Lhünzhub County, or Linzhou County (Chinese: 林周县) is a county in Lhasa towards the north-east of the main center of Chengguan, Tibet, China. It covers an area of 4,512 km2 (1,742 sq mi) and as of 2000 had a population of 50,895 people, almost all classified as rural. The southern portion, the Pengbo River Valley, contains fertile arable land, while the colder and more mountainous northern portion primarily supports grazing. The county has many monasteries, including the Reting Monastery.
Lhünzhub
林周县 • ལྷུན་གྲུབ་རྫོང་། Lhundrub, Linzhou | |
|---|---|
 Typical scenery of the Nyainqentanglha Mountains | |
  Lhünzhub Location in Tibet Autonomous Region  Lhünzhub Lhünzhub (China) | |
| Coordinates (Lhünzhub government): 29°53′38″N 91°15′54″E / 29.894°N 91.265°E | |
| Country | China |
| Autonomous region | Tibet |
| Prefecture-level city | Lhasa |
| County seat | Ganden Chökhor (Lhünzhub) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 4,512 km2 (1,742 sq mi) |
| Population (2020)[1] | |
| • Total | 50,596 |
| • Density | 11/km2 (29/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Website | www |
| Lhünzhub County | |||||||
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| Chinese name | |||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 林周县 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 林周縣 | ||||||
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| Tibetan name | |||||||
| Tibetan | ལྷུན་གྲུབ་རྫོང་། | ||||||
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The county was established as Lhünzhub Dzong in 1857. In 1959, it merged with Pundo Dzong (Chinese: 旁多两宗) to form the modern Lhünzhub County.[2]
Geography and climate
editLhünzhub County is situated in central Tibet, approximately 65 km (40 mi) northeast of Lhasa. The county encompasses the Pengbo River Valley and the upper reaches of the Lhasa River, covering an area of 4,512 km2 (1,742 sq mi).[3] The region is geologically diverse, with an average elevation of 4,000 metres (13,000 ft). Lhünzhub County is rich in mineral resources, including lead, zinc, copper, silver, gold, and gypsum. The Nyainqêntanglha Mountains extend through the county, dividing it into southern and northern regions.[3][4]
In the south the Pengbo valley has an average elevation of 3,680 metres (12,070 ft) with a mild climate. The average temperature is 5.8 °C (42.4 °F).[3] The northern "three rivers" section, crossed by the Lhasa River and its tributary the Razheng River, is mountainous and has an average elevation of 4,200 metres (13,800 ft). It has average annual temperature of 2.9 °C (37.2 °F) and is mostly pastoral, with yak, sheep and goats. Wildlife includes roe deer, white-lipped deer, otter, black-necked crane, duck, Mongolian gazelle, ibex. By 2018, Lhünzhub County's population of protected wild animals had exceeded 30,000, including over 2,100 black-necked cranes. The largest colony of black-necked cranes consisted of 400 to 500 individuals. [5][6]
Medicinal plants and fungi include Cordyceps, Fritillaria, Rhodiola, and Ganoderma lucidum.[3]
Administration divisions
editLhünzhub County has jurisdiction over one town and 9 townships.[7]
| Name | Tibetan | Tibetan Pinyin | Chinese | Pinyin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Town | ||||
| Ganden Chökhor Town (Lhünzhub) |
དགའ་ལྡན་ཆོས་འཁོར། | Gadainqoikor Chongdai | 甘丹曲果镇 | Gāndānqūguǒ Zhèn |
| Townships | ||||
| Codoi Township | མཚོ་སྟོད་ཤང་། | Codoi Xang | 春堆乡 | Chūnduī Xiāng |
| Sumchêng Township | གསུམ་འཕྲེང་ཤང་། | Sumchêng Xang | 松盘乡 | Sōngpán Xiāng |
| Qangka Township | བྱང་ཁ་ཤང་། | Qangga Xang | 强嘎乡 | Qiánggā Xiāng |
| Karze Township | མཁར་རྩེ་ཤང་། | Karzê Xang | 卡孜乡 | Kǎzī Xiāng |
| Banjorling Township | དཔལ་འབྱོར་གླིང་ཤང་། | Baijorling Xang | 边交林乡 | Biānjiāolín Xiāng |
| Jangraxa Township | ལྕང་ར་ཤར་ཤང་། | Jangraxar Xang | 江热夏乡 | Jiāngrèxià Xiāng |
| Ngarnang Township | ངར་ནང་ཤང་། | Ngarnang Xang | 阿朗乡 | Ālǎng Xiāng |
| Tanggo Township | ཐང་མགོ་ཤང་། | Tanggo Xang | 唐古乡 | Tánggǔ Xiāng |
| Pundo Township | ཕུ་མདོ་ཤང་། | Pudo Xang | 旁多乡 | Pángduō Xiāng |
Other settlements
edit- Zhujia (朱加)
Economy
edit
As of 2000 the county had a total population of 50,895, of which 8,111 lived in a community designated as urban. 2,254 had non-agricultural registration and 48,362 had agricultural registration.[8] The Pengbo valley is the main grain-producing region of Lhasa Municipality and Tibet, with a total of 11,931 hectares (29,480 acres) of arable land.[9] Crops include barley, winter wheat, spring wheat, canola and vegetables such as potato.[10] The total output in 1999 was 57,600 tons of grain.[9]
Livestock includes yak, sheep, goats and horses.[3] Yaks graze at altitudes of 4,300 metres (14,100 ft) or more - higher than is practical with cattle.[11] Crop residues are used for winter and spring feed. In 1996 more than 85% of winter and spring feed was straw, mostly barley straw.[12] Linzhou county has been a leading testing and manufacturing center for frozen yak semen, and a center for selective breeding of yaks.[13] Local enterprises prepare Tibetan medicinal plants and process wood products. Ethnic handicrafts are well developed, including weaving and mats. The Pengbo valley has a long history of pottery-making. Products include braziers, flower pots, vases, jugs and so on.[9]
In 2010 the county had a GDP of 839 million yuan, and government revenue was 26.9 million yuan. Investment in fixed assets was 450 million yuan, excluding water conservancy. The per capita income of farmers and herdsmen was 4,587 yuan.[a] By the end of 2020, Linzhou County had identified over 20 types of metallic and non-metallic minerals, including lead, zinc, copper, iron, molybdenum, gold, silver, gypsum, coal, and mineral water. Of these, nine minerals—coal, iron ore, copper ore (along with associated minerals), lead, zinc, gold (with associated gold), silver (with associated silver), and barite—have been officially added to the reserve list.[15]
Infrastructure
edit
Hutoushan Reservoir lies in Qangka Township. The reservoir is bordered by large swamps and wet meadows, and has abundant plants and shellfish.[16] The Hutuoshan Reservoir in the Pengbo valley is the largest in Tibet, with planned total storage of 12,000,000 cubic metres (420,000,000 cu ft).[17] Endangered Black-necked cranes migrate to the middle and southern part of Tibet every winter, and may be seen on the reservoir.[18]
There is a small hydropower station in Lhünzhub town.[19] The Pangduo Hydro Power Station became operational in 2014.It impounds the Lhasa River in Pondo Township, about 63 kilometres (39 mi) from Lhasa.[20] The reservoir holds 1,170,000,000 cubic metres (4.1×1010 cu ft) of water.[21] The power station has total installed capacity of 160 MW, with four generating units.[22] It has been called the "Tibetan Three Gorges".[23]
The county has three major highways with total length of 160 kilometres (99 mi) and twelve rural roads, bringing the total road length to over 260 kilometres (160 mi).[9] The county has a radio and television station. TV coverage is received by 72.1% of the population, and radio by 83.4% of the population. The county has 23 health care establishments, including a County People's Hospital with 30 beds. By the end of 2000 there were 122 medical personnel.[9]
Religion
edit
The county is a center of Tibetan Buddhism. There are thirty-seven gompas including twenty-five lamaseries with 919 monks and twelve nunneries with 844 nuns as of 2011. The breakdown by sect is twenty-six Gelug, six Kagyu and five Sakya.[9]
Reting Monastery is located in Lhünzhub County and was built in 1056 by Dromtön (1005–1064), a student of Atiśa. It was the earliest monastery of the Gedain sect, and the patriarchal seat of that sect.[24] In 1240 a Mongol force sacked the monastery and killed 500 people. The gompa was rebuilt. [25] When the Gedain sect joined the Gelug sect in the 16th century the monastery adopted the reincarnation system.[24] The incarnations are named Reting Rimpoche.[26] Following an attempted rebellion against the Lhasa government in 1947 Reting was imprisoned in the Potala. After he died in May 1947 the monastery was looted and then razed.[27] In recent years a lot of reconstruction work has been done. About 160 monks reside in Reting.
References
edit- ^ "关于发布拉萨市第七次全国人口普查主要数据公报" (in Chinese). Government of Lhasa. 2021-06-10.
- ^ Tibet 测绘局 (1996). 西藏自治区地图册 (in Chinese). 中国地图出版社. p. 22. ISBN 978-7-5031-1769-5. Retrieved 2024-09-04.
- ^ a b c d e Linzhou County Profile, LSIIB.
- ^ Zhong yang yan jiu yuan (1980). A Scientific Guidebook to South Xizang (Tibet). Academia Sinica. p. 19. Retrieved 2024-09-04.
- ^ "探访黑颈鹤迁徙越冬情况 越冬为啥偏爱林周？". 中国西藏新闻网 (in Chinese). 2023-11-11. Retrieved 2024-09-04.
- ^ "林周县：绿化河谷为黑颈鹤筑"暖"巢_西藏自治区人民政府". 西藏政务服务网. 2019-05-08. Retrieved 2024-09-04.
- ^ 2022年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码 (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China.
- ^ Yeh & Henderson 2008, pp. 21–25.
- ^ a b c d e f Linzhou, TibetOL.
- ^ Linzhou Industry News, LSIIB.
- ^ Suttie 2003, p. 10.
- ^ Suttie 2003, p. 169.
- ^ Bisht 2008, p. 216.
- ^ XE Currency Table: CNY - Chinese Yuan Renminbi.
- ^ "西藏自治区林周县非金属矿摸底调查成果报告_土地管理_林周县人民政府". 林周县人民政府 (in Chinese). 2022-08-26. Retrieved 2024-09-04.
- ^ Lhasa, Tibet Linzhou Hutoushan reservoir is a paradise...
- ^ Shen 1995, p. 153.
- ^ Lin 2013.
- ^ Daily Report: People's Republic of China. National Technical Information Service. 1994. p. 53. Retrieved 2024-03-14.
- ^ 'Tibet's Three Gorges Dam' starts operation.
- ^ Guan 2013.
- ^ Qin 2013.
- ^ a b Ling 2005, p. 73.
- ^ McCue 2010, p. 126.
- ^ Goldstein 1991, p. 187.
- ^ Kapstein 2013, p. 232.
Sources
edit- Bisht, Ramesh Chandra (2008-01-01). International Encyclopaedia Of Himalayas (5 Vols. Set). Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-8324-265-3. Retrieved 2015-02-15.
- Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1991-05-19). A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91176-5. Retrieved 2015-02-15.
- "Government Work Report". Linzhou People's Government Office. 2011-03-21. Archived from the original on 2015-02-15. Retrieved 2015-02-15.
- Guan, Steve (2013-12-12). "Tibet commences new hydropower plant". China Coal Resource. Retrieved 2015-02-06.
- Kapstein, Matthew T. (2013-06-05). The Tibetans. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-72537-5. Retrieved 2015-02-15.
- "Lhasa, Tibet Linzhou Hutoushan reservoir is a paradise for photographers". Tibet Travel Web (in Simplified Chinese). Retrieved 2015-02-13.
- Lin, Karen (2013-12-12). "Black-Necked Cranes Flocking Back to Tibet". China Tibet Online. Retrieved 2015-02-13.
- Ling, Haicheng (2005). Buddhism in China. 五洲传播出版社. ISBN 978-7-5085-0840-5. Retrieved 2015-02-15.
- "Linzhou County Profile". Lhasa Municipal Bureau of Industry and Information. 2011-06-22. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-02-15.
- "Linzhou Industry News". Lhasa Municipal Bureau of Industry and Information. 2011-06-22. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-02-15.
- "Linzhou". TibetOL. China Intercontinental Communication Center. Retrieved 2015-02-15.
- McCue, Gary (2010). Trekking in Tibet: A Traveler's Guide. The Mountaineers Books. ISBN 978-1-59485-411-8. Retrieved 2015-02-15.
- Qin, Julia (2013-05-10). "Tibet key water-control project to be completed". China Tibet Online. Archived from the original on 2015-02-05. Retrieved 2015-02-05.
- Shen, Dajun (July 1995). "Research on the rational use of water resources on the Lhasa River, Tibet" (PDF). Modelling and Management of Sustainable Basin-scale Water Resource Systems (Proceedings of a Boulder Symposium. IAHS. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-13. Retrieved 2015-02-13.
- Suttie, J. M. (2003). Transhumant Grazing Systems in Temperate Asia. Food & Agriculture Org. ISBN 978-92-5-104977-8. Retrieved 2015-02-15.
- "Tibet's biggest water-related project launched". China Tibet Online. 2009-08-06. Retrieved 2015-02-05.
- "'Tibet's Three Gorges Dam' starts operation". China Daily. 2013-12-11. Archived from the original on 2015-02-06. Retrieved 2015-02-05.
- "XE Currency Table: CNY - Chinese Yuan Renminbi". XE. Retrieved 2015-02-16.
- Yeh, Emily T.; Henderson, Mark (December 2008). "Interpreting Urbanization in Tibet". Journal of the International Association of Tibetan Studies. 4. Retrieved 2015-02-12.