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List of political ideologies

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In political science, a political ideology is a certain set of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement, institution, class or large group that explains how society should work and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some political parties follow a certain ideology very closely while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them. An ideology's popularity is partly due to the influence of moral entrepreneurs, who sometimes act in their own interests. Political ideologies have two dimensions: (1) goals: how society should be organized; and (2) methods: the most appropriate way to achieve this goal.

An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government (e.g. autocracy or democracy) and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism or socialism). The same word is sometimes used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For instance, socialism may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology that supports that economic system. The same term may also refer to multiple ideologies, which is why political scientists try to find consensus definitions for these terms. For example, while the terms have been conflated at times, communism has come in common parlance and in academics to refer to Soviet-type regimes and Marxist–Leninist ideologies, whereas socialism has come to refer to a wider range of differing ideologies which are most often distinct from Marxism–Leninism.[1]

Political ideology is a term fraught with problems, having been called "the most elusive concept in the whole of social science".[2] While ideologies tend to identify themselves by their position on the political spectrum (such as the left, the centre or the right), they can be distinguished from political strategies (e.g. populism as it is commonly defined) and from single issues around which a party may be built (e.g. civil libertarianism and support or opposition to European integration), although either of these may or may not be central to a particular ideology. Several studies show that political ideology is heritable within families.[3][4][5][6][7]

The following list is strictly alphabetical and attempts to divide the ideologies found in practical political life into several groups, with each group containing ideologies that are related to each other. The headers refer to the names of the best-known ideologies in each group. The names of the headers do not necessarily imply some hierarchical order or that one ideology evolved out of the other. Instead, they are merely noting that the ideologies in question are practically, historically, and ideologically related to each other. As such, one ideology can belong to several groups and there is sometimes considerable overlap between related ideologies. The meaning of a political label can also differ between countries and political parties often subscribe to a combination of ideologies.

Anarchism

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Main article: Anarchism
 
Anarchy symbol
Further information: Anarchist schools of thought, Glossary of anarchism, and Outline of anarchism
Political internationals

Classical

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Main article: Classical anarchism

Post-classical

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Main article: Post-classical anarchism

Contemporary

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Main article: Contemporary anarchism

Opposition

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Religious variants

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Main articles: Religious anarchism and Anarchism and religion

Regional variants

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Main article: List of anarchist movements by region

African

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Main article: Anarchism in Africa

American

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Main article: Anarchism in America

Asian

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Main article: Anarchism in Asia

European

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Main article: Anarchism in Europe

Oceanian

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Main article: Anarchism in Oceania

Authoritarianism

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Main article: Authoritarianism

General

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Other

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Opposition

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Religious variants

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Regional variants

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African

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American

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Asian

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European

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Communitarianism

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Main article: Communitarianism

General

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Other

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Regional variants

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Communism

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Main article: Communism
 
The Hammer and sickle symbol
Political internationals

Authoritarian

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Main article: Authoritarian communism

Leninism

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Main article: Leninism
Marxism–Leninism
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Main article: Marxism–Leninism

Libertarian

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Main article: Libertarian communism
 
An Anarchist A laid over a Communist Hammer and sickle.

Marxism

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Main article: Marxism

Other

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Main articles: Marxist revisionism, Non-Marxist communism, Post-capitalism, and Pre-Marxist communism

Opposition

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Religious variants

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Main article: Religious communism
See also: Communism and religion

Regional variants

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African

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Main article: Communism in Africa

American

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Main article: Communism in America

Asian

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Main article: Communism in Asia

European

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Main article: Communism in Europe

Oceanian

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Main article: Communism in Oceania

Conservatism

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Main article: Conservatism
Political internationals

General

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Reactionary

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Main article: Reactionary

Opposition

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Religious variants

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Main article: Theoconservatism

Regional variants

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African

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Main article: Conservatism in Africa

American

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Main article: Conservatism in America
United States
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Main article: Conservatism in the United States

Asian

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Main article: Conservatism in Asia

European

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Main article: Conservatism in Europe

Oceanian

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Main article: Conservatism in Oceania

Corporatism

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Main article: Corporatism
See also: Capitalism

General

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Other

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Religious variants

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Main article: Corporatism in the Roman Catholic Church

Regional variants

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Western Europe

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Democracy

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Main article: Democracy

General

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Other

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Direct democracy movements

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Main article: Direct democracy

Pirate politics

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Pirate politics
IdeologyAnti-corruption
Civil libertarianism
Civil rights
Direct democracy
E-democracy
Participatory democracy
Social liberalism
Main article: Pirate politics
Political internationals

Opposition

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Religious variants

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Main article: Religious democracy

Christian democracy

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Main article: Christian democracy
Further information: History of Christian democracy
Political internationals
General
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Further information: Catholic social teaching
Other
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See also: Conservatism, Corporatism, and Liberalism

Other

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Regional variants

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African

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Main article: Democracy in Africa

Asian

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Main article: Democracy in Asia

American

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Main article: Democracy in America

European

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Main article: Democracy in Europe

Oceanian

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Main article: Democracy in Oceania

Environmentalism

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Main article: Environmentalism
Political internationals

Bright green environmentalism

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Main article: Bright green environmentalism

Deep green environmentalism

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Main article: Deep ecology

Light green environmentalism

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Main article: Sustainable development

Other

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Main article: Green politics

Opposition

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Religious variants

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Main article: Environmentalism and religion

Regional variants

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African

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Main article: Environmental movement in Africa

American

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Main article: Environmental movement in America

Asian

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Main article: Environmental movement in Asia

European

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Main article: Environmental movement in Europe

Oceanian

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Main article: Environmental movement in Oceania

Fascism

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Main article: Fascism
Political internationals

General

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Other

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Opposition

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Main article: Anti-fascism
Further information: Criticism of fascism

By country

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Religious variants

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Main article: Fascism and religion

Regional variants

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Main article: List of fascist movements

African

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American

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Main article: Fascism in America

Asian

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Main article: Fascism in Asia

European

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Main article: Fascism in Europe

Oceanian

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Main article: Fascism in Oceania

Identity politics

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Main article: Identity politics
Political internationals
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Feminism

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Main article: Feminism

General

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Opposition

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Chronological variants

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Main article: History of feminism

Ethnic and social variants

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Religious variants

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Main article: Religious feminism

Regional variants

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African
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Main article: Feminism in Africa
American
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Main article: Feminism in America
Asian
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Main article: Feminism in Asia
European
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Main article: Feminism in Europe
Oceanian
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Main article: Feminism in Oceania

LGBTQ social movements

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Main article: LGBTQ social movements
See also: Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights

Men's movement

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Main article: Men's movement

Regional variants

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Main article: Fathers' rights movement by country

Self-determination movements

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Main article: Self-determination

African-American

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Main article: Black pride

Indigenous peoples

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Main article: Indigenism

Latin American

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Main article: La raza

Separatist and supremacist movements

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Main articles: Separatism and Supremacism

Ethnic

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Main articles: Ethnic separatism and Ethnic supremacism
Black
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White
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Regional variants
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African
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Main article: Separatism in Africa
American
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Main article: Separatism in the Americas
Asian
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Main article: Separatism in Asia
European
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Main article: Separatism in Europe
Oceania
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Main article: Separatism in Oceania

Gender

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Main articles: Gender separatism and Sexism

Religious variants

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Main articles: Religious separatism and Religious supremacism

Student movements

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Main article: Student rights

General

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Regional variants

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Liberalism

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Main article: Liberalism
Further information: Age of Enlightenment
Political internationals

General

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Other

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Opposition

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Regional variants

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Main article: Liberalism by country

African

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Main article: Liberalism in Africa

American

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Main article: Liberalism in America

Asian

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Main article: Liberalism in Asia

European

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Main article: Liberalism in Europe

Oceanian

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Main article: Liberalism in Oceania

Libertarianism

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Main article: Libertarianism
Political internationals

Left-libertarianism

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Main article: Left-libertarianism

Right-libertarianism

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Main article: Right-libertarianism

Other

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See also: Classical liberalism

Opposition

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Religious variants

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Regional variants

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African

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American

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United States
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Main article: Libertarianism in the United States

Asian

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European

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Oceanian

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Nationalism

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Main article: Nationalism
Political internationals

General

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Other

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Opposition

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Main article: Anti-nationalism

Religious variants

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Main article: Religious nationalism

Regional variants

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African

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Main article: Nationalism in Africa

American

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Asian

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European

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Main article: Rise of nationalism in Europe

Oceanian

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Unification movements

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Main article: Pan-nationalism

Populism

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Main article: Populism
Political internationals

General

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Left-wing populism

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Main article: Left-wing populism

Right-wing populism

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Main article: Right-wing populism

Other

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Regional variants

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African

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Main article: Populism in Africa

Asian

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Main article: Populism in Asia

American

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Main articles: Populism in North America and Populism in Latin America

European

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Main article: Populism in Europe

Oceanian

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Main article: Populism in Oceania

Progressivism

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Main article: Progressivism
Political internationals

General

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Other

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Opposition

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Religious variants

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Regional variants

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Religio-political ideologies

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Main article: Religion and politics
Political internationals

General

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Political atheism and agnosticism

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Political Baháʼí Faith

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Political Buddhism

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Political Christianity

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Main article: Christianity and politics

Political Confucianism

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Political Hinduism

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Political indigenous religions

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Political Islam

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Main article: Political aspects of Islam

Political Judaism

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Main articles: Judaism and politics and Jewish political movements

Political Neopaganism

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Political Shinto

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Political Sikhism

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Political Taoism

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Political Zoroastrianism

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Satirical and anti-politics

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Main article: Political satire
See also: List of frivolous political parties

General

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See also: Abstention, Dealignment, Political apathy, Political protest, Protest vote, and Voter fatigue

Other

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See also: Anti-elitism

Religious variants

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Main article: Religious rejection of politics

Regional variants

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Social democracy

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Main article: Social democracy
Political internationals

General

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Other

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Opposition

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Main article: Criticism of social democracy

Regional variants

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African

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Main article: Social democracy in Africa

American

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Main article: Social democracy in America

Asian

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Main article: Social democracy in Asia

European

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Main article: Social democracy in Europe

Oceanian

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Main article: Social democracy in Oceania

Socialism

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Main article: Socialism
 
Symbol of Socialism
Political internationals

General

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Authoritarian

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Main article: Authoritarian socialism

Libertarian

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Main article: Libertarian socialism

Other

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Main article: Types of socialism

Opposition

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Religious variants

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Main article: Religious socialism

Regional variants

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African

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Main article: Socialism in Africa

American

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Main article: Socialism in America

Asian

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Main article: Socialism in Asia

European

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Main article: Socialism in Europe

Oceanian

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Main article: Socialism in Oceania

Syndicalism

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Main article: Syndicalism
Political internationals

General

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Other

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Opposition

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Regional variants

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Transhumanism

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Main article: Transhumanist politics
Political internationals

General

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Main article: Transhumanism

Other

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Regional variants

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Roberts, Andrew (2004). The State of Socialism: A Note on Terminology. Cambridge University Press. 63 (2). 349–366.
  2. ^ D. McLellan, Ideology, University of Minnesota Press, 1986, p. 1.
  3. ^ Bouchard, T. J.; McGue, M. (2003). "Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences". Journal of Neurobiology. 54 (1). 44–45.
  4. ^ Eaves, L. J.; Eysenck, H. J. (1974). "Genetics and the development of social attitudes". Nature. 249, 288–289.
  5. ^ Hatemi, P. K.; Medland, S. E.; Morley, K. I.; Heath, A. C.; Martin, N. G. (2007). "The genetics of voting: An Australian twin study". Behavior Genetics. 37 (3). 435–448.
  6. ^ Hatemi, P. K.; Hibbing, J.; Alford, J.; Martin, N.; Eaves, L. (2009). "Is there a 'party' in your genes?". Political Research Quarterly. 62 (3). 584–600.
  7. ^ Settle, J. E.; Dawes, C. T.; Fowler, J. H. (2009). "The heritability of partisan attachment". Political Research Quarterly. 62 (3). 601–613.
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