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List of African American newspapers in Illinois

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This is a list of African American newspapers in Illinois. To be included, a newspaper should be attested in a reliable source as an African American newspaper published in Illinois. The list is divided by region, and the newspapers attested in each region are placed in alphabetic order by city.

Copy editing the Chicago Defender in 1942.

Illinois' first African American newspaper was the Cairo Weekly Gazette, established in 1862.[1] The first in Chicago was The Chicago Conservator, established in 1878. An estimated 190 Black newspapers had been founded in Illinois by 1975,[2] and more have continued to be established in the decades since.

While most such newspapers in Illinois have been local, some like the Chicago-based Chicago Defender and Muhammad Speaks have had a major national circulation and impact. National Black newspaper networks, including the Defender syndicate and Associated Negro Press, have also been headquartered in Chicago.

Northern Illinois

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The Chicago Bee Building in Bronzeville, where the Chicago Bee was published.
 
The Chicago Defender Building in Bronzeville, where the Chicago Defender was published until 1960.

Northern Illinois covers the northern third of Illinois, and is by far the most populous of Illinois' regions. Most of population is concentrated in the Chicago metropolitan area, and most of the region's African American newspapers have likewise been concentrated in and near Chicago.

City Title Beginning End Frequency Call numbers Remarks


Chicago Abbott's Weekly & Illustrated News 1933[3] 1934[3] Weekly[3]
Chicago Advance 1890[3] 1900[3] Weekly[3]
Chicago The Chicago Advocate 1905 (uncertain)[5] ?[5] Weekly[5]
Chicago African-American Voice / The Voice of the Black Community 1994 (uncertain)[6] ? Biweekly[6]
Chicago All About Us 1896[3] 1899[3] Weekly[3]
Chicago All Chicago Focus 1990 (uncertain)[7] 1991[7] Twice monthly[7]
Chicago A.M.E. Record 1895[3] ?[3] Weekly[3]
Chicago Appeal 1885[3] 1926[3] or 1923[8] Weekly[3]
Chicago Aspect 1908[3] 1908[3] Weekly[3]
Chicago (Austin) The Austin Voice 1986[9] ?[9] Biweekly[9]
Chicago (Austin) The Austin Weekly News 1987[9] current Weekly[9]
Chicago The Chicago Bee and Sunday Bee 1925[3] 1947[3] Weekly[3]
Chicago Bee-Free Speech 1888[3] 1895[3] Weekly[3]
Chicago Black Truth 1968[3] 1971 (or later)[10] or 1970[3] Weekly[3]
Chicago Black X-Press 1973[12] 1970s[11] Weekly[12]
Chicago The Broad Ax 1895[3] 1935[3] Weekly[3]
  • Moved to Chicago in 1899; published from August 1895 to June 1899 in Salt Lake City, Utah.[13]
Chicago Brotherhood 1890[3] ?[3] Weekly[3]
Chicago Bronzeville 1943[14] ? Weekly
Chicago Bulletin 1958[3] 1972[3] Weekly[3]
Chicago Busy Bee 1896[3] ?[3] Weekly[3]
Chicago (Chatham) Chatham-Southeast Citizen / Chatham Citizen 1965[15] current Weekly[15]
Chicago The Chicago Courier 1938[3] Weekly[3]
Chicago Chicago Defender 1905[17] current Weekly; daily from 1956[17] to 2008[18]
Chicago Christian Gibraltar 1910[17] 1970[17] Weekly
Chicago Christian Science 1895[17] ?[17] Weekly[17]
Chicago Chronicle 1918[17] ?[17] Weekly[17]
Chicago Church Organ 1893[17] 1898[17] Weekly[17]
Chicago Church Record 1895[17] ?[17] Weekly[17]
Chicago Citizen 1965[17] Weekly[17]
Chicago Clipper 1885[17] 1898[17] Weekly[17]
Chicago Conservator 1878 1914[17] Weekly[17]
Chicago Courier 1932[17] 1932[17] Weekly[17]
Chicago Crusader 1937[17] ?[17] Weekly[17]
  • Distinct from the Chicago Crusader that was established 1940 as the New Crusader.
Chicago New Crusader / The Chicago Crusader 1940[20] current Weekly
Chicago Daily Times ?[17] ?[17] Daily
Chicago Dynamite 1936[17] or 1937[22] 1939[17] Weekly[17]
Chicago Eagle 1889[17] 1930[17] Weekly[17]
Chicago East Side Monitor ?[17] ?[17] Weekly[17]
Chicago Egyptian Sun ?[17] ?[17] Weekly[17]
Chicago Enterprise 1918[17] 1931[17] Weekly[17]
Chicago Evening World 1919[17] 1919[17] Daily[17]
Chicago Fellowship Herald 1916[17] 1916[17] Weekly[17]
Chicago The Final Call 1979[23] current Twice monthly[23]
Chicago Free Lance 1895[17] 1926[17] Weekly[17]
Chicago Free Speech 1888[17] 1898[17] Weekly[17]
Chicago Chicago Gazette 1880s?[24] 1890s?[24]
Chicago The Chicago Gazette 1949[25] or 1950[17] current Weekly[17]
Chicago
  • Globe
  • Chicago Globe[26]
 1950?[26] Weekly[27]
  • Circulation of 35,000 in 1951.[27]
Chicago Hero 1889[17] 1891[17] Weekly[17]
Chicago Home Journal ?[17] ?[17] Weekly[17]
Chicago Home News 1925[17] 1925[17] Weekly[17]
Chicago (Hyde Park) Hyde Park Citizen 1988 (uncertain)[28] current Weekly[28]
Chicago Idea 1900[17] 1918[17] Weekly[17]
  • Published by W.D. Neighbors.[17]
Chicago Illinois Chronicle 1900[17] 1921[17] Weekly[17]
Chicago Illinois Idea[17] / The Chicago Illinois Idea[29] / The Chicago Idea[30] 1903[17] 1922[17] Weekly[17]
Chicago Illinois Political News 1939 (uncertain)[31] ?[31] Weekly[31]
Chicago Chicago Independent Bulletin 1972 (uncertain)[32] ?[32] Weekly[32]
Chicago Inquirer 1926[17] 1926[17] Weekly[17]
Chicago Chicago Journal 1975 (uncertain)[32] ?[32] Weekly[32]
Chicago (Lawndale) Lawndale Drum 1970[17] or 1972[33] 1979 (uncertain)[33] Weekly[17]
Chicago Leader 1905[17] 1906[17] Weekly[17]
Chicago Messenger 1942[17] 1944[17] Weekly[17]
Chicago Chicago Metro News (1972–1991) / Chicago-South Suburban News (1968–1972) / South Suburban News (–1968) 1965[32] 1991[34] Weekly[17]
Chicago Metropolitan News (to 1938) / Metropolitan Post[35] (to 1940) 1935[17] 1940[17] Weekly[17]
Chicago Mission Star 1890[17] ? Weekly[17]
Chicago / Moline Modern Farmer 1930[17] 1932[17] Monthly newspaper
Chicago Monitor 1914[17] 1915[17] Weekly[17]
Chicago Muhammad Speaks 1961[17] 1975[17] Weekly[17]
Chicago National Aspect 1910[17] 1912[17] Weekly[17]
Chicago Negro Champion 1925[17] 1929[17] Weekly[17]
Chicago The Negro Spearhead 1968[36] ?[36] Weekly[36]
Chicago New Metro News 1992 (uncertain)[37] ? Weekly[37]
Chicago (South Side) News Clarion / South Side News-Clarion[39] 1964[38] ?[38] Weekly[38]
Chicago News Ledger 1938[20] 1941[20] Weekly[20]
Chicago News Scene 1984 (uncertain) [40] Twice monthly[40]
Chicago Observer 1885[20] ? Weekly[20]
Chicago The Chicago Observer 1964[20] ?[32] Weekly[20]
Chicago The Owl 1962[41] 1960s Weekly[41]
Chicago Pathfinder ? ? Weekly[20]
Chicago People's Advocate 1900[20] 1926[20] Weekly[20]
Chicago People's Voice 1918[20] 1918[20] Weekly[20]
Chicago Plain Dealer 1888[20] 1922[20] Weekly[20]
Chicago The Chicago Reflector 1895[20] or 1896[32] 1906[20] Weekly[20]
Chicago Republican 1888[20] 1889[20] Weekly[20]
Chicago Review 1929[20] 1932[20] Weekly[20]
Chicago Royal Messenger 1921[20] 1932[20] Weekly[20]
Chicago Savoyager 1929[20] 1932[20] Weekly[20]
Chicago Chicago Scene 1984 (uncertain)[42] 1993[42] Weekly[42]
Chicago Search Light or Searchlight[16] 1910[20] 1932[20] Weekly[20]
Chicago The Chicago Shoreland News / Chicago Shoreland 1977 (uncertain)[42] ?[42] Weekly[42]
Chicago Smith's Arrow Weekly ? ? Weekly[20]
Chicago South End Citizen 1965 (uncertain)[43] current Weekly[43]
Chicago The South Shopper 1995[44] ? Monthly newspaper[44]
Chicago South Side Bulletin: Chicago’s Progressive Community Weekly / Bulletin 1959 (uncertain) [45] 1972[45] Weekly[45]
Chicago (South Side) South Street Journal 1994 (uncertain) [47] 2010s[46] Biweekly[47]
Chicago South Suburban Citizen 1982 (uncertain) [48] current Weekly[48]
Chicago Southside Digest 1931[20] 1931[20] Weekly[20]
Chicago Spokesman 1932[20] 1932[20] Weekly[20]
Chicago Standard 1894[20] 1895[20] Weekly[20]
Chicago Star 1910[20] 1946[20] Weekly[20]
Chicago Sun 1924[20] 1924[20] Weekly[20]
Chicago Supreme Liberty Guardian ? 1938[20] Weekly[20] or twice monthly[49]
Chicago Today’s Chronicle 1992[50] or 1996[51] Biweekly[50]
Chicago Voice 1910[20] ?[20] Weekly[20]
Chicago The Voice / Second Ward Voice / The First District Voice (1942)[53] 1940[52] ?[52] Weekly[52]
  • Official newspaper of the Second Ward Regular Democratic Organization.[52]
Chicago Wednesday's Focus 1990[54] ?[54] Weekly[54]
Chicago Chicago Weekend 1974 (uncertain)[42] Weekly[42]
Chicago Weekly Reporter 1906[20] 1906[20] Weekly[20]
Chicago West Side Torch 1969[20] 1969[20] Weekly[20]
Chicago Western Opinion 1906[20] 1909[20] Weekly[20]
Chicago The Chicago Whip 1919[20] 1939[20] Weekly[20]
Chicago (West Side) West Side Torch: The People's Paper 1965 (uncertain)[56] 1971 (uncertain)[56] Biweekly[56]
Chicago[57] or Chicago Heights[58] Tri-City Journal 1978[58] Weekly[57]
Chicago The Windy City Word 1992 (uncertain) [59] ?[59] Weekly[59]
Chicago (Woodlawn) Woodlawn Booster / Woodlawn Booster and Bulletin[60] 1932[20] 1973[20] Weekly[20]
Chicago The Chicago World 1900[20] 1902[20] Weekly[20]
Chicago The Chicago World 1918[20] 1953[20] Weekly[20]
  • Circulation of 32,000 in 1951.[27]
Chicago Heights Chicago Standard News 1984[42] current Weekly[42]
East Moline The Common Bond 1975 ?[61] Monthly newspaper[61]
Evanston Evanston Guide 1929[62] 1932[62] Weekly[62]
Evanston Evanston Newsette 1941[62] ? Weekly[62]
Evanston Evanston Weekly 1915[62] 1931[62] Weekly[62]
Evanston North Shore Examiner 1968[62] or 1971[64] 1979[63] Weekly, later monthly[63] or bimonthly[64]
Harvey Chicago South Suburban News 1964[62] or 1966[42] 1972[65] Weekly[62]
Harvey Suburban Journal 1968[62] Weekly[62]
Hopkins Park (Pembroke Township) Pembroke Herald Eagle 1961[66] or 1962[67] 1983[66] Weekly[67]
  • Published by Ozroe Bentley, remembered as "the conscience of a community."[66]
Joliet Voice or Negro Voice (1966) 1950[62] ? Weekly[62]
Kankakee Progressive Era 1924[62] 1942[62] Weekly[62]
Maywood Suburban Echo-Reporter 1964[62] ? Weekly[62]
Robbins Herald 1917[68] 1950[68] Weekly[68]
  • Circulation of 3,800.[27]
Robbins Informer 1947[69] or 1948[68] 1949[68] Weekly[68]
Rockford Crusader 1950[68] 1972[68] Weekly[68]
Rockford Vital Force 1985[71] 2000s[70] Weekly[71]
  • Published by George Anne Duckett.[70]
Rock Island Tri City Oracle 1898[68] 1900[68] Weekly[68]
South Holland South Suburban Journal 1975 (uncertain)[72] ?[72] Weekly[72]
Waukegan North Shore Guardian 1964[73] ?[73] Weekly[73]

Central Illinois

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Central Illinois is the middle third of the state. It includes the state capital Springfield and many other small cities such as Bloomington-Normal, Champaign-Urbana, Danville, Decatur, Galesburg and Peoria.

City Title Beginning End Frequency Call numbers Remarks


Bloomington American Pilot 1896[3] 1899[3] Weekly[3]
Bloomington Cooperative News 1933[3] 1938[3] Weekly[3]
Champaign Illinois Times 1941[3] 1971[3] Weekly[3]
  • Not to be confused with the Illinois Times of Springfield, an alternative weekly established in 1975.
Champaign Plain Truth 1967[3] 1969[3] Weekly[3]
  • "[T]he first black power publication in Champaign-Urbana"[75]
Danville The Black Vanguard: for Unity in the Black Community[76] 1968[76] ?[76] Weekly[20] or irregular[76]
Danville Illinois Times 1939[20] 1941[20] Weekly[20]
  • Not to be confused with the Illinois Times of Springfield, an alternative weekly established in 1975.
Danville International 1901[20] 1902[20] Weekly[20]
Danville Inter-State Echo 1909[20] 1920[20] Weekly[20]
Decatur Advance Citizen 1892[20] 1932[20] Weekly[20]
Decatur The Voice / African-American Voice / Voice of the Black Community 1967[20] ?[20] Weekly[20]
  • Publisher Horace Livingston, Jr., is the subject of a sculpture by Preston Eugene Jackson at Decatur's Mueller Park.[77] The Voice also produced Bloomington, Peoria and Springfield editions.[78]
Galesburg Western Herald 1884[62] 1885[62] Weekly[62]
Galesburg The Illinois Star 1935[80] 1941?[79] Weekly[81]
Litchfield Afro-American Advocate 1892[62] 1893[62] Weekly[62]
  • At its founding, the Afro-American Advocate was the only African American newspaper in Illinois supporting the Democratic Party.[82]
Peoria Advance Citizen 1892[68] 1932[68] Weekly[68]
Peoria Black Rapper 1968[68] 1970[68] Weekly[68]
Peoria Bronze Informer 1945[68] 1946[68] Weekly[68]
Peoria Bronze Peoria Herald 1964[68] 1968[68] Weekly[68]
Peoria Forum 1906[68] 1915[68] Weekly[68]
Peoria Informer 1934[68] 1939[68] Weekly[68]
Peoria Peoria Whirlwind 1962[68] 1970s Weekly[68]
Peoria Spectator 1955[68] 1955[68] Weekly[68]
Peoria Traveler Weekly 1968[68] 1970s Weekly[68]
Peoria Weekly Enterprise 1952[68] 1952[68] Weekly[68]
Quincy Advocate 1906[68] ? Weekly[68]
Quincy Illinois Informer 1919 (uncertain)[31] 1926[68] Weekly[68]
Quincy Illinois Progress 1892[68] 1900[68] Weekly[68]
Springfield Advance Citizen 1892[68] 1932[68] Weekly[68]
Springfield Argus 1913[68] 1915[68] Weekly[68]
Springfield Capital City Courier 2005[83] or 2006[84] current Monthly newspaper[83]
Springfield Capitol City News 1942[68] 1951[68] Weekly[68]
Springfield Chronicle 1917[68] 1917[68] Weekly[68]
Springfield Community Echo 1950s[85] ?
  • Published by Lottie Bridgewater.[85]
Springfield Eye 1890[68] 1893[68] Weekly[68]
Springfield Forum 1904[68] 1927[68] Weekly[68]
Springfield Illinois Chronicle 1912[68] or 1917[16] 1969[68] Weekly[68] or twice-monthly[49]
  • Circulation of 1,200 in 1951.[27]
Springfield Illinois Conservator / Conservator-Globe[31] 1902[68] or 1905[86] 1950[68][86] or after 1956[31] Weekly[68] or twice monthly[27]
Springfield Illinois Record 1897[68] 1899[68] Weekly[68]
Springfield Illinois State Informer 1935[31] ?[31] Weekly[31]
Springfield Illinois State Messenger 1897[68] 1900[68] Weekly[68]
Springfield Leader 1902[68] 1918[68] Weekly[68]
Springfield Messenger 1888[89] 1889[89] Weekly[89]
Springfield National Standard Enterprise 1894[89] 1903[89] Weekly[89]
Springfield Negro Democrat 1934[89] 1936[89] Weekly[89]
Springfield PURE NEWS USA 1983[90] current Monthly newspaper[90]
Springfield Spirit of Black Springfield 1968[89] 1968[89] Weekly[89]
Springfield Springfield's Voice 1973[89] current[91] Weekly[89]
Springfield The State Capital[92] 1886[89] 1915[89] or 1910[92] Weekly[89]
Springfield Voice of the Black Community 1972[94] or 1973[91] 2000[91] Weekly[94]

Southern Illinois

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Southern Illinois or "Little Egypt" is the southern third of Illinois, and is the state's least populous region. Much of the population is concentrated in Metro East, a five-county region across the Mississippi River from St. Louis, Missouri. The state's first African American newspaper was established in Southern Illinois' southernmost town, Cairo, in 1862.

City Title Beginning End Frequency Call numbers Remarks


Alton Advance Citizen 1892[3] 1932[3] Weekly[3]
  • One of a chain of five Advance Citizen papers published across central Illinois from 1892 to 1932 by Harvey T. Bowman.[82]
Brooklyn Monitor 1886[3] 19th century[3] Weekly[3]
Cairo American 1905[3] 1906[3] Weekly[3]
Cairo Baptist Truth 1894[3] 1924[3] Weekly[3]
Cairo Illinois Messenger 1925[3] 1933[3] Weekly[3]
Cairo Cairo News / United Front News 1971 (uncertain)[95] ?[95] Weekly[95]
Cairo Sentinel 1890[3] 1895[3] Weekly[3]
Cairo Three States 1881[3] 1883[3] Weekly[3]
Cairo Weekly Gazette 1862[3] 1890[97] Weekly[3] / Daily (1882)[1]
  • First African American newspaper in Illinois.[1] 1882 daily edition was first daily African American newspaper in the United States.[98] Published by William S. Scott.[1]
East St. Louis Advance Citizen 1892[20] 1932[20] Weekly[20]
East St. Louis Beacon 1960s[20] ? Weekly[20]
East St. Louis The Crusader 1941[20][99] or 1943[16] ? Weekly[20]
  • Circulation of 7000 in 1966.[99]
East St. Louis East Side Monitor 1970 1970s[20] Weekly[20]
East St. Louis Empire Weekly News 1960s[20] 1970s[20] Weekly[20]
East St. Louis Forum 1928[62] 1929[62] Weekly[62]
East St. Louis Monitor 1962[62] or 1963[100] current Weekly[62]
East St. Louis Negro Democrat / Spotlight[49] 1933[101] ? Weekly[101]
  • Official newspaper of the Downstate Negro Democratic League.[101] Extant through at least 1942.[102]
East St. Louis Sentinel 1904[62] 1909[62] Weekly[62]
East St. Louis Southern Illinois Press 1922[62] 1924[62] Weekly[62]
East St. Louis Tri State Tribune ? ? Weekly[62]
Metropolis Christian Anchor ? ? Weekly;[62] monthly in 1912[103]
Metropolis The Metropolis Gazette / Metropolis Weekly Gazette 1897[62] or 1898[104] 1938[62] Weekly[62]
Mound City Egyptian Sun 1924[68] 1940[68] Weekly[68]
Mound City Star 1908[68] 1925[68] Weekly[68]

See also

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Works cited

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  • Belles, A. Gilbert (September 1975). "The Black Press in Illinois". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 68 (4): 344–352. JSTOR 40191030.
  • Camara, Afi (2013). Pleading Our Own Cause: The Black Press in Springfield Illinois (1886-2013). Retrieved 2019-12-16.
  • Carroll, Fred (2017). Race News: Black Journalists and the Fight for Racial Justice in the Twentieth Century. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252050091.
  • Census Bureau (1938). "Negro Newspapers and Periodicals in the United States: 1937". Negro Statistical Bulletin, Issues 1-17.
  • Danky, James Philip; Hady, Maureen E., eds. (1998). African-American newspapers and periodicals : a national bibliography. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674007888.
  • Dolinar, Brian (2013). The Negro in Illinois: The WPA Papers. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252094958.
  • Lochard, Metz T. P. (Autumn 1963). "The Negro Press in Illinois". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 56 (3): 570–591. JSTOR 40190627.
  • Mansberger, Floyd; Stratton, Christopher (2018). National Register of Historic Places Thematic Survey of Springfield's African-American Community, And the Central East Neighborhood, Springfield, Illinois (PDF). Retrieved 2019-12-15.
  • Mouser, Bruce L. (2014). A Black Gambler's World of Liquor, Vice, and Presidential Politics: William Thomas Scott of Illinois, 1839–1917. ISBN 9780299301842.
  • Smith, Jessie Carney; Horton, Carrell Peterson, eds. (1995). Historical Statistics of Black America: Media to Vital Statistics. Gale Research. ISBN 0810393921.
  • Walker, Juliet E.K. (1996). "The Promised Land: The Chicago Defender and the Black Press in Illinois, 1862-1970". In Suggs, Henry Lewis (ed.). The Black Press in the Middle West, 1865-1985. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313255793.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Walker 1996, p. 10.
  2. ^ Walker 1996, p. 11.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx Belles 1975, p. 346.
  4. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 4, ¶ 38.
  5. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 145.
  6. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 20.
  7. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 33.
  8. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 46.
  9. ^ a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 56.
  10. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 102.
  11. ^ "About Black x-press. (Chicago, Ill.) 1973-197?". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2019-12-15.
  12. ^ a b c Carroll 2017, p. 258.
  13. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 116, ¶ 1195.
  14. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 117.
  15. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 144.
  16. ^ a b c d Lochard 1963, p. 575.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh Belles 1975, p. 347.
  18. ^ Katz, Brigit (2019-07-09). "The 'Chicago Defender,' an Iconic Black Newspaper, to Release Its Last Print Issue". Smithsonian.
  19. ^ Graham, Jefferson. "Legendary Chicago Defender publication to go digital only". USA Today. Retrieved 2019-12-18. In 2008, the paper switched back to a weekly circulation.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc Belles 1975, p. 348.
  21. ^ Linda M. Carter (2017). "Leavell, Dorothy R.". Encyclopedia of African American Business (2nd ed.). pp. 479–481. ISBN 9781440850288.
  22. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 202.
  23. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 223.
  24. ^ a b c d Mouser 2014, p. 80.
  25. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 146.
  26. ^ a b Dawkins, Wayne (1997). Black Journalists: The NABJ Story. August Press LLC. p. 54. ISBN 9780963572042. They met in 1950 when Jarrett was with the Chicago Globe, a new black newspaper.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g Smith & Horton 1995, p. 1207.
  28. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 287.
  29. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, pp. 146–147, ¶ 1524.
  30. ^ Illinois Secretary of State (1923). Blue Book of the State of Illinois. p. 138.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Danky & Hady 1998, p. 290.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i Danky & Hady 1998, p. 147.
  33. ^ a b "Title: Lawndale drum". Retrieved 2019-12-15.
  34. ^ "Chicago Metro News Shuts Down After 25 Years". The Chicago Reporter. June 1991.
  35. ^ Census Bureau 1938, p. 4.
  36. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 402, ¶ 4193.
  37. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 410, ¶ 4267.
  38. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 418, ¶ 4348.
  39. ^ a b "Council Lends an Ear to Spat of 2 Aldermen". Chicago Tribune. 1964-05-28. p. 5. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
  40. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 420, ¶ 4369.
  41. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 449, ¶ 4682.
  42. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Danky & Hady 1998, p. 148.
  43. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 524, ¶ 5474.
  44. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 524, ¶ 5476.
  45. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 524, ¶ 5477.
  46. ^ "South Street Journal". Issuu.com. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
  47. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 524, ¶ 5478.
  48. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 524, ¶ 5479.
  49. ^ a b c Census Bureau 1938, p. 5.
  50. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 562, ¶ 5867.
  51. ^ "About Today's chronicle. (Chicago, IL) 1996-current". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
  52. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 594, ¶ 6204.
  53. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 225.
  54. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 605, ¶ 6327.
  55. ^ Lee, William (2016-09-25). "Longtime owner and publisher of Citizen newspapers dies". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2019-12-17.
  56. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 609, ¶ 6367.
  57. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 568, ¶ 5930.
  58. ^ a b "About Tri-city journal. (Chicago Heights, Ill.) 1978-current Chicago Heights, Ill. (1978-current)". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
  59. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 617, ¶ 6446.
  60. ^ Danky & Hady 1998, p. 619, ¶ 6473.
  61. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 166.
  62. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap Belles 1975, p. 349.
  63. ^ a b "Randolph R. Tomlinson Sr". Legacy.com. Retrieved 2019-12-15.
  64. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 430, ¶ 4472.
  65. ^ "About Chicago-south suburban news. [volume] (Harvey, Ill.) 1968-1972". Retrieved 2019-12-15.
  66. ^ a b c "Pembroke Eagle editor, publisher Ozroe Bentley dies". Daily Journal. 2004-09-24. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
  67. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 457, ¶ 4759.
  68. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch Belles 1975, p. 350.
  69. ^ "About The Robbins informer. (Robbins, Ill.) 1947-????". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2019-12-17.
  70. ^ a b "George Anne Duckett, Obituary". Rockford Public Library. 2019-05-31. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
  71. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 592, ¶ 6195.
  72. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 524, ¶ 5480.
  73. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 430, ¶ 4473.
  74. ^ Hawkins, John Russell (1916). "Jameson, Henry Washington". Centennial Encyclopedia of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, Volume 1. p. 276.
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