Wikipedia

List of active separatist movements in Europe

This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Europe. Separatism often refers to full political secession,[1][2][3] though separatist movements may seek nothing more than greater autonomy or to be recognised as a national minority.[4]

Supporters of Catalan independence in Barcelona in October 2019
Scottish independence supporters in Glasgow. Scotland held an independence referendum on 18 September 2014

Criteria

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What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:

  1. They are active movements with active members.
  2. They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
  3. They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.

Under each region listed is one or more of the following:

Various ethnic groups in Europe are seeking greater autonomy or independence. In the European Union (EU), several of these groups are members of the European Free Alliance (EFA). In some cases, the group seeks to unify into a different state – in cases where this does not involve the creation of a new state entity, this is considered to be irredentism. Analogous irredentist movements are included in the list of active irredentist movements.

Albania

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Main article: Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order

In 2024, Edi Rama, the Prime Minister of Albania, announced plans to create an independent European microstate enclaved within Tirana to serve as a headquarters for the Bektashi Order with Baba Mondi as the head of state. The state, called the Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order, would require approval from the Parliament of Albania and an amendment to the Constitution of Albania to declare independence.[5]

Azerbaijan

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Azerbaijan districts claimed by Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic

Territory of the short-lived   Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic

Belgium

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Communities:
  Flemish Community
  Flemish and French Community
  French Community
  German-speaking Community
Main article: Partition of Belgium
Autonomist movements

  Flanders

  Wallonia

Secessionist movements
Further information: Partition of Belgium

  Flanders or Flemish Community (the latter includes   Brussels-Capital Region)

Main articles: Flemish Movement and Greater Netherlands

  Wallonia or French Community of Belgium (the latter includes   Brussels-Capital Region)

Main articles: Walloon Movement and Rattachism

Bosnia and Herzegovina

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Main article: Partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Secessionist movements

  Republika Srpska

Main article: Proposed secession of Republika Srpska
Autonomist movements

  Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia

Main article: Croat entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Croatia

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The Istria County in Croatia.
Autonomist movements

  Istria County[21]

Main article: Istrian identity

Cyprus

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The northern areas of the island of Cyprus administered by Turkish Cypriots
Main article: Cyprus dispute
See also: Turkish invasion of Cyprus

The northeastern 1/3 territory of island of Cyprus

Czechia

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  Moravia

Denmark

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Faroe Islands
For movements in Greenland, see List of active separatist movements in North America

  Faroe Islands

Main article: Faroese independence movement

Minor Movements

  Bornholm

Finland

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Åland

  Åland

France

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See also: List of active separatist movements in North America § France, List of active separatist movements in South America § France, List of active separatist movements in Africa § France, and List of active separatist movements in Oceania § France
Secessionist movements
 
Location of the Basque Country

  French Basque Country/  Pyrénées-Atlantiques

Main articles: Basque nationalism and Basque Country independence
 
Location of Brittany

  Historic Brittany, comprising Brittany (administrative region) and   Loire-Atlantique

Main articles: Breton nationalism and Reunification of Brittany
 
Location of Corsica

  Corsica

Main articles: Corsican nationalism and corsican autonomy
See also: Italian irredentism in Corsica
 
The Dutch-language Taalgebied (Sprachraum), including northern French Flanders

  French Flanders

Main article: Flemish nationalism
 
Location of Provence

  Provence

  Northern Catalonia/Pyrénées-Orientales

  Savoy

  Etat Pied-Noir

 
Location of Limousin

  Limousin[57][58]

Autonomist movements
 
Location of Normandy

  Alsace

Main article: Alsace independence movement

  Normandy

  Savoy

  Occitania

 
Location of Franché-Comte

  Franche Comté

Further information (in French): Nationalisme franc-comtois [fr]

  Alpes-Maritimes[73]

Further information (in French): Nationalisme niçois [Fr]

  Picardy

Georgia

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Georgian administrative divisions are outlined in black. Occupied territories of Georgia are shown in pink.
Main article: Russo-Georgian War

Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia

Main article: Abkhaz–Georgian conflict

Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast

Main article: Ossetian–Georgian conflict

Javakheti

Germany

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Bavaria
 
Saxony

    Bavaria

Main article: Bavarian nationalism

  Saxony

 
Lusatia

  Lusatia

  East Frisia

    Franconia

Hungary

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  Romani

Italy

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Further information: Italian unification
 
Friuli
 
Friuli-Venezia Giulia region

  Friuli-Venezia Giulia

Main article: Friulian Front
 
Lombardy

  Lombardy

Main article: Lombard nationalism
 
Northern Italy
 
Proposed nation of Padania, light blue includes the regions of Tuscany, Umbria and Marche

Northern Italy

Main article: Padanian nationalism
 
Southern Italy

Southern Italy

 
Sicily

  Sicily

Main article: Sicilian nationalism
 
South Tyrol

  South Tyrol

Main article: South Tyrolean secessionist movement

  Savoy

 
Tuscany

  Tuscany

 
Veneto

  Veneto

Main article: Venetian nationalism
 
Free Territory of Trieste, which legally ceased to exist in 1977 after the Treaty of Osimo

  Trieste

 
Aosta Valley

  Aosta Valley

 
Sardinia

  Sardinia

 
Romagna (shown in green) in the Emilia-Romagna region
 
Romagna

  Romagna

Lithuania

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  Samogitia

Malta

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  Gozo

Moldova

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Transnistria
Breakaway state

  Transnistria

Main article: Transnistria War

  Gagauzia

Montenegro

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Sandzak

Netherlands

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Location of Friesland
See also: List of active separatist movements in North America § Netherlands

  Frisia

Poland

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  Ruch Autonomii Śląska
(With striped Czech Silesia)
  Kashubia
  Ruch Autonomii Mazur

  Silesia

  Kashubia and Pomerania

  Masuria

  Greater Poland

Portugal

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  Azores[164]

Romania

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  Transylvania and   Banat[166]

 
 
Location of Transylvania (left) and Banat (right)

  Székely Land

 
The historical Székely seats on the map of present-day Romania
Main article: Székely autonomy movement

  Partium

Russia

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Main articles: Separatism in Russia and Proposed federal subjects of Russia
See also: Separatism in Russia and List of active separatist movements in Asia § Russia

Secessionist movements:
  Adygea[184]

  Arkhangelsk Oblast[185]

  • People: Pomors
    • Proposed state:   Pomorie,   Bjarmia
      • Advocacy group: Pomoṙska Slobóda[186]

  Bashkortostan

  Chechnya

  Dagestan

  Ingushetia

  Kaliningrad Oblast[192]

  Republic of Kalmykia

  Republic of Karelia[195]

  Krasnodar Krai[185]

  Leningrad Oblast[198]

  Mari El[201][202]

  Mordovia[202]

North Caucasian Federal District

  Tatarstan[198]

  Rostov Oblast

  Udmurtia[202]

Volga Federal District

Russian-occupied Ukraine

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Main article: Ukrainian resistance in Russian-occupied Ukraine

  Republic of Crimea and   Sevastopol

  Donetsk People's Republic,   Luhansk People's Republic (Annexed by Russia in 2022)

  Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast,   Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast,   Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast,[211][212][213]

Serbia

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Kosovo (marked in red)
 
Province of Vojvodina (marked in red)
Secessionist movements

  Kosovo

Main article: International recognition of Kosovo
Autonomist movements

  Vojvodina

Main article: Vojvodina Autonomist Movement

  Vojvodina

Main article: Hungarian Regional Autonomy

  Sandžak

Preševo Valley

Slovakia

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Linguistic makeup of Slovakia, according to Census 2011
Autonomist movements

  Southern Slovakia:

  • People: Hungarians
    • Proposed autonomous area: Territorial autonomy for the compact Hungarian ethnic block and cultural autonomy for the regions of Hungarian presence,[223] or unification with   Hungary

Spain

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Further information: National and regional identity in Spain
See also: List of active separatist movements in Africa § Spain
 
Regions in Spain with autonomist or separatist movements
 
proposed extent of the Catalan country
Secessionist movements

  Basque Country (autonomous community) and   Navarre

Main articles: Basque nationalism and Basque independence

  Catalonia[226]

Main articles: Catalan nationalism; Catalan independence; Catalan independence referendum, 2017; and Catalan declaration of independence

  Galicia[227]

Main articles: Galicianism, Galician nationalism, and Galician independence

  Valencia

Main articles: Valencianism, Valencian nationalism, and Catalan nationalism

  Aragon[230]

  Balearic Islands[231]

  Andalusia[232]

Main article: Andalusian nationalism

  Asturias[233]

Autonomist movements

Cartagena

  León

Province of Granada[235]

Sweden

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Scania

    Scania

Switzerland

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Main article: Languages of Switzerland
 
The seven Jura districts in Switzerland
 
The French-speaking part of Switzerland is shown in green on this map
Autonomist movements

  Jura region

See also: Jura separatism

Ukraine

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Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine
 
Share of ethnic Russians in Ukraine
Main articles: Russo-Ukrainian War and 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

  Autonomous Republic of Crimea and   Sevastopol

Main article: Political status of Crimea

  Donetsk Oblast,   Luhansk Oblast

  Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast,   Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast,   Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast[239]

Main articles: Regionalism in Ukraine and Rusyns § Autonomist and separatist movement

  Carpathian Ruthenia[241][242][243][244]

United Kingdom

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Main articles: Separatism in the United Kingdom, Federalism in the United Kingdom, Countries of the United Kingdom, and Potential breakup of the United Kingdom
See also: Devolution in the United Kingdom and List of active separatist movements in Africa § United Kingdom
 
Countries of the United Kingdom
 
Map of current local administrative units in the United Kingdom
 
Cornwall
 
Northern England
 
North East England
 
Yorkshire
 
The Kingdom of the Isles about the year 1100
 
Isle of Man
Major movements

  England

Main article: English independence
See also: English nationalism, English independence, and Devolved English parliament

Northern Ireland

Main article: Ulster nationalism
See also: Irish nationalism, Irish republicanism, United Ireland, Ulster Independence Movement, The Troubles, and Dissident Irish Republican campaign

  Scotland

See also: Scottish nationalism, Scottish independence, Scottish independence referendum 2014, Proposed second Scottish independence referendum, and Devolution in Scotland

  Wales

See also: Welsh nationalism and Welsh independence
Minor movements

  Cornwall[271]

See also: Cornish nationalism, Cornish devolution, Constitutional status of Cornwall, and Cornish Assembly

Northern England

See also: Devolution to the North of England and North–South divide in the United Kingdom

Midlands

London

Main article: London independence

Fife

Autonomist movements

Canvey Island

Cynon Valley[dubious – discuss]

Gwynedd

  Isle of Wight

  Shetland

  Yorkshire

  North East England

  • People: People of North East England

  Wessex

  Orkney Islands

Separatist movements of dependent territories

  Gibraltar

  Isle of Man[308]

Main article: Manx nationalism

See also

edit

References

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  257. ^ "A new deepened conflict in the heart of Europe? – TudományON" (in Hungarian). Retrieved 23 October 2022.
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  259. ^ "English Democrats seek independence for England". BBC News. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
  260. ^ "English independence group campaign for English parliament in York". 27 August 2022.
  261. ^ "Watch: English nationalists march through the city demanding a parliament in York". 27 August 2022.
  262. ^ "Neither British nor Irish rule: arguments for Northern Ireland independence in Unionist political thought". 13 December 2021.
  263. ^ "Northern Ireland and Scotland Are on a Long Road Out of the UK". The Washington Post.
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  265. ^ "SDLP councillor quits to join Aontú". News Letter. 27 July 2019. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  266. ^ Kelly, Ben (11 February 2019). "The Irish parties reaching across the border towards a new era for nationalism". The Independent. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  267. ^ Connla Young (26 January 2018). "Republican groups have no plans for ÓNH-style ceasefire". The Irish News. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
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  271. ^ Leigh-Hewitson, Nadia. "Why Cornish independence could be no joke". dlv.prospect.gcpp.io.
  272. ^ "Green Party will support calls for a Cornish Assembly". The Cornish Guardian. 8 May 2014. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  273. ^ Graeme Demianyk (10 March 2014). "Liberal Democrats vote for Cornish Assembly". The Western Morning News. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
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  275. ^ https://www.communistparty.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Communist-Party-Progressive-federalism-4.pdf
  276. ^ "An all-party pressure group plans to re-create the ancient kingdom of Northumbria as a federal state in a new United Kingdom". The Lancashire magazine. 6 October 2014. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  277. ^ "Ex-MP pushes for northern parliament - Blackpool Gazette". 18 October 2014. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
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  279. ^ "The curious case of the Northern Independence Party and the future of the British Left". The Courier Online. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
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  286. ^ "Residents of Canvey Island in Essex plot 'Catalan-style' revolt from mainland". 17 October 2017.
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