The line-item veto, also called the partial veto, is a special form of veto power that authorizes a chief executive to reject particular provisions of a bill enacted by a legislature without vetoing the entire bill. Many countries have different standards for invoking the line-item veto if it exists at all. Each country or state has its own particular requirement for overriding a line-item veto.
Countries allowing line-item veto
editBrazil
editThe President of Brazil has the power of the line-item veto over all legislation (art. 84 Federal Constitution of 1988: "The President of the Republic has the exclusive powers to: (...) V.veto bills, either in whole or in part"). Any provisions vetoed in such a manner are returned to the Brazilian congress and can be overridden by majority vote (art. 66 of the Federal Constitution). An example of this came in August 2012, when Dilma Rousseff vetoed portions of a new forestry law which had been criticized as potentially causing another wave of deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest.[1]
Panama
editThe President of Panama has the ability to partially veto portions of a bill.[2]
Philippines
editArticle VI, Section 27 (2) of the Constitution of the Philippines says "The President shall have the power to veto any particular item or items in an appropriation, revenue, or tariff bill, but the veto shall not affect the item or items to which he does not object."
United States
editFederal government
edit
Dating to before the American Civil War, U.S. Presidents including Ulysses S. Grant and Ronald Reagan have sought line-item veto powers. It was not until the presidency of Bill Clinton that Congress passed such legislation.[3] Intended to control "pork barrel spending", the Line Item Veto Act of 1996 was held to be unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in a 1998 ruling in Clinton v. City of New York.[4] The court affirmed a lower court decision that the line-item veto was equivalent to the unilateral amendment or repeal of only parts of statutes and therefore violated the Presentment Clause of the United States Constitution.[5] Before the ruling, President Clinton applied the line-item veto to the federal budget 82 times.[6][7][8][9]
Since then, the prospect of granting the President of the United States a line-item veto has occasionally resurfaced in Congress, either through a constitutional amendment or a differently worded bill. Most recently, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a bill on February 8, 2012, that would have granted the President a limited line-item veto; however, the bill was not heard in the U.S. Senate.[10] The most-commonly proposed form of the line-item veto is limited to partial vetoes of spending bills.[3]
Confederate States of America
editWhile the Constitution of the Confederate States was largely based on the U.S. Constitution, one of the most notable departures was the granting of a line-item veto to its president.[11] Jefferson Davis, however, never exercised the provision.
State governments
editForty-three states—all except Indiana, Maryland, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Rhode Island and Vermont—give their governors some form of line-item veto power.[12] The Mayor of Washington, D.C. also has this power.[13]
In some states like Wisconsin, limitations exist as to the line-item veto, including limitations on the "Frankenstein veto" and the "Vanna White veto".
Uruguay
editArticles 137 and 138 of the Constitution of Uruguay allow the executive power to exercise total or partial vetoes of any bill by the Parliament.
References
edit- ^ "Brazil president vetoes parts of law opening up Amazon". New Straits Times. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
- ^ Jackson, Eric. "With Martinelli out of the country, assembly passes nine laws in one". The Panama News. Archived from the original on December 27, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
- ^ a b Madison, Lucy (August 10, 2012). "15 years after its brief existence, line-item veto eludes presidents". Political Hotsheet. CBS News. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
- ^ Pear, Robert (February 13, 1998). "U.S. JUDGE RULES LINE ITEM VETO ACT UNCONSTITUTIONAL". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 28, 2024.
- ^ Charnowitz, Steve (March 23, 1998). "The Line Item Veto Isn't a 'Veto' at All" (PDF). National Law Journal: A17. Retrieved August 28, 2024.
- ^ "Supreme Court Strikes Down Line-Item Veto". CNN. June 25, 1998. Archived from the original on October 8, 2008.
- ^ Pear, Robert (June 26, 1998). "Justices, 6-3, Bar Veto of Line Items in Bills". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 28, 2024.
- ^ Dewar, Helen; Biskupic, Joan (June 26, 1998). "Washingtonpost.com: Court Strikes Down Line-Item Veto". Washington Post. p. A1. Retrieved August 28, 2024.
- ^ "History of Line Item Veto Notices". National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
- ^ Lawder, David (February 8, 2012). "House votes to give Obama limited line-item veto". Reuters. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
- ^ "Constitution of the Confederate States; March 11, 1861". Avalon Project.
- ^ "Gubernatorial Veto Authority with Respect to Major Budget Bill(s)". National Conference of State Legislatures.
- ^ District of Columbia Home Rule Act (Pub. L. 93–198, 87 Stat. 777, enacted December 24, 1973)