The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 (Pub. L. 111–2 (text) (PDF), S. 181) is a landmark federal statute in the United States that was the first bill signed into law by U.S. President Barack Obama on January 29, 2009. The act amends Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and states that the 180-day statute of limitations for filing an equal-pay lawsuit regarding pay discrimination resets with each new paycheck affected by that discriminatory action. The law directly addressed Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. (2007), a U.S. Supreme Court decision that the statute of limitations for presenting an equal-pay lawsuit begins on the date that the employer makes the initial discriminatory wage decision, not at the date of the most recent paycheck.
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| Long title | An Act to amend title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, and to modify the operation of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, to clarify that a discriminatory compensation decision or other practice that is unlawful under such Acts occurs each time compensation is paid pursuant to the discriminatory compensation decision or other practice, and for other purposes. |
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| Enacted by | the 111th United States Congress |
| Effective | January 29, 2009 |
| Citations | |
| Public law | 111-2 |
| Statutes at Large | 123 Stat. 5 |
| Codification | |
| Acts amended | Civil Rights Act of 1964 Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 |
| Titles amended | 29, 42 |
| Legislative history | |
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An earlier bill seeking to supersede the Ledbetter decision, also called the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, was first introduced in the 110th United States Congress, but was not successfully enacted at that time, as it was passed by the House but failed in the Senate.
During the campaign for the 2008 elections, the Democrats criticized Republicans for defeating the 2007 version of the bill, citing Republican presidential candidate John McCain's opposition to the bill and candidate Barack Obama's support.[1]
Court rulings
editThe antecedents of the case were posed when Lilly Ledbetter, a production supervisor at a Goodyear tire plant in Alabama, filed an equal-pay lawsuit regarding pay discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, six months before her early retirement in 1998.[2][3] Initially, the jury found for Ms. Ledbetter, awarding her $3 million, which was reduced to $360,000 due to a Title VII damage cap.[4] But the appeals court reversed this ruling. The plaintiffs then appealed to the Supreme Court.[4] The latter ruled in 2007 by a 5–4 majority vote that Ledbetter's complaint was time-barred because the discriminatory decisions relating to pay had been made more than 180 days prior to the date she filed her charge, as explained by Justice Samuel Alito.[5] Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg's dissenting opinion proposed an interpretation according to which the law runs from the date of any paycheck that contains an amount affected by a prior discriminatory pay decision.[4]
The Ledbetter decision was cited by federal judges in 300 cases before the LLFPA was passed. These cases involved not only Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, but also the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, Fair Housing Act, Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act and Eighth Amendment to the Constitution.[6]
Among the first to criticize the Court's decision that Ledbetter's complaint was time-barred was Marcia Greenberger, president of the National Women's Law Center, that saw in the ruling a "setback for women and a setback for civil rights" and called Ginsburg's opinion a "clarion call to the American people that this slim majority of the court is headed in the wrong direction."[7] Debra L. Ness, president of the National Partnership for Women & Families, also condemned the decision, saying, "If employers can keep the discrimination hidden for a period of time, they can continue to discriminate without being held accountable."[8] On the other side, the majority's findings were applauded by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, that called it a "fair decision" that "eliminates a potential wind-fall against employers by employees trying to dredge up stale pay claims."[9]
The bill
edit
The House Democrats were fast to react, coming out on June 12 against the Supreme Court. Claiming lead from Justice Ruth Ginsburg's dissenting opinion, which invited the Congress to take action by amending the law, the Democrats announced their intention to intervene: House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer and Education and Labor Committee Chairman George Miller said that a bill was to be passed to avoid future court rulings in line with Ledbetter, clearly putting that "a key provision of the legislation will make it clear that discrimination occurs not just when the decision to discriminate is made, but also when someone becomes subject to that discriminatory decision, and when they are affected by that discriminatory decision, including each time they are issued a discriminatory paycheck", as said by Rep. Miller.[10]
Republicans immediately opposed the bill as drafted, with Education and Labor Committee ranking member Howard McKeon raising the issue that business executives would be held liable for actions taken by managers who weren't leading the company anymore: "At the end of the day, such a loophole conceivably could allow a retiring employee to seek damages against a company now led by executives who had nothing to do with the initial act of discrimination".[10]
The American Bar Association passed a resolution supporting the new bill.[11] Neal Mollen, who represented the United States Chamber of Commerce in the Ledbetter case, argued that extending the term limit would put a strain on the chances of an adequate defense for the employers, as to defend themselves one "has to rely on documents and the memory of individuals, and neither of those is permanent. If a disappointed employee can wait for many years before raising a claim of discrimination ... he or she can wait out the employer, that is ensure that the employer effectively unable to offer any meaningful defense to the claim".[10]
Organizations that supported the bill include the following:
American Civil Liberties Union, AFL–CIO, American Federation of Teachers, National Education Association, American Rights at Work, American Library Association, People For the American Way, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, National Employment Lawyers Association, Hadassah, National Women's Law Center, National Network to End Domestic Violence, Center for Inquiry - Washington DC, American Association of University Women, Alliance for Justice, Legal Momentum, Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law, National Partnership for Women and Families, Coalition of Labor Union Women, Moms Rising, National Organization for Women, American Association of Retired Persons, Women's Voices, Women Vote Action Fund, 21st Century Democrats, 9to5, National Association of Working Women, Service Employees International Union, Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism,[12] Women Employed,[13] Women's League for Conservative Judaism, Union for Reform Judaism, National Council of Jewish Women, Rabbinical Assembly, Feminist Majority Foundation, YWCA USA, National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Action Fund, and National Council of La Raza.[14]
Organizations that opposed the bill include the following:
U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Eagle Forum, Society for Human Resource Management, National Association of Manufacturers, American Bakers Association, College and University Professional Association for Human Resources, Associated Builders and Contractors, and American Hotel & Lodging Association.[12]
Legislative history
edit
The bill (H.R. 2831 and S. 1843) was defeated in April 2008 by Republicans in the Senate who cited the possibility of frivolous lawsuits in their opposition of the bill[15] and criticized Democrats for refusing to allow compromises.[16]
The bill was reintroduced in the 111th Congress (as H.R. 11 and S. 181) in January 2009. It passed in the House of Representatives with 250 votes in support and 177 against.[17] The vote was split along party lines, with three Republicans voting in favor (Ed Whitfield of Kentucky, and Leonard Lance and Chris Smith both of New Jersey) and five Democrats voting against (Travis Childers of Mississippi, Dan Boren of Oklahoma, Allen Boyd of Florida, Parker Griffith of Alabama, and Bobby Bright of Alabama). The Senate voted 72 to 23 to invoke cloture on S. 181 on January 15, 2009.[18] The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act passed the Senate, 61-36, on January 22, 2009. Those in favor included every Democratic senator (except Edward Kennedy of Massachusetts, who was absent from the vote because of health issues), two independents who caucused with Democrats, and five Republican senators, including all four female Republicans in the senate: Susan Collins (Maine), Olympia Snowe (Maine), Kay Bailey Hutchison (Texas), and Lisa Murkowski (Alaska). Senator Arlen Specter (Pennsylvania) was at the time a Republican and also voted in favor of the bill.[19][20][21] Shortly thereafter, Senator Spector switched parties, joining the Democratic caucus in April 2009.[22]
President Obama actively supported the bill. The official White House blog said:[23]
President Obama has long championed this bill and Lilly Ledbetter's cause, and by signing it into law, he will ensure that women like Ms. Ledbetter and other victims of pay discrimination can effectively challenge unequal pay.
House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer announced that the House would vote on S. 181 (the bill passed by the Senate) during the week of January 26, getting the bill to President Obama's desk sooner rather than later. On January 27, the House passed S. 181 by a 250–177 margin.
On January 29, 2009, nine days after he took office, Obama signed the bill into law. It was the first act he signed as president, and it fulfilled his campaign pledge to nullify Ledbetter v. Goodyear.[24] However, by signing it only two days after it was passed by the House, he incurred criticism by newspapers, such as the St. Petersburg Times which mentioned his campaign promise to give the public five days of notice to comment on legislation before he signed it. The White House through a spokesman answered that they would be "implementing this policy in full soon", and that, currently they were "working through implementation procedures and some initial issues with the congressional calendar".[25]
In 2017, the Trump administration announced it was ending an Obama-era rule that required businesses with over 100 employees to collect wage data by gender, race, and ethnicity.[26]
References
edit- ^ Dade, Corey (August 31, 2008). "Obama's First Shot at Palin Focuses on Equal Pay". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on October 30, 2008.
- ^ Brake, Deborah; Grossman, Joanna (Fall 2007). "Title VII's Protection Against Pay Discrimination: The Impact of Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co" (PDF). Regional Labor Review. 10 (1). Hofstra University Center for the Study of Labor and Democracy: 28–36.
- ^ Siniscalco, Gary (March 2010). "Developments in Equal Pay Law: The Lilly Ledbetter Act and Beyond" (PDF). American Bar Association. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 5, 2019.
- ^ a b c Grossman, Joanna (February 13, 2009). "The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009: President Obama's First Signed Bill Restores Essential Protection Against Pay Discrimination". FindLaw. Archived from the original on September 20, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2009.
- ^ "Syllabus LEDBETTER v. GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER CO., INC" (PDF). Supreme Court of the United States. 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 27, 2020.
- ^ Pear, Robert (January 5, 2009). "Justices' Ruling in Discrimination Case May Draw Quick Action by Obama". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2009.
- ^ Barnes, Robert (May 30, 2007). "Over Ginsburg's Dissent, Court Limits Bias Suits". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 9, 2020.
- ^ "High court limits pay-discrimination claims". NBC News. Associated Press. May 29, 2007. Archived from the original on November 2, 2020.
- ^ Barnes, Robert (September 5, 2007). "Over Ginsburg's Dissent, Court Limits Bias Suits". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 15, 2009.
- ^ a b c Holland, Jesse J. (June 12, 2007). "House Dems Target Court's Pay Ruling". Time. Associated Press. Retrieved March 22, 2009.[dead link]
- ^ Barnes, Robert (September 5, 2007). "Exhibit A in Painting Court as Too Far Right". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 6, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2009.
- ^ a b "Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 (2009 - S. 181)". GovTrack. Archived from the original on November 2, 2020.
- ^ "Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act". United States House Committee on Education and Labor. Archived from the original on January 1, 2011.
- ^ "Co-sponsor and Support the Paycheck Fairness Act (S. 3772)" (PDF). National Women's Law Center. November 9, 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2019.
- ^ Hulse, Carl (April 24, 2008). "Republican Senators Block Pay Discrimination Measure". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 2, 2020. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
- ^ Montgomery, Lori (April 24, 2008). "Senate Republicans Block Pay Disparity Measure". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 9, 2020. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
- ^ Pear, Robert (January 10, 2009). "House Passes 2 Measures on Job Bias". The New York Times. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
- ^ "U.S. Senate: Motion to Invoke Cloture on the Motion to Proceed to S.181". United States Senate. Archived from the original on November 2, 2020.
- ^ "U.S. Senate: On Passage of the Bill (S. 181)". United States Senate. Archived from the original on October 27, 2020.
- ^ Silver, Nate (January 29, 2009). "The Republican Death Spiral". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on October 17, 2020.
- ^ Collins, Gail (January 28, 2009). "Lilly's Big Day". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 9, 2020.
- ^ Bresnahan, John; Kady II, Martin (April 28, 2009). "Specter: I'm not an automatic 60th vote". Politico. Archived from the original on December 12, 2020. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
- ^ Phillips, Macon (January 25, 2009). "Now Comes Lilly Ledbetter". White House – via National Archives.
- ^ "Obama touts equal-pay bill at signing ceremony". NBC News. Associated Press. January 29, 2009. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020.
- ^ "Barack Obama Campaign Promise No. 234: Allow 5 Days of Public Comment Before Signing Bills". PolitiFact. February 4, 2009. Archived from the original on October 6, 2020.
- ^ Klein, Betsy (September 1, 2017). "Ivanka Trump supports ending Obama-era equal pay data collection rule". CNN. Archived from the original on November 2, 2020.
