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Liechtenstein–European Union relations

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Relations between the Principality of Liechtenstein (German: Fürstentum Liechtenstein) and the European Union (EU) are shaped heavily by Liechtenstein's participation in the European Economic Area (EEA).[citation needed]

EU-Liechtenstein relations
Map indicating locations of European Union and Liechtenstein

European Union
Liechtenstein

Comparison

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  European Union   Liechtenstein
Population 447,206,135[1] 38,896 (2020 estimate)[2]
Area 4,324,782 km2 (1,669,808 sq mi)[3] 160 km2 (62 sq mi)
Population density 115/km2 (300/sq mi) 237/km2 (613.8/sq mi)
Capital Brussels (de facto) Vaduz
Global cities[4] Paris, Amsterdam, Milan, Frankfurt, Madrid, Brussels, Warsaw, Stockholm, Vienna, Dublin, Luxembourg, Munich, Lisbon, Prague None
Government Supranational parliamentary democracy based on the European treaties[5] Unitary parliamentary semi-constitutional monarchy
First leader High Authority President Jean Monnet Monarch Karl I
Current leader Council President Charles Michel
Commission President Ursula von der Leyen 		Monarch Hans-Adam II
Prime Minister Daniel Risch
Official languages 24 official languages, of which 3 considered "procedural" (English, French and German)[6] German
Main religions 72% Christianity (48% Roman Catholicism, 12% Protestantism, 8% Eastern Orthodoxy, 4% Other Christianity), 23% non-Religious, 3% Other, 2% Islam 83.2% Christianity (73.4% Roman Catholic (official), 9.8% Other Christian), 7.0% No religion, 5.9% Islam, 3.9% Others[7]
Ethnic groups Germans (ca. 83 million),[8] French (ca. 67 million), Italians (ca. 60 million), Spanish (ca. 47 million), Poles (ca. 46 million), Romanians (ca. 16 million), Dutch (ca. 13 million), Greeks (ca. 11 million), Portuguese (ca. 11 million), and others
GDP (nominal) $16.477 trillion, $31,801 per capita $5.155 billion, $143,151 per capita

Market access

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Liechtenstein is the only microstate (not counting Iceland by population) that is part of the EEA. Liechtenstein joined the EEA on 1 May 1995 after becoming a full member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) in 1991 (previously, it had participated in EFTA through Switzerland's membership). All EFTA states bar Switzerland are in the EEA, which gives them access to the EU single market. It also obliges Liechtenstein to apply European Union laws considered EEA-relevant. As of June 2016, around 5,000 of 23,000 EU legal acts in total were in force in the EEA.[9] There is some further cooperation with the EU via Switzerland as Liechtenstein is highly integrated with the Swiss economy (including using the Swiss franc).[10]

Schengen

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Countries that could join the European Union
  Current members
  Candidate countries
  Applicant / potential candidate countries
  Membership possible
  Membership not possible

On 28 February 2008, Liechtenstein signed the Schengen Agreement and became part of the Schengen Area on 19 December 2011.[11] Before this, Switzerland shared an open border with Liechtenstein and was already a full Schengen Area member. This open border was not considered a threat to European security because it would be highly difficult to enter Liechtenstein without first landing in or entering a Schengen state. The border with Austria was not open, and it was treated as an external border post by Austria and Liechtenstein, making it necessary to pass through customs and passport control before crossing.

Liechtenstein signed a Schengen association agreement with the European Union on 28 February 2008,[12] and originally planned to join the Schengen Area on 1 November 2009. However, ratification was initially delayed at the behest of Sweden and Germany who felt that Liechtenstein had not done enough to fight tax evasion;[13][14] the Council of Ministers eventually consented to the ratification of the protocol on 7 March 2011,[15] with the protocol entering into force a month later.[16] Liechtenstein was due to join the Schengen Area by the end of 2011[17][18] and did so on 19 December.

Free Movement of Labour

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Although a member of the European Economic Area Liechtenstein does not adhere to the free movement of labour unlike every other member of the European Union and EFTA because its small size and relative prosperity mean that it is vulnerable to high immigration.[19]

Other agreements

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There are further bilateral agreements between the two parties on matters such as taxation of savings. There are also ongoing talks on combating fraud and exchanging information on tax matters.[10]

Diplomatic relations between Liechtenstein and EU member states

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Country Liechtenstein embassy Reciprocal embassy Notes
  Austria Vienna
  Belgium Brussels Bern, Switzerland Liechtenstein Mission to the EU
  Bulgaria Sofia
  Croatia Zagreb
  Cyprus Nicosia
  Czech Republic Prague
  Denmark Copenhagen
  Estonia Tallinn
  Finland Helsinki
  France Paris Bern, Switzerland Liechtenstein Mission to the Council of Europe in Strasbourg
  Germany Berlin Bern, Switzerland
  Greece Athens
  Hungary Budapest
  Ireland Dublin
  Italy Rome
  Latvia Riga
  Lithuania Vilnius
  Luxembourg Luxembourg City
  Malta Valletta
  Netherlands The Hague
  Poland Warsaw
  Portugal Lisbon
  Romania Bucharest
  Slovakia Bratislava
  Slovenia Ljubljana
  Spain Madrid
  Sweden Stockholm

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Population on 1 January". Eurostat. European Commission. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  2. ^ "Amt für Statistik, Landesverwaltung Liechtenstein". Llv.li. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  3. ^ "Field Listing – Area". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  4. ^ Cities ranked "alpha" in 2020 by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html
  5. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 21, 2015. Retrieved 2015-01-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. ^ "European Commission - PRESS RELEASES - Press release - Frequently asked questions on languages in Europe". europa.eu. Retrieved 2017-06-24.
  7. ^ "Central Intelligence Agency". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 7 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  8. ^ "Population by sex and citizenship". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 2020-07-22.
  9. ^ "Directory of European Union legislation - EUR-Lex". Eur-lex.europa.eu. 2016-05-19. Retrieved 2016-06-03.
  10. ^ a b Principality of Liechtenstein, European External Action Service
  11. ^ Trukhachev, Vadim (22 December 2011). "Tiny state lost in the Alps becomes more accessible to foreigners". Pravda.Ru. Pravda. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  12. ^ Protocol between the European Union, the European Community, the Swiss Confederation and the Principality of Liechtenstein on the accession of the Principality of Liechtenstein to the Agreement between the European Union, the European Community and the Swiss Confederation on the Swiss Confederation’s association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis (OJ L 160, 2011, 18 June 2011, p. 3).
  13. ^ "Liechtenstein threatened with Swiss border controls". the Economist. 29 February 2008. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
  14. ^ "Liechtenstein's Schengen-Accession Stopped". SR international—Radio Sweden. 19 May 2009. [permanent dead link]
  15. ^ "3073rd Council meeting, Employment and Social Policy (Provisional Version)" (PDF) (Press release). Council of the European Union. 7 March 2011. p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  16. ^ Notice concerning the entry into force of the Protocol between the European Union, the European Community, the Swiss Confederation and the Principality of Liechtenstein on the accession of the Principality of Liechtenstein to the Agreement between the European Union, the European Community and the Swiss Confederation on the Swiss Confederation’s association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis (OJ L 160, 18 June 2011, p. 50).
  17. ^ AFP (7 March 2011). "Le Liechtenstein intègre Schengen". Le Figaro. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  18. ^ "Fürstentum Liechtenstein neues Mitglied im Schengenraum". Stern.de. 7 March 2011. Archived from the original on 17 September 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  19. ^ https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmhaff/857/85707.htm [bare URL]
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