNA.[66]
Mortar
M1938   120mm   Soviet Union Unknown Used by anti-Gaddafi Forces during the 2011 Libyan Civil War.[70]
Anti-aircraft systems
ZPU   14.5mm Anti-aircraft gun   Soviet Union Used by both sides durning the 2011 Libyan Civil War.[71] Mounted on technicals.[68]
ZU-23-2   23mm Anti-aircraft gun   Soviet Union Mounted on technicals.[68]
ZSU-23-4   23mm Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun   Soviet Union Used by both sides durning the 2011 Libyan Civil War.[72]
KORKUT 35mm Self-propelled anti-aircraft gun   Turkey Supplied by Turkey.[42]
QW-13   Man-portable air-defense system   China [68]
MIM-23 Hawk   Medium-range Surface-to-air missile system   United States Supplied by Turkey.[42]
Hisar O+   Medium-range Surface-to-air missile system   Turkey Supplied by Turkey to replace MIM-23 Hawk.[73]

Vehicles

edit
Model Image Origin Variant Number Details
Main battle tanks
T-54/T-55[68]     Soviet Union
  Egypt 		T-55A
T-55E 		59+ Some were captured from the LNA.[66]
T-62     Soviet Union
  Russia 		T-62M
T-62MV 		20 Captured from LNA forces.[66]
T-72[68]     Soviet Union T-72
T-72M1 		3+ Some were captured from LNA forces.[66]
M60 Patton     United States
  Turkey 		M60A1 3 Supplied by Turkey.[42][74]
Infantry fighting vehicles
BMP-1     Soviet Union Some were captured from the LNA.[66]
BMP-2[68]     Soviet Union
Ratel IFV     South Africa Ratel 20
Ratel 60 		2 Captured from the LNA.[66]
Armored cars
EE-9 Cascavel     Brazil 2+ Some were captured from the LNA.[66]
Armoured personnel carriers
FNSS ACV-15[68]     Turkey ACV-AAPC Supplied by Turkey.[69]
Steyr 4K-7FA[68]   Austria
Mbombe 6[68]     South Africa
KADDB Al-Wahsh[68]     Jordan 5+ Captured from the LNA.[66]
BMC Kirpi[68]     Turkey Kirpi II Supplied by Turkey.[69]
BMC Vuran[68]     Turkey Supplied by Turkey.[69]
Lenco BearCat[68]     United States G3
Nimr[68]     United Arab Emirates Ajban 1+ Captured from the LNA.[66]
STREIT Group Cougar     Canada 4 Captured from the LNA.[66]
STREIT Group Spartan     Canada 3 Captured from the LNA.[66]
Panthera T6     United Arab Emirates 3 Captured from the LNA.[66]
Panthera F9     United Arab Emirates 1 Captured from the LNA.[66]
HMMWV     United States 3+ Part of a batch of 200 vehicles sent by the US to Libya in 2012. Some were captured from the LNA.[66]
Military engineering vehicles
Centurion AVRE[68]     United Kingdom AVRE 105
Tank destroyers
9P157-2 Khrizantema-S[68]     Russia
Trucks
Toyota Land Cruiser     Japan HZJ 79 Used as technicals.[75]
Iveco Trakker     Italy Trakker 380 1 Captured from the LNA.[66]
KAMAZ     Russia ? 2 Captured from the LNA.[66]

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c Lacher, Wolfram (2019). "Who is fighting whom in Tripoli? How the 2019 civil war is transforming Libya's military landscape" (PDF). Security Assessment in North Africa Briefing Paper. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  2. ^ Assad, Abdulkader (8 October 2019). "Al-Sarraj orders military support for Libyan Army forces on frontlines". The Libya Observer. Archived from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  3. ^ Ali H. M.Abo Rezeg (20 March 2018). Cairo eyes unification of Libyan military establishment. Anadolu Agency.
  4. ^ a b Lewis, Aidan (31 August 2016). Libyan forces prepare for last push against Islamic State in Sirte. Reuters.
  5. ^ Nicholas Norbrook (22 June 2016). Libyan army gains ground against IS in Sirte. The Africa Report.
  6. ^ Wehrey, Frederic (19 March 2019). A Minister, a General, and the Militias: Libya's Shifting Balance of Power. The New York Review of Books.
  7. ^ a b c Dozens dead after days of clashes near Libyan capital. France24. Published 31 August 2018.
  8. ^ a b Serraj appoints military chief of staff. Libya Herald. Published 1 September 2017.
  9. ^ Szuba, Jared (5 April 2019). Haftar's Libyan National Army advances on Tripoli as western militias mobilize. The Defense Post.
  10. ^ a b Pro-Karah Office Tipped for Top Military Post. The Libya Times. Published 14 March 2018.
  11. ^ a b PC President forms joint military operations room as war rocks Tripoli yet again. Libya Observer. Published 6 April 2019.
  12. ^ Ayyub, Saber.Opposing reactions to appointment of unity government’s defence minister Archived 18 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Libya Herald. Published 21 January 2016.
  13. ^ Libyan Presidential Council gives its Defense Minister the sack. Libya Observer. Published 29 July 2018.
  14. ^ Lieutenant General Mohammed Al-Sharif takes office as Libya's Chief of Staff. Libya Observer. Published 14 March 2019.
  15. ^ "Clashes erupt in Libyan capital". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 16 October 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  16. ^ "Rival group seizes Libya's UN-backed government offices". Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  17. ^ "Presidential Guard defects and pledges allegiance to Al-Ghweil Salvation Government". 16 October 2016.
  18. ^ "Ceasefire reached in Tripoli after three days of bloody fighting". Libyan Express. 15 March 2017. Archived from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  19. ^ "Libya govt forces overrun Tripoli militia headquarters". Agence-France Presse. Arab News. 15 March 2017. Archived from the original on 30 April 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  20. ^ "Notorious militia leader returns to ignite Libya conflict". 30 August 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
  21. ^ PC decides to divide the country into seven military zones. Libya Herald. 1 June 2017.
  22. ^ a b c PC appoints military commanders. Libya Herald. Published 4 June 2017.
  23. ^ Libya to be divided into 7 military zones. Middle East Monitor. Published 2 June 2017.
  24. ^ Mahmoud, Khalid (27 May 2018). Libya: Sarraj Discusses Situation in South. Asharq al-Awsat.
  25. ^ a b c Fayez al-Sarraj parleys with some Libyan military commanders. PanaPress. Published 4 March 2019.
  26. ^ Libya: Al-Sirraj appoints Ali Kanna commander of Sabha military zone. Libya Observer. Published 6 February 2019.
  27. ^ Kufra tribes gather for peace and vow support to LNA. Libya Herald. Published 2 May 2018.
  28. ^ Carlino, Ludovico (7 February 2019). Appointment of anti-LNA commander in southern Libya indicates Tripoli’s intent to recover territory taken by the LNA. Jane's.
  29. ^ Dabbashi: Ali Kanna wanted to grant Libyan nationality to Malian Tuaregs in 2011. Address Libya. Published 7 February 2019.
  30. ^ "Tripoli Revolutionaries Brigade seizes Hadba Prison, kills two guards as fighting intensifies". Libyan Express. 27 May 2017.
  31. ^ "Renewed militia clashes shake Tripoli". Libya Herald. 16 December 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
  32. ^ a b McKernan, Bethan; Akoush, Hussein (15 January 2020). "Exclusive: 2,000 Syrian fighters deployed to Libya to support government". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  33. ^ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche, Turkish parliament approves sending troops to Libya | DW | 02.01.2020, retrieved 15 January 2022
  34. ^ a b c d Jones, Richard D. (5 January 2009). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010 (35 ed.). Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-2869-5.
  35. ^ "Libyan Makarov". Archived from the original on 25 February 2021.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g Jenzen-Jones, N.R.; McCollum, Ian. "Web Trafficking: Analysing the Online Trade of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Libya" (PDF). Small Arms Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2017.
  37. ^ Morajea, Hassan; Smallwood, Michael (9 March 2015). "Arms diversion in Libya: An update". Armament Research Services (ARES). Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  38. ^ Fux, Eric (1 May 2011). "deredactie.be - ANALYSE » Blog Archive » Bericht van het front in Libië". deredactie.be. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  39. ^ "Benelli M4 Super 90 (M1014 JSCS)". www.militaryfactory.com. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  40. ^ Giorgio Beretta Mercoledì, 09 Marzo 2011 (27 February 2011). "L'Italia ha inviato 11mila Beretta semiautomatici al regime di Gheddafi / Notizie / Home - Unimondo". www.unimondo.org. Retrieved 4 October 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  41. ^ "Winchester Model 1200". www.militaryfactory.com. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  42. ^ a b c d e "Turkey continues to send arms to Libya in violation of UN Security Council resolutions - Nordic Monitor". Nordic Research and Monitoring Network. 23 June 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  43. ^ a b Jones, Richard D.; Ness, Leland S., eds. (27 January 2009). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010 (35th ed.). Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-2869-5.
  44. ^ a b c "Libya - SALW Guide". salw-guide.bicc.de. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  45. ^ NACHRICHTEN, n-tv. "Gewehre kommen aus Ägypten". n-tv.de (in German). Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  46. ^ NACHRICHTEN, n-tv. "Rebellen nutzen G36-Gewehre". n-tv.de (in German). Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  47. ^ NACHRICHTEN, n-tv. "Heckler & Koch schickt Ermittler". n-tv.de (in German). Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  48. ^ NACHRICHTEN, n-tv. "Regierung sieht keine Fehler". n-tv.de (in German). Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  49. ^ "G36 in use by Trippoli Bridade". Al-Jazera. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  50. ^ Rottman, Gordon L. (24 May 2011). The AK-47: Kalashnikov-series assault rifles. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84908-835-0. OCLC 773366277.
  51. ^ a b Jane's infantry weapons, 2009-2010. Richard, August 14- Jones, Leland S. Ness (35 ed.). Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. 2009. ISBN 978-0-7106-2869-5. OCLC 769660119.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  52. ^ Jenzen-Jones, N. R. (31 October 2011). "Update II: AK-103 Exports to Libya". Security Scholar. Archived from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  53. ^ ""World Infantry Weapons: Libya"". Google. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  54. ^ "Small Arms of the 2011 Libyan Conflict – Cataloguing the Weapons of War". The Rogue Adventurer. 12 December 2011. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  55. ^ "T65 (Type 65)". www.militaryfactory.com. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  56. ^ "FN F2000 sold to Gaddafi Regime". Expatica. Archived from the original on 5 July 2012.
  57. ^ Taylor, Alan. "DIY Weapons of the Libyan Rebels - The Atlantic". www.theatlantic.com. Archived from the original on 6 January 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  58. ^ "Romanian PSL in use by anti-Gaddafi forces". Designated Marksman. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018.
  59. ^ McNab, Chris (2017). The FN Minimi Light Machine Gun: M249, L108A1, L110A2, and other variants. Oxford. ISBN 978-1-4728-1621-4. OCLC 948559502.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  60. ^ Popenker, Maxim; Jenzen-Jones, N.R. (September 2015). The Russian GM-94 Grenade Launcher (PDF). Australia: Armament Research Services (ARES). p. 17. ISBN 978-0-9924624-5-1. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  61. ^ "S&T Daewoo Succeeded in First Exporting K4 Automatic Grenade Machine Gun to Libya". S&T Holdings. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  62. ^ a b Neville, Leigh (2018). Technicals : non-standard tactical vehicles from the great Toyota war to modern special forces. Peter Dennis. Oxford, UK. ISBN 978-1-4728-2253-6. OCLC 1028955162.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  63. ^ "Libya: How the opposing sides are armed". BBC News. 10 March 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  64. ^ Lacher, Wolfram (21 August 2019). Who's Fighting Whom in Tripoli: How the 2019 Civil War is Transforming Libya's Military Landscape. Geneva, Switzerland: Small Arms Survey. p. 14. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  65. ^ Rigual, Christelle (15 December 2014). Armed Groups and Guided Light Weapons: 2014 Update with MENA Focus (Research Note 47). Small Arms Survey. p. 3. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  66. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost. "Disaster at Tarhuna: When Haftar Lost Another Stronghold In Crushing Defeat To The GNA". Oryx. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  67. ^ GDC (31 May 2020). "Turkey Deploys T-122 Sakarya and T-155 Firtina in Libya". Global Defense Corp. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  68. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r International Institute for Strategic Studies (15 February 2023). The Military Balance 2023 (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 340. ISBN 978-1032508955.
  69. ^ a b c d Oryx. "From Türkiye With Love: Tracking Turkish Military Donations". Oryx. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  70. ^ الثوارعلى مشارف البريقة (01) Ajdabiya 2011.07.17 .MP4 [Rebels in the outskirts of Brega], retrieved 8 October 2022
  71. ^ Rawnsley, Adam. "Libya's Got Vlad's Missiles and Kim's Guns". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  72. ^ "ZSU-23-4 (Shilka)". www.militaryfactory.com. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  73. ^ Africa, Military (10 August 2024). "Turkey replace Hawk air defense system with HİSAR-O100 in Libyan base". Military Africa. Retrieved 14 August 2024.
  74. ^ "M60 tanks transferred to Libya". Janes.com. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  75. ^ Spittaels, Steven; Abou-Khalil, Naji; Bouhou, Kassim; Kartas, Moncef; McFarland, David; Servia, Juan Alberto Pintos (12 June 2017). Final report of the Panel of Experts on Libya established pursuant to resolution 1973 (2011) (S/2017/466) (PDF). ReliefWeb. p. 44. Retrieved 24 December 2023.

Further reading

edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Libyan_Army&oldid=1253879886"