List of settlements in Illyria

(Redirected from List of Illyrian cities)

This is a list of settlements in Illyria founded by Illyrians (southern Illyrians, Dardanians, Pannonians), Liburni, Ancient Greeks and the Roman Empire. A number of cities in Illyria and later Illyricum were built on the sites or close to the sites of pre-existing Illyrian settlements, though that was not always the case. Some settlements may have a double entry, for example the Ancient Greek Pola, Roman Pietas Julia, and some toponyms are reconstructed.

Albania

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Identified sites

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Identified places and settlements in Albania.
# Settlement[note 1] Habitation Location Geographic coordinates Ref.
1 Ad Acroceraunia Near Llogara Pass 40°16′52″N 19°27′20″E / 40.28111°N 19.45556°E / 40.28111; 19.45556 (Ad Acroceraunia) [1]
2 Ad Quintum Bradashesh 41°05′38″N 20°00′54″E / 41.09389°N 20.01500°E / 41.09389; 20.01500 (Ad Acroceraunia) [2]
3 Akrolissos, Lissus Lezhë 41°46′58″N 19°38′38″E / 41.78278°N 19.64389°E / 41.78278; 19.64389 (Acrolissus) [3]
4 Amantia Ploç 40°22′37″N 19°42′0″E / 40.37694°N 19.70000°E / 40.37694; 19.70000 (Amantia) [1]
5 Antipatrea Berat 40°42′0″N 19°57′0″E / 40.70000°N 19.95000°E / 40.70000; 19.95000 (Antipatrea) [4]
6 Apollonia Pojan 40°44′2″N 19°27′46″E / 40.73389°N 19.46278°E / 40.73389; 19.46278 (Apollonia) [1]
7 Aulon Vlorë 40°28′0″N 19°29′0″E / 40.46667°N 19.48333°E / 40.46667; 19.48333 (Aulon) [5]
8 Bushat Bushat 41°58′1″N 19°31′59″E / 41.96694°N 19.53306°E / 41.96694; 19.53306 (Bushat) [6]
9 Byllis Hekal 40°32′25″N 19°44′15″E / 40.54028°N 19.73750°E / 40.54028; 19.73750 (Byllis) [7]
10 Cerje Cerje, Vlorë 40°16′11″N 19°41′13″E / 40.26972°N 19.68694°E / 40.26972; 19.68694 (Cerje) [8]
11 Dimale Krotinë 40°42′59″N 19°47′49″E / 40.71639°N 19.79694°E / 40.71639; 19.79694 (Dimale) [9]
12 Dukat Dukat 40°15′11″N 19°34′02″E / 40.25306°N 19.56722°E / 40.25306; 19.56722 (Dukat) [10]
13 Epidamnos Durrës 41°18′40″N 19°26′21″E / 41.31111°N 19.43917°E / 41.31111; 19.43917 (Epidamnos) [11]
14 Gajtan Gajtan 42°3′23″N 19°34′20″E / 42.05639°N 19.57222°E / 42.05639; 19.57222 (Gajtan) [12]
15 Grunas Grunas 42°25′10″N 19°46′50″E / 42.41944°N 19.78056°E / 42.41944; 19.78056 (Gajtan) [13]
16 Kaninë Kaninë 40°26′23″N 19°31′8″E / 40.43972°N 19.51889°E / 40.43972; 19.51889 (Kaninë) [14]
17 Kratul Kratul 42°7′22″N 19°34′30″E / 42.12278°N 19.57500°E / 42.12278; 19.57500 (Kratul) [12]
18 Kukës Kukës 42°4′51″N 20°25′12″E / 42.08083°N 20.42000°E / 42.08083; 20.42000 (Kukës)
19 Lofkënd Lofkënd 40°38′28″N 19°44′45″E / 40.64111°N 19.74583°E / 40.64111; 19.74583 (Hija e Korbit) [15]
20 Hija e Korbit Maliq 40°42′30″N 20°42′0″E / 40.70833°N 20.70000°E / 40.70833; 20.70000 (Hija e Korbit) [16]
21 Margëlliç Margëlliç 40°40′19″N 19°39′40″E / 40.67194°N 19.66111°E / 40.67194; 19.66111 (Margëlliç) [14]
22 Mat Mat 41°37′1″N 20°0′0″E / 41.61694°N 20.00000°E / 41.61694; 20.00000 (Mat)
23 Matohasanaj Matohasanaj 40°21′14″N 19°49′59″E / 40.35389°N 19.83306°E / 40.35389; 19.83306 (Matohasanaj) [17]
24 Nikaia Klos 40°31′44″N 19°45′7″E / 40.52889°N 19.75194°E / 40.52889; 19.75194 (Nikaia) [18]
25 Nymphaion (sanctuary) Selenicë 40°31′59″N 19°37′59″E / 40.53306°N 19.63306°E / 40.53306; 19.63306 (Nymphaion (sanctuary)) [19]
26 Nymphaion (harbour) Shëngjin 41°48′50″N 19°35′39″E / 41.81389°N 19.59417°E / 41.81389; 19.59417 (Nymphaion (harbour)) [18]
27 Olympe Mavrovë 40°24′32″N 19°35′28″E / 40.40889°N 19.59111°E / 40.40889; 19.59111 (Olympe) [20]
28 Orikon Orikum 40°19′23″N 19°27′7″E / 40.32306°N 19.45194°E / 40.32306; 19.45194 (Orikon) [21]
29 Persqopi Tirana 41°19′44″N 19°49′4″E / 41.32889°N 19.81778°E / 41.32889; 19.81778 (Persqopi)
30 Pogradec Pogradec 40°54′0″N 20°39′0″E / 40.90000°N 20.65000°E / 40.90000; 20.65000 (Pogradec) [22]
31 Rabije Rabije 40°28′55″N 19°56′21″E / 40.48194°N 19.93917°E / 40.48194; 19.93917 (Rabije) [23]
32 Redon Cape of Rodon 41°35′2″N 19°27′0″E / 41.58389°N 19.45000°E / 41.58389; 19.45000 (Redon)
33 Scampa Elbasan 41°6′40″N 20°4′51″E / 41.11111°N 20.08083°E / 41.11111; 20.08083 (Scampa)
34 Selcë e Poshtme Selcë e Poshtme 40°58′59″N 20°31′1″E / 40.98306°N 20.51694°E / 40.98306; 20.51694 (Selcë e Poshtme) [24]
35 Scodra Shkodër 42°4′1″N 19°30′0″E / 42.06694°N 19.50000°E / 42.06694; 19.50000 (Scodra) [25]
36 Tren Tren 40°39′58″N 21°0′0″E / 40.66611°N 21.00000°E / 40.66611; 21.00000 (Tren) [26]
37 Triport Triport, Vlorë 40°30′05″N 19°24′43″E / 40.50139°N 19.41194°E / 40.50139; 19.41194 (Triport) [27]
38 Zgërdhesh Zgërdhesh 41°28′23″N 19°48′54″E / 41.47306°N 19.81500°E / 41.47306; 19.81500 (Zgërdhesh) [6]

Unidentified sites

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Settlement Description Proposed location Ref.
Albanopolis Zgërdhesh [28]
Bargulum Berat [29]
Bassania Pedhanë or Bushat [30]
Boioi On the shore of Ohrid [31]
Chrysondyon [32]
Creonion [32]
Damastion [33]
Enchelanae On the shore of Ohrid, Pogradec Castle [34]
Gertous [32]
Kerax On the shore of Ohrid [34]
Kodrion Kalaja e Irmajt near Gramsh Kodras Tac [35]
Parthus Berat [36]
Pelion Near Ohrid and PrespaPojan Korce [37]
Sation On the shore of Ohrid [31]
Sesarethus Near Ohrid and Prespa [38]
Thronion Triport, Vlorë; Kaninë [39]
Uscana

Bosnia and Herzegovina

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Identified sites

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Identified places and settlements in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
# Settlement[note 1] Description Location Geographic coordinates Ref.
1 Arduba Vranduk 44°17′34″N 17°54′14″E / 44.29278°N 17.90389°E / 44.29278; 17.90389 (Arduba) [40]
2 Daorson Near Stolac 43°4′59″N 17°58′0″E / 43.08306°N 17.96667°E / 43.08306; 17.96667 (Daorson) [41]
3 Delminium Tomislavgrad 43°43′0″N 17°14′0″E / 43.71667°N 17.23333°E / 43.71667; 17.23333 (Delminium) [42]
4 Hedum Kastelum Breza 44°1′11″N 18°15′53″E / 44.01972°N 18.26472°E / 44.01972; 18.26472 (Hedum Kastelum)
5 Ošanjići Ošanjići, Stolac 43°5′24″N 17°56′24″E / 43.09000°N 17.94000°E / 43.09000; 17.94000 (Ošanjići) [43]

Unidentified sites

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Settlement Description Proposed location Ref.
Salvia Near Bosansko Grahovo [44]

Croatia

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Identified sites

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Identified places and settlements in Croatia.
# Settlement Description Location Geographic coordinates Ref.
1 Aenona Nin 44°14′0″N 15°11′0″E / 44.23333°N 15.18333°E / 44.23333; 15.18333 (Aenona) [45]
2 Aequum Near Čitluk 43°45′0″N 16°38′0″E / 43.75000°N 16.63333°E / 43.75000; 16.63333 (Aequum) [46]
3 Alvona Labin 45°5′0″N 14°7′0″E / 45.08333°N 14.11667°E / 45.08333; 14.11667 (Alvona) [47]
4 Andetrium Muć 43°41′26″N 16°29′2″E / 43.69056°N 16.48389°E / 43.69056; 16.48389 (Andetrium) [48]
5 Apsorus Osor 44°42′0″N 14°24′0″E / 44.70000°N 14.40000°E / 44.70000; 14.40000 (Apsorus)
6 Arba Rab 44°45′22″N 14°45′40″E / 44.75611°N 14.76111°E / 44.75611; 14.76111 (Arba)
7 Argyruntum Starigrad 44°17′43″N 15°26′17″E / 44.29528°N 15.43806°E / 44.29528; 15.43806 (Argyruntum)
8 Aspálathos Split 43°30′36″N 16°27′0″E / 43.51000°N 16.45000°E / 43.51000; 16.45000 (Aspálathos) [49]
9 Asseria Near Podgrađe 44°0′36″N 15°40′4″E / 44.01000°N 15.66778°E / 44.01000; 15.66778 (Asseria)
10 Burnum Near Kistanje 44°1′5″N 16°1′33″E / 44.01806°N 16.02583°E / 44.01806; 16.02583 (Burnum) [50]
11 Colentum Near Betina 43°49′22″N 15°36′17″E / 43.82278°N 15.60472°E / 43.82278; 15.60472 (Colentum)
12 Corinium Near Benkovac 44°06′16″N 15°38′01″E / 44.10444°N 15.63361°E / 44.10444; 15.63361 (Corinium) [51]
13 Crepsa Cres 44°57′36″N 14°24′29″E / 44.96000°N 14.40806°E / 44.96000; 14.40806 (Crepsa)
14 Curicum Krk 45°1′0″N 14°34′0″E / 45.01667°N 14.56667°E / 45.01667; 14.56667 (Curicum)
15 Epetium Stobreč 43°29′58″N 16°31′20″E / 43.49944°N 16.52222°E / 43.49944; 16.52222 (Epetium) [52]
16 Epidaurum Cavtat 42°34′46″N 18°13′15″E / 42.57944°N 18.22083°E / 42.57944; 18.22083 (Epetium) [53]
17 Flanona Plomin 45°8′16″N 14°10′51″E / 45.13778°N 14.18083°E / 45.13778; 14.18083 (Flanona) [54]
18 Fulfinum Near Omišalj 45°12′42″N 14°33′15″E / 45.21167°N 14.55417°E / 45.21167; 14.55417 (Corinium) [55]
19 Iader or Idassa Zadar 44°7′10″N 15°13′55″E / 44.11944°N 15.23194°E / 44.11944; 15.23194 (Iader)
20 Issa Vis 43°4′0″N 16°11′0″E / 43.06667°N 16.18333°E / 43.06667; 16.18333 (Issa) [56]
21 Lopsica Sveti Juraj 44°55′32″N 14°55′8″E / 44.92556°N 14.91889°E / 44.92556; 14.91889 (Lopsica)
22 Lumbarda Lumbarda 42°55′19″N 17°10′12″E / 42.92194°N 17.17000°E / 42.92194; 17.17000 (Lumbarda) [57]
23 Melaina Korkyra Korčula 42°57′0″N 17°7′0″E / 42.95000°N 17.11667°E / 42.95000; 17.11667 (Melaina Korkyra) [56]
24 Mursa Osijek 45°33′20″N 18°41′40″E / 45.55556°N 18.69444°E / 45.55556; 18.69444 (Mursa)
25 Narona Momići 43°2′47″N 17°35′55″E / 43.04639°N 17.59861°E / 43.04639; 17.59861 (Narona) [58][59]
26 Nedinum Nadin 44°4′27″N 15°29′53″E / 44.07417°N 15.49806°E / 44.07417; 15.49806 (Nedinum)
27 Nesactium Nesactium 44°55′0″N 13°58′11″E / 44.91667°N 13.96972°E / 44.91667; 13.96972 (Nesactium) [60]
28 Pharos Hvar 43°8′0″N 16°44′0″E / 43.13333°N 16.73333°E / 43.13333; 16.73333 (Pharos) [61]
29 Pola Pula 44°52′0″N 13°51′0″E / 44.86667°N 13.85000°E / 44.86667; 13.85000 (Pola) [56]
30 Portunata Novalja 44°33′0″N 14°53′0″E / 44.55000°N 14.88333°E / 44.55000; 14.88333 (Portunata)
31 Promona Tepljuh 43°54′0″N 16°12′0″E / 43.90000°N 16.20000°E / 43.90000; 16.20000 (Promona) [62]
32 Salona Solin 43°32′22″N 16°28′59″E / 43.53944°N 16.48306°E / 43.53944; 16.48306 (Salona) [63][64]
33 Senia Senj 44°59′25″N 14°54′11″E / 44.99028°N 14.90306°E / 44.99028; 14.90306 (Senia)
34 Tilurium Near Trilj 43°36′41″N 16°42′57″E / 43.61139°N 16.71583°E / 43.61139; 16.71583 (Tilurium) [44]
35 Tragurion or Tragorium Trogir 43°31′1″N 16°15′5″E / 43.51694°N 16.25139°E / 43.51694; 16.25139 (Tragurion) [65]
36 Varvaria Bribir 43°44′0″N 15°51′0″E / 43.73333°N 15.85000°E / 43.73333; 15.85000 (Varvaria)

Unidentified sites

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Settlement Description Proposed location Ref.
Nareste Near Omiš [66]
Oneum Omiš [66]
Pituntium Podstrana [66]
Saloniana Imotski
Setovia Sinj [44]
Tariona Near Grebaštica [67]

Kosovo

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Identified sites

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Identified places and settlements in Kosovo.
# Settlement[note 1] Description Location Geographic coordinates Ref.
1 Municipium Dardanorum Soqanicë 43°3′17″N 20°48′36″E / 43.05472°N 20.81000°E / 43.05472; 20.81000 (Municipium Dardanorum) [68]
2 Romajë Romajë 42°17′31″N 20°35′34″E / 42.29194°N 20.59278°E / 42.29194; 20.59278 (Romajë) [69]
3 Busavatë Busavatë 42°34′49″N 21°32′36″E / 42.58028°N 21.54333°E / 42.58028; 21.54333 (Busavatë) [70]
4 Ulpiana Ulpiana 42°35′47″N 21°10′31″E / 42.59639°N 21.17528°E / 42.59639; 21.17528 (Municipium Dardanorum) [71]
5 Vindenis Gllamnik 42°51′58″N 21°10′59″E / 42.86611°N 21.18306°E / 42.86611; 21.18306 (Vindenis) [72]
6 Vlashnjë Vlashnjë 42°12′09″N 20°39′45″E / 42.20250°N 20.66250°E / 42.20250; 20.66250 (Vlashnjë)
7 Topanicë Topanicë 42°31′25″N 21°38′23″E / 42.52361°N 21.63972°E / 42.52361; 21.63972 (Topanicë) [73]
8 Dubovc Dubovc 42°46′37″N 20°54′37″E / 42.77694°N 20.91028°E / 42.77694; 20.91028 (Dubovc) [74]
9 Dardana Fortress Kamenica 42°35′33″N 21°33′49″E / 42.59250°N 21.56361°E / 42.59250; 21.56361 (Dardana Fortress) [75]

Unidentified sites

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Settlement Description Proposed location Ref.
Theranda Suhareka or Prizren

Montenegro

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Identified sites

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Identified places and settlements in Montenegro.
# Settlement[note 1] Description Location Geographic coordinates Ref.
1 Acruvium Kotor 42°25′48″N 18°46′12″E / 42.43000°N 18.77000°E / 42.43000; 18.77000 (Acruvium) [76]
2 Anderba, Enderon Nikšić 42°46′40″N 18°57′00″E / 42.77778°N 18.95000°E / 42.77778; 18.95000 (Anderba) [77]
3 Buthoe Budva 42°17′16″N 18°50′35″E / 42.28778°N 18.84306°E / 42.28778; 18.84306 (Buthoe) [6]
4 Doclea Podgorica 42°28′5″N 19°15′54″E / 42.46806°N 19.26500°E / 42.46806; 19.26500 (Doclea) [6]
5 Gostilj Gostilj 42°29′13″N 18°41′56″E / 42.48694°N 18.69889°E / 42.48694; 18.69889 (Gostilj)
6 Meteon Medun 42°28′23″N 19°21′43″E / 42.47306°N 19.36194°E / 42.47306; 19.36194 (Meteon) [6]
7 Oblun Oblun 42°22′59″N 19°08′13″E / 42.38306°N 19.13694°E / 42.38306; 19.13694 [6]
8 Perast Perast 42°29′13″N 18°41′56″E / 42.48694°N 18.69889°E / 42.48694; 18.69889 (Perast)
9 Rhizon Risan 42°30′54″N 18°41′21″E / 42.51500°N 18.68917°E / 42.51500; 18.68917 (Rhizon) [6]
10 Samobor Samobor 42°18′44″N 19°21′53″E / 42.31222°N 19.36472°E / 42.31222; 19.36472 [6]
11 Stara Gradina Stara Gradina 42°49′41″N 19°17′13″E / 42.82806°N 19.28694°E / 42.82806; 19.28694 [6]
12 Ulkinion Ulcinj 41°55′12″N 19°12′0″E / 41.92000°N 19.20000°E / 41.92000; 19.20000 (Ulkinion) [6]

Unidentified sites

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Settlement Description Proposed location Ref.
Lontodocla Along the Zeta River [77]

North Macedonia

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Identified sites

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Identified places and settlements in North Macedonia.
# Settlement[note 1] Description Location Geographic coordinates Ref.
1 Lychnidos Ohrid 41°7′0″N 20°48′0″E / 41.11667°N 20.80000°E / 41.11667; 20.80000 (Lychnidos)
2 Oaeneon, Oaeneum Tetovo 42°0′0″N 20°58′0″E / 42.00000°N 20.96667°E / 42.00000; 20.96667 (Oaeneon)
3 Scupi Skopje 42°0′59″N 21°23′31″E / 42.01639°N 21.39194°E / 42.01639; 21.39194 (Scupi) [78]
4 Trebeništa Trebeništa, Debarca 41°12′23″N 20°45′18″E / 41.20639°N 20.75500°E / 41.20639; 20.75500 (Trebeništa) [79]

Unidentified sites

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Settlement Description Proposed location Ref.
Damastion

Serbia

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Identified sites

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# Settlement[note 1] Description Location Geographic coordinates Ref.
1 Navissos, Naissus Niš 43°19′16″N 21°53′44″E / 43.32111°N 21.89556°E / 43.32111; 21.89556 (Navissos) [80][81]

Unidentified sites

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Settlement Description Proposed location Ref.
Damastion

Illyrian settlements

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Liburnian cities

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Venetic cities

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Roman cities

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A very small part of the Roman province of Italia included Istria.

Mislocated

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  • Thermidava, placed by Ptolemy on the Lissus-Naissus route. The toponym is most probably a misreading of a settlement which most scholars in contemporary research locate near present-day Banat, Serbia.[94]
  • Quemedava mentioned by Procopius in Dardania.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Italics: the ancient names are unattested.

References

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  1. ^ a b c Wilkes 2000, p. 750.
  2. ^ de Matteis 2017, p. 12
  3. ^ Wilkes 2000, pp. 750, 753; Shpuza 2014, p. 106.
  4. ^ Cabanes 2008, p. 35; Mesihović & Šačić 2015, p. 47; Zindel et al. 2018, pp. 278, 280.
  5. ^ Wilkes 2000, p. 751; Papadopoulos 2016, p. 437.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Shpuza 2017, p. 42; Shpuza & Dyczek 2019, p. 101; Lemke, Shpuza & Wojciechowski 2021, p. 1.
  7. ^ Wilkes 2000, p. 751.
  8. ^ Ceka & Ceka 2017, p. 491; Çipa 2020, p. 216.
  9. ^ Wilkes 2000, p. 752; Muka & Heinzelmann 2014, p. 223.
  10. ^ Shpuza 2022, p. 553; Bodinaku 2001, pp. 97–100.
  11. ^ Wilkes 2000, p. 752.
  12. ^ a b Shpuza 2014, p. 106.
  13. ^ Tafilica, Baze & Lafe 2023, p. 70.
  14. ^ a b Ceka & Ceka 2017, p. 492; Çipa 2020, p. 216.
  15. ^ Bejko et al. 2015, p. 4; Zindel et al. 2018, pp. 375–376.
  16. ^ Zindel et al. 2018, pp. 375–376.
  17. ^ Ceka & Ceka 2017, p. 490.
  18. ^ a b Wilkes 2000, p. 754.
  19. ^ Wilkes 2000, p. 754; Bejko et al. 2015, p. 4; Papadopoulos 2016, p. 440; Larson 2001, p. 162.
  20. ^ Zindel et al. 2018, p. 332
  21. ^ Shpuza 2022, p. 553; Wilkes 2000, p. 754; Papadopoulos 2016, p. 437.
  22. ^ Doka & Qiriazi 2022, p. 241.
  23. ^ Ceka 2012, pp. 59–60.
  24. ^ Wilkes 2000, p. 755; Zindel et al. 2018, p. 401.
  25. ^ Wilkes 2000, p. 755; Shpuza 2017, p. 42.
  26. ^ Wilkes 1992, p. 18.
  27. ^ Volpe et al. 2014, p. 300; Bereti 1993, p. 143.
  28. ^ Wilkes 2000, p. 750; Shpuza 2017, p. 42.
  29. ^ Ceka 2009, p. 17
  30. ^ Šašel Kos 2005, p. 286; Nauka W Polsce 2018.
  31. ^ a b Jaupaj 2019, p. 75.
  32. ^ a b c Cabanes 2008, p. 35; Mesihović & Šačić 2015, p. 47.
  33. ^ Wilkes 1992, p. 223; Wilkes & Fischer-Hansen 2004.
  34. ^ a b Jaupaj 2019, pp. 74–75; Doka & Qiriazi 2022, p. 241.
  35. ^ Morton 2017, p. 37
  36. ^ Ceka 2009, p. 7; Šašel Kos 2005, p. 282.
  37. ^ Winnifrith 2002, p. 282; Cabanes 2008, p. 35; Mesihović & Šačić 2015, p. 47.
  38. ^ Ujes 2002, p. 106.
  39. ^ Volpe et al. 2014, p. 300; Cabanes 2008, p. 171; Bereti 1993, p. 143; Wilkes 2000, p. 758; Papadopoulos 2016, p. 439.
  40. ^ Stipčević, Aleksandar, The Illyrians-History and Culture, 1974, Noyess Press
  41. ^ Dalmatia: research in the Roman province 1970-2001: papers in honour of J. J. Wilkes by David Davison, Vincent L. Gaffney, Emilio Marin, 2006, page 21, "completely Hellenised town."
  42. ^ Wilkes 1992, p. 188
  43. ^ Boško 2011, p. 177.
  44. ^ a b c Wilkes 1992, p. 190.
  45. ^ S. Čače, Broj liburnskih općina i vjerodostojnost Plinija(Nat. hist. 3, 130; 139–141), Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta u Zadru, 32, Zadar 1993., pages 1–36
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  90. ^ Dalmatia: research in the Roman province 1970–2001: papers in honour of J.J, page 108, by David Davison, Vincent L. Gaffney, J. J. Wilkes, Emilio Marin, ISBN 1-84171-790-8, 2006, "For instance, the town walls of Arba were constructed under Augustus..."
  91. ^ The archaeology of Roman towns: studies in honour of John S. Wacher, page 237, by J. S. Wacher, Peter R. Wilson, ISBN 1-84217-103-8, 2003, "Roman island towns in Liburnia were Arba..."
  92. ^ Roman life and manners under the early Empire – page 302 – by Ludwig Friedlaender – 1965, "Claudius settled veterans at Cumae, Cologne, Sicum in Dalmatia, Camulodunum in Britain, ..."
  93. ^ The central Balkan tribes in pre-Roman times: Triballi, Autariatae ... by Fanula Papazoglu, 1978, page 250, "Town in the interior of Dalmatia, located between Scodra and Siparuntum."
  94. ^ Lepper 1988, p. 138:Stuart Jones noted the Dacian - sounding place - name ' Thermidava ' on the Lissus Naissus road : but see Miller col . 557, for the evidence on this. The place was most probably called ' Theranda ' and there is no evidence for any settlement there of pro-Roman Dacians now, nor is it very likely. (..) Most scholars, however, have supposed, as did Cichorius, that we are now north of the Danube, somewhere in the Banat area where the local inhabitants are frightened that they may lose their recently acquired 'liberty'.

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