Wikipedia

List of Hawaiian animals extinct in the Holocene

(Redirected from List of extinct animals of the Hawaiian Islands)

This is a list of Hawaiian animal species extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE)[a] and continues to the present day.[1]

Location of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean.
The O‘ahu ‘ō‘ō (Moho apicalis) is among dozens of bird species that became extinct after the human settlement of Hawaii.

The Hawaiian Islands include the eight major islands (the Windward Islands) and the small islands and atolls of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. They are all part of the U.S. state of Hawaii, except Midway Atoll, which is a separate U.S. territory.[2]

The islands of East Polynesia (including New Zealand, Hawaii, and Easter Island) were among the last habitable places on earth colonized by humans.[3] Estimates for the timing of Polynesian settlement in Hawaii have been uncertain,[4] but a 2010 study based on radiocarbon dates of more reliable samples suggests that Hawaii was first settled by humnas roughly between 1219 and 1266 CE.[3] In 1778, British explorer James Cook became the first recorded European to arrive in Hawaii. An influx of European and American explorers, traders, and whalers arrived shortly after. Hawaii was annexed by the United States in 1898 and became a state in 1959.[5]

Numerous species have disappeared from Hawaii as part of the ongoing Holocene extinction, driven by human activity. Human contact, first by Polynesians and later by Europeans, had a significant impact on the environment. Both the Polynesians and Europeans cleared native forests and introduced non-indigenous species for agriculture (or by accident), driving many endemic species to extinction. Fossil finds in caves, lava tubes, and sand dunes have revealed that Hawaii once had a native eagle,[6] two raven-size crows, several bird-eating owls, and giant ducks known as moa-nalo. Today, many of Hawaii's remaining endemic species of plants and animals are considered endangered. Hawaii has more endangered species and has lost a higher percentage of its endemic species than any other U.S. state.[7] The endemic plant Brighamia now requires hand pollination because its natural pollinator is presumed to be extinct.[8]

This list of extinct species only includes the indigenous biota of Hawaii, not domestic animals like the Hawaiian Poi Dog. Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

Mammals (class Mammalia)

edit

Bats (order Chiroptera)

edit

Vesper bats (family Vespertilionidae)

edit
Scientific name Range Comments
Synemporion keana Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii (island)[9] Might have become extinct around the 10th century.[10]

Birds (class Aves)

edit

Waterfowl (order Anseriformes)

edit

Ducks, geese, and swans (family Anatidae)

edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Nēnē-nui Branta hylobadistes Maui, possibly Oahu and Kauai Most recent remains dated to 1046-1380.[11]
Giant Hawaiʻi goose Branta rhuax Hawaii (island) Most recent remains dated to 1380-1500.[12]  
Turtle-jawed moa-nalo Chelychelynechen quassus Kauai[13] Only known from subfossil remains.[14]  
Small-billed moa-nalo Ptaiochen pau Maui[13] Known from subfossil remains. It was possibly restricted to montane habitat, while the lowlands were occupied by the Maui Nui large-billed moa-nalo. Likely disappeared due to a combination of hunting and predation or competition with introduced mammals.[14]  
Kauaʻi mole duck Talpanas lippa Kauai Most recent remains dated to 3540-3355 BCE.[15] Being a flightless, nocturnal, almost-blind species convergent with New Zealand's kiwi, it was likely very vulnerable to hunting and predation by introduced animals.[14]
Oʻahu moa-nalo Thambetochen xanion Oahu Most recent remains dated to 440-639 CE.[11] It possibly disappeared due to a combination of hunting, habitat loss, and nest-predation by introduced mammals.[14]  
Maui Nui large-billed moa-nalo Thambetochen chauliodous Maui and Molokai Most recent remains dated to 1057-1375.[11] It occupied low altitudes while the small-billed moa-nalo lived at higher elevations. It likely disappeared due to hunting, and nest predation by Polynesian rats.[14]  
Giant Oʻahu goose Anatidae sp. et gen. indet. Oahu Prehistoric[citation needed]
Long-legged shelduck Anatidae sp. et gen. indet. Kauai

Rails and cranes (order Gruiformes)

edit

Rails (family Rallidae)

edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Kepler's crake Zapornia keplerorum Maui Known from subfossil remains.[14]
Molokai crake Zapornia menehune Molokai Known from subfossil remains.[14]
Laysan rail Zapornia palmeri Laysan Disappeared from Laysan in 1923 after feral rabbits ate all the vegetation in the island. Previously, the species was introduced to other islands in an attempt to save it from extinction, establishing successful populations in Midway (Eastern and Sand islands). In 1943, military construction in Midway accidentally introduced black rats, which exterminated the rails by either June 1944 or June 1945.[14]  
Hawaiian rail Zapornia sandwichensis Hawaii (island) Last collected in 1864; claims of further survival are unsubstantiated. The nominate subspecies Z. s. sandwichensis lived on the leeward side of the island of Hawaii and the subspecies Z. s. millsi on the windward side. It coexisted peacefully with the Polynesian rat but might have been driven to extinction by the black rat. Mongooses were blamed by some authors, but they were not introduced to the island until 1883. Hunting, deforestation, predation by pigs, cats, and dogs, and introduced diseases from poultry may have been contributing factors to its extinction.[14]  
Great Maui crake Porzana severnsi Maui Early 12th century/150 C.E.
Great Oʻahu crake Porzana ralphorum Oʻahu Early 11th century/200 C.E. Known from subfossil remains. It was apparently limited to lowland areas while Ziegler's crake occupied the highlands, which would make it even more vulnerable to human settlement than other flightless rails.[14]
Small Oʻahu crake Zapornia ziegleri[14] Oʻahu Most recent remains dated to 650-869 CE.[11]
Great Hawaiian crake "Porzana" sp. Hawaii (island) All prehistoric.[citation needed]
Great Kauaʻi crake "Porzana" sp. Kauai
Medium Kauaʻi crake "Porzana" sp. Kauai
Medium Maui crake "Porzana" sp. Maui
Small Hawaiian crake "Porzana" sp. Hawaii (island)

Shorebirds (order Charadriiformes)

edit

Gulls, terns, and skimmers (family Laridae)

edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Kauaʻi gull Larus sp. Kauai Known from mid-Holocene remains. There are no resident gull species in Kauai's modern fauna, though the laughing gull and others occur accidentally.[16]

Albatrosses and petrels (order Procellariiformes)

edit

Petrels and shearwaters (family Procellariidae)

edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Oʻahu petrel Pterodroma jugabilis Hawaii (island) and Oahu Known from subfossil remains found in archaeological assemblages, because of this it is believed that it was hunted by people. It has no close living relatives.[17]

Pelicans, herons, and ibises (order Pelecaniformes)

edit

Ibises and spoonbills (family Threskiornithidae)

edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Maui highland ibis Apteribis brevis Maui Most recent remains dated to 170 BCE - 370 CE.[18]  
Molokaʻi ibis Apteribis glenos Molokai[17] Prehistoric
Maui lowland ibis Apteribis sp. Maui[17]
Lānaʻi ibis Apteribis sp. Lanai[19]

Hawks and relatives (order Accipitriformes)

edit

Hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures (family Accipitridae)

edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Wood harrier Circus dossenus Molokai and Oahu[17] Prehistoric
Hawaiian eagle Haliaeetus sp. Oahu, Molokai, and Maui[20] Holocene eagle fossils have been found on Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. The absence of eagle fossils from other Hawaiian islands might represent a true gap in distribution or a deficiency in the fossil record. Based on DNA research, these fossils represent the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) or a very close relative. The Hawaiian eagle was an isolated, resident population in Hawaii for more than 100,000 years, where it was the largest terrestrial predator. Its extinction could have been related to human-induced ecological changes, although there is currently no direct evidence for temporal overlap with humans.[20]

Owls (order Strigiformes)

edit

True owls (family Strigidae)

edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Kauaʻi stilt-owl Grallistrix auceps Kauai Most recent remains dated to 744-202 BCE.[11]
Maui stilt-owl Grallistrix erdmani Maui Most recent remains dated to 1057-1440 CE.[11]
Molokaʻi stilt-owl Grallistrix geleches Molokai[17] Prehistoric
Oʻahu stilt-owl Grallistrix orion Oahu[17]

Perching birds (order Passeriformes)

edit

Crows and relatives (family Corvidae)

edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
High-billed crow Corvus impluviatus Oahu[21] Prehistoric  
Robust crow Corvus viriosus Oahu and Molokai[21]  
Extinct in the wild, crows and relatives (family Corvidae)
edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Hawaiian crow Corvus hawaiiensis Hawaii (island) and Maui Historically recorded on the island of Hawaii, where it was persecuted as a nuisance during the 19th century. Fossils indicate that this species or a very similar one was also found on Maui before European contact. The last wild pairs bred on the slopes of the Mauna Loa in 1992, by which time there were only 11 or 12 individuals left. One egg was laid in 1996 but didn't hatch, and the last pair was sighted in 2002. A captive population exists, but a release program in 1993-1999 ended in failure.[22]  

Reed warblers (family Acrocephalidae)

edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Laysan millerbird Acrocephalus familiaris familiaris Laysan Last recorded in 1913. It likely disappeared due to habitat destruction caused by feral rabbits, which were introduced in 1904 and destroyed the vegetation almost completely by 1920.[14]  

Hawaiian honeyeaters (family Mohoidae)

edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Kioea Chaetoptila angustipluma Hawaii (island), Oahu, and Maui The last individual was collected on the island of Hawaii in 1859. Fossils indicate that this species or a very similar one was also found on Maui and Oahu before European contact. Deforestation, hunting, and introduced predators likely contributed to its extinction.[23]  
Narrow-billed kioea ?Chaetoptila sp. Maui Known from subfossil remains. The species coexisted with the Hawaiian kioea, but had a much narrower bill.[21]
Oʻahu ʻōʻō Moho apicalis Oahu Last recorded in 1837. Presumably extinct due to habitat destruction and the introduction of disease-carrying mosquitos.[24]  
Bishop's ʻōʻō Moho bishopi Maui, Lanai, and Molokai Last recorded on Molokai in 1904, with unconfirmed reports lasting until 1915. A bird thought to be this species was observed on Maui in 1981. It declined due to habitat destruction for agriculture and grazing feral mammals, before being wiped out by introduced black rats and diseases carried by mosquitos.[25]  
Kauaʻi ʻōʻō Moho braccatus Kauai Though common before the 1890s, it became restricted to the Alakaʻi Wilderness Preserve by the 1970s, and a single pair survived by 1981. The female disappeared when Hurricane Iwa struck Kauai in 1982, and the male was recorded singing in solitary until 1987. The species likely declined due to habitat destruction, predation by introduced black rats and feral pigs, as well as disease-carrying mosquitos.[26]  
Hawaiʻi ʻōʻō Moho nobilis Hawaii (island) Last seen in 1934. Presumably disappeared due to habitat destruction and disease.[27]  

Thrushes (family Turdidae)

edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Kāmaʻo Myadestes myadestinus Kauai Last reliably sighted in 1985, with unconfirmed sightings until 1991. Likely causes of extinction include disease carried by introduced mosquitos, deforestation and degradation of forests by feral pigs.[28]  
ʻĀmaui Myadestes woahensis Oahu[29] Known from a single individual collected in 1825 and fossil remains. The cause of extinction is unknown, though habitat destruction and avian malaria are suspected.[29]
Possibly extinct, thrushes (family Turdidae)
edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Olomaʻo Myadestes lanaiensis Maui, Lanai and Molokai Possibly disappeared from Maui in the 19th century. It was last seen in Lanai in 1933, and the last reliable sighting in Molokai happened in 1980 though there were unconfirmed reports in 1988, 1994, and 2005. It could have been driven extinct by diseases spread by introduced mosquitos and habitat destruction.[30]  

True finches (family Fringillidae)

edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Oʻahu icterid-like gaper Aidemedia chascax Oahu Prehistoric[21]
Maui Nui icterid-like gaper Aidemedia lutetiae Maui and Molokai
Sickle-billed gaper Aidemedia zanclops Oahu
Oʻahu ʻakialoa Akialoa ellisiana Oahu The species is known from only two specimens collected in 1837, although there were undocumented reports in 1937 and 1940. Thought to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction and disease.[31]  
Maui Nui ʻakialoa Akialoa lanaiensis Maui, Lanai and Molokai[32] Named from three individuals collected on Lanai in 1892; fossils have also been found on Molokai and Maui. The species is thought to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction, disease, and possibly introduced species.[32]  
Lesser ʻakialoa Akialoa obscura Hawaii (island) Last reported in 1940. Likely extinct due to deforestation and introduced diseases.[33]  
Kauaʻi ʻakialoa Akialoa stejnegeri Kauai Last reported in 1969. Extinct due to forest clearance and introduced disease.[34]  
Hoopoe-billed ʻakialoa Akialoa upupirostris Oahu and Kauai Prehistoric[21]
Giant ʻakialoa Akialoa sp. Hawaii (island)
Akialoa sp. Maui
Kona grosbeak Chloridops kona Hawaii (island) Restricted to about four square miles by the time of its discovery in the late 19th century, it was last collected in 1894. The reasons of extinction are unknown, but may include habitat destruction, introduced mammalian predators, and avian malaria.[35]  
King Kong grosbeak Chloridops regiskongi Oahu Prehistoric[21]
Wahi grosbeak Chloridops wahi Maui and Oahu Prehistoric. Might include the Kauaʻi grosbeak (Chloridops sp.).[21]
Kauaʻi grosbeak Chloridops sp. Kauai Prehistoric. Might be synonymous with the Wahi grosbeak (Chloridops wahi).[21]
Maui grosbeak Chloridops sp. Maui Prehistoric[21]
ʻUla-ʻai-hawane Ciridops anna Hawaii (island) Last collected in 1892, there was an unconfirmed sighting in 1937. The causes of extinction are unknown, but deforestation, malaria, and predation by introduced rats may have been contributing factors.[36]  
Stout-legged finch Ciridops tenax Kauai Known from subfossil remains. Likely extinct due to habitat destruction and hunting for feathers by Polynesians.[14]
Molokaʻi ʻula-ʻai-hawane Ciridops cf. anna Molokai Prehistoric[21]
Oʻahu ʻula-ʻai-hawane Ciridops sp. Oahu
Black mamo Drepanis funerea Maui and Molokai Last collected in Molokai in 1907; fossils are known from Maui. It probably disappeared due to destruction of its understorey habitat by introduced cattle and deer, and predation by rats and mongooses.[37]  
Hawaiʻi mamo Drepanis pacifica Hawaii (island) Last recorded in 1898. Although heavily trapped for its feathers, it was likely driven to extinction ultimately by habitat destruction and disease.[38]  
Lānaʻi hookbill Dysmorodrepanis munroi Lanai Only known from a single specimen collected in 1913 and single sightings in 1916 and 1918. Presumably driven to extinction by clearing forests for pineapple plantation, predation by cats and rats.[39]  
Oʻahu nukupuʻu Hemignathus lucidus Oahu The last two preserved individuals were collected either during an expedition in 1838 or another in 1840-1841, though native accounts suggest it was still present in 1860. A second-hand report from 1939 is "doubtlessly incorrect".[40]  
Giant nukupuʻu Hemignathus vorpalis Hawaii (island) Only known from fossils younger than c. 1000 BCE - 500 CE.[41]
Laysan honeycreeper Himatione fraithii Laysan Disappeared after almost the entire vegetation cover of the island was eaten by introduced feral rabbits. The last three individuals were killed in a storm in 1923.[42]  
Kauaʻi palila Loxioides kikuchi Kauai Known from two fossil jaws dated to 1375-1610 CE.[43]
Oʻahu ʻakepa Loxops wolstenholmei Oahu Last recorded in 1930. Probably driven to extinction by habitat destruction and disease.[44]  
Poʻouli Melamprosops phaeosoma Maui Last two individuals recorded in 2004; one died shortly after being captured. The precise causes of decline are unknown. Suggestions include habitat destruction and modification, spread of disease-carrying mosquitos, pig activity, predation by rats, cats, and small Indian mongooses; and the decline of native Hawaiian snails as a result of predation by rats and the garlic snail Oxychilus alliaricus.[45]  
Highland finch Orthiospiza howarthi Maui Prehistoric[21]
Kākāwahie Paroreomyza flammea Molokai Last recorded in 1961-1963. Presumed to have disappeared due to habitat destruction and disease.[46]  
Lānaʻi ʻalauahio Paroreomyza montana montana Lanai Extinct since 1937.[47]  
Lesser koa finch Rhodacanthis flaviceps Hawaii (island) Seemed to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction, and not by climatic variation nor mosquito-vectored diseases. Koa finches were likely driven out of lowland habitat before or shortly after the time of western contact in 1778. The two species from the island of Hawaii persisted until the late 19th century, when their upland refugium was degraded by logging, ranching, and intensified predation by the black rat.[48] The lesser koa finch was last recorded in 1891.[49] According to the IUCN red list, "this or a similar species is also known from the fossil record of O'ahu and Maui"[49] apparently referring to the primitive koa finch (Rhodacanthis litotes).[50]  
Scissor-billed koa finch Rhodacanthis forfex Maui and Kauai[50] Known from fossils on Maui and Kauai. Based on its disjunct distribution, the species might have occurred on all main islands except the island of Hawaii, although more fossils are needed for confirmation.[50] The koa finches seem to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction, and not by climatic variation nor mosquito-vectored diseases. Koa finches were likely driven out of lowland habitat before or shortly after the time of western contact in 1778. The two species from Maui might have survived in an upland refugium until the late 19th century, paralleling the fate of the two species from the island of Hawaii. However, the only verified records are from fossils at a lower elevation.[48]
Primitive koa finch Rhodacanthis litotes Maui and Oahu[50] Known from fossils on Maui and Oahu. Based on its disjunct distribution, the species might have occurred on all main islands except the island of Hawaii and perhaps Kauai, although more fossils are needed for confirmation.[50] The primitive koa finch populations from Oahu and Maui might represent two distinct species, but more fossils or genetic data are necessary.[50] The koa finches seem to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction, and not by climatic variation nor mosquito-vectored diseases. Koa finches were likely driven out of lowland habitat before or shortly after the time of western contact in 1778. The two species from Maui might have survived in an upland refugium until the late 19th century, paralleling the fate of the two species from the island of Hawaii. However, the only verified records are from fossils at a lower elevation.[48]
Greater koa finch Rhodacanthis palmeri Hawaii (island) Last collected in 1896. The causes of extinction are unknown, but habitat destruction and introduced avian malaria are likely responsible.[51]  
Kauaʻi finch Telespiza persecutrix Oahu and Kauai Most recent remains were found in cave deposits dated to 1425-1660.[11]
Maui Nui finch Telespiza ypsilon Maui and Molokai Prehistoric[21]
Maui finch Telespiza cf. ypsilon Maui
Strange-billed finch Vangulifer mirandus Maui
Thin-billed finch Vangulifer neophasis
Greater ʻamakihi Viridonia sagittirostris Wailuku River, Hawaii (island) Last recorded in 1901. Its only known forest habitat was cleared to plant sugar cane.[52]  
Cone-billed finch Xestospiza conica Kauai Prehistoric[21]
Ridge-billed finch Xestospiza fastigialis Oahu, Molokai, and Maui
Drepanidini gen. et sp. indet. Maui At least three different species, all prehistoric.[21]
Drepanidini gen. et sp. indet. Oahu Prehistoric[21]
Possibly extinct, true finches (family Fringillidae)
edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Maui nukupuʻu Hemignathus affinis Maui Last confirmed sighting in 1896, though several "unconfirmed detections" happened in 1986-1998, and a single male was seen by qualified observers in the same area in 1995. The species's forest habitat has been eliminated for cattle ranching or otherwise degraded by introduced ungulates, which also spread alien plants and disease-carrying mosquitos. Predation and competition with introduced birds and insects has also been suggested.[53]  
Kauaʻi nukupuʻu Hemignathus hanapepe Kauai Last confirmed sighting in 1899, with unconfirmed records in 1984-1998 and 2007. The more recent observations could actually belong to the Kauaʻi ʻamakihi. It possibly declined due to habitat degradation by introduced ungulates, disease, predation and competition with exotic birds and insects.[54]  
Maui ʻakepa Loxops ochraceus Maui Last recorded in 1988, with some dubious audio taken afterward. It could have declined due to habitat loss, invasive diseases, and conflict and competition with introduced species.[55]  
Oʻahu ʻalauahio Paroreomyza maculata Oahu Last collected in 1968 and last well-documented observation, of two birds, in 1985. It may have been driven extinct by disease spread by introduced mosquitos.[56]  
ʻŌʻū Psittirostra psittacea Hawaii (island), Maui, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, and Kauai Last recorded with certainty in Hawaii in 1987, and in Kauai in 1989, though there were some unconfirmed sightings after 1995. It disappeared from Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai between 1899 and 1931. It may have been driven extinct by habitat loss, introduced rats, and malaria spread by exotic mosquitos.[57]  

Incertae familiae

edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Slender-billed Kauaʻi passerine Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. Kauai Prehistoric[21]
Tiny Kauaʻi passerine Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. Kauai

Insects (class Insecta)

edit

Dragonflies and damselflies (order Odonata)

edit

Narrow-winged damselflies (family Coenagrionidae)

edit
Possibly extinct
edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Maui upland damselfly Megalagrion jugorum Maui and Lanai[58] Last seen in 1917. Considered possibly extinct.[58]

Grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets (order Orthoptera)

edit

True crickets (family Gryllidae)

edit
Extinct in the wild
edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Oʻahu deceptor bush cricket Leptogryllus deceptor Oahu[59] Extinct in the wild[60]

True bugs (order Hemiptera)

edit

Mealybugs (family Pseudococcidae)

edit
Scientific name Range Comments
Clavicoccus erinaceus Oahu Extinct[61]
Phyllococcus oahuensis Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands[62] Extinct[62]

Beetles (order Coleoptera)

edit

True weevils (family Curculionidae)

edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Dryophthorus distinguendus Nearly all of the Hawaiian Islands[63] Extinct. Last seen in 1961.[63]
Laysan weevil Oodemas laysanensis Laysan[64] Extinct. Last seen in 1964.[64]
Rhyncogonus bryani Laysan[65] Extinct. Last seen in 1911.[65]

Butterflies and moths (order Lepidoptera)

edit

Pyralid moths (family Pyralidae)

edit
Scientific name Range Comments
Genophantis leahi Maui, Oahu, Molokai and Hawaii (island) Last seen in the early 1900s. Considered extinct.[66]

Owlet moths (family Noctuidae)

edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Confused moth Helicoverpa confusa Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands[67] Extinct after 1927.[67]
Minute noctuid moth Helicoverpa minuta Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands[68] Last seen before 1911. Considered extinct.[68]
Laysan dropseed noctuid moth Hypena laysanensis Laysan Last seen in 1911. Considered extinct.[69]
Hilo noctuid moth Hypena newelli Hawaii (island) Date of last observation unknown, possibly before 1923.[70][b] Extinct[71]
Lovegrass noctuid moth Hypena plagiota Kauai, Oahu, and Maui Last seen before 1960, date unknown.[72] Extinct[73]
Kaholuamano noctuid moth Hypena senicula Kauai Date of last collection unknown, possibly before 1923.[74][c] Extinct[75]
Possibly extinct, owlet moths (family Noctuidae)
edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Midway noctuid moth Agrotis fasciata Midway Atoll[76] Last seen before 1960, date unknown.[77] Considered possibly extinct.[76]  
Kona agrotis noctuid moth Agrotis panoplias Hawaii (island)[78] Date unknown. Considered possibly extinct.[78]  
Poko noctuid moth Agrotis crinigera Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, Hawaii (island), and Laysan[79] Last seen in 1926. Considered possibly extinct.[79]
Kerr's noctuid moth Agrotis kerri French Frigate Shoals[80] Last seen in 1923. Considered possibly extinct.[80]
Procellaris grotis noctuid moth Agrotis procellaris Laysan[81] Last seen in 1912. Considered possibly extinct.[81]
Maui agrotis noctuid moth Agrotis cremata Oahu and Maui[82] Last seen in 1912. Considered possibly extinct.[82]
Laysan noctuid moth Agrotis laysanensis Laysan[83] Last seen in 1911. Considered possibly extinct.[83]  
Microreas agrotis noctuid moth Agrotis microreas Hawaii (island)[84] Last seen in 1925. Considered possibly extinct.[84]  
Light-loving noctuid moth Agrotis photophila Oahu[85] Last seen in 1900. Considered possibly extinct.[85]
Data deficient, owlet moths (family Noctuidae)
edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Kauai agrotis noctuid moth Agrotis tephrias Kauai, Maui, and possibly Hawaii (island)[86] Last seen in 1985. Considered data deficient.[86]

Geometer moths (family Geometridae)

edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Kona giant looper moth Scotorythra megalophylla Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands[87] Last seen in the early 1900s. Considered extinct.[87]  
Koʻolau giant looper moth Scotorythra nesiotes Oahu Last seen in the early 1900s. Considered extinct.[88]
ʻOlaʻa peppered looper moth Tritocleis microphylla Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands[89] Last seen in the 1890s. Considered extinct.[89]

True flies (order Diptera)

edit

Long-legged flies (family Dolichopodidae)

edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Koʻolau spurwing long-legged fly[90] Campsicnemus mirabilis Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands[91] Extinct[91]  

Fruit flies and relatives (family Drosophilidae)

edit
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Lanai pomace fly[92] Drosophila lanaiensis Lanai and possibly Oahu[93] Last seen in 1893.[92] Extinct[94]

Snails and slugs (class Gastropoda)

edit

Order Stylommatophora

edit

Family Achatinellidae

edit
Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Achatinella abbreviata Oahu[95] Extinct. Last seen in 1963[96]  
Achatinella apexfulva Oahu[97] Extinct. Last individual died in captivity in 2019.[98]  
Achatinella buddii Oahu[99] Extinct. Last seen in the early 1900s.[100]  
Achatinella caesia Oahu[101] Extinct. Last seen in the early 1900s.[102]
Achatinella casta Oahu[103] Extinct. Unspecified date.[104]  
Achatinella decora Oahu[105] Extinct. Last seen in the early 1900s.[106]  
Achatinella dimorpha Oahu[107] Extinct.[108] Recorded in 1951 and 1967.[107]  
Achatinella elegans Oahu Extinct. Last seen in 1952.[109]
Achatinella juddii Oahu[110] Extinct. Last seen in 1958.[111]
Achatinella juncea Oahu[112] Extinct.[113] One post-1945 record, no recent records.[112]
Achatinella lehuiensis Oahu[114] Extinct. Last seen in 1922.[115]
Achatinella livida Oahu[116] Extinct.[117] Collected six times between 1981 and 1993.[116]  
Achatinella papyracea Oahu[118] Extinct. Last seen in 1945.[119]
Achatinella spaldingi Oahu[120] Extinct. Last seen in 1938.[121]
Achatinella thaanumi Oahu[122] Extinct. Last seen in the early 1900s.[123]
Achatinella valida Oahu[124] Extinct. Last seen in 1951.[125]  
Auriculella expansa Maui[126] Extinct.[127] Observed in 1946 and 1960.[126]
Auriculella uniplicata Maui[128] Extinct.[129] Observed in 1946.[128]
Newcombia philippiana Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.[130][131] Extinct.[130] Collected in 1964.[131]
Partulina crassa Lanai[132] Extinct. Last seen in 1914.[133]  
Partulina montagui Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.[134] Extinct. Last seen in 1913.[134]
Perdicella fulgurans Maui[135] Extinct.[136] No post-1945 historic sightings.[135]
Perdicella maniensis Maui[137] Extinct.[138] No post-1945 historic sightings.[137]
Perdicella zebra Maui[139] Extinct.[140] No post-1945 historic sightings.[139]
Perdicella zebrina Maui[141] Extinct.[142] No post-1945 historic sightings.[141]

Family Amastridae

edit
Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Amastra albolabris Oahu[143] Extinct. Unspecified date.[144]
Amastra cornea Oahu[145] Extinct. Unspecified date.[146]  
Amastra crassilabrum Oahu[147] Extinct.[148] Observed in 1951.[147]  
Amastra elongata Oahu[149] Extinct. Unspecified date.[150]  
Amastra forbesi Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.[151] Extinct. Unspecified date.[151]
Amastra pellucida Oahu[152] Extinct. Unspecified date.[153]
Amastra porcus Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.[154] Extinct. Unspecified date.[154]
Amastra reticulata Oahu[155] Extinct. Unspecified date.[156]
Amastra subrostrata Oahu Extinct. Unspecified date.[157]
Amastra subsoror Maui[158] Extinct.[159] Last observed in 1946.[158]  
Amastra tenuispira Maui[160] Extinct. Unspecified date.[161]
Amastra umbilicata Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.[162] Extinct. Unspecified date.[162]
Carelia anceophila Kauai[163] Extinct. Last seen in 1930.[164]
Carelia bicolor Kauai[165] Extinct. Last seen in 1970.[166]  
Carelia cochlea Kauai[167] Extinct.[168] Observed in 1952.[167]  
Carelia cumingiana Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.[169] Extinct. Last seen in 1930.[169]
Carelia dolei Kauai[170] Extinct.[171] Observed in 1952.[170]  
Carelia evelynae Kauai[172] Extinct.[173] Observed in 1952.[172]
Carelia glossema Kauai[174] Extinct. Last seen in 1930.[175]
Carelia hyattiana Kauai[176] Extinct. Unspecified date.[177]
Carelia kalalauensis Kauai[178] Extinct. Last seen 1945-1947.[179]
Carelia knudseni Kauai[180] Extinct. Last seen in 1930.[181]
Carelia lirata Kauai[182] Extinct.[183] No post-1945 historic sightings.[182]
Carelia lymani Kauai[184] Extinct. Unspecified date.[185]
Carelia mirabilis Kauai[186] Extinct.[187] No post-1945 historic sightings.[186]
Carelia necra Kauai[188] Extinct.[189] No post-1945 historic sightings.[188]
Carelia olivacea Kauai[190] Extinct. Last seen in 1930.[191]
Carelia paradoxa Kauai[192] Extinct. Last seen in 1930.[193]
Carelia periscelis Kauai[194] Extinct. Last seen in 1930.[195]
Carelia pilsbryi Kauai[196] Extinct.[197] No post-1945 historic sightings.[196]
Carelia sinclairi Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.[198] Extinct. Unspecified date.[198]
Carelia tenebrosa Kauai[199] Extinct. Last seen in 1930.[200]
Carelia turricula Kauai[201] Extinct. Last seen in 1930.[202]  

Family Pupillidae

edit
Scientific name Range Comments
Lyropupa perlonga Oahu[203] Extinct.[204] Observed in 1980.[203]

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before CE 2000)". But "BP" means before 1950 CE. Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the math, that is c. 9700 BCE.
  2. ^ This source from 2003 says, that "the last observed date [is] given as unknown, but according to Frank Howarth was more than 80 years ago." Thus, the date of last observation is unknown, but possibly before 1923.
  3. ^ This source from 2003 says, that "the last observed date [is] given as unknown but according to Frank Howarth the last collection was more than 80 years ago." Thus, the date of last collection is unknown, but possibly before 1923.

References

edit
  1. ^ Walker, Mike; Johnsen, Sigfus; Rasmussen, Sune Olander; Popp, Trevor; Steffensen, Jorgen-Peder; Gibrard, Phil; Hoek, Wim; Lowe, John; Andrews, John; Bjo Rck, Svante; Cwynar, Les C.; Hughen, Konrad; Kersahw, Peter; Kromer, Bernd; Litt, Thomas; Lowe, David J.; Nakagawa, Takeshi; Newnham, Rewi; Schwander, Jakob (2009). "Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records" (PDF). Journal of Quaternary Science. 24 (1): 3–17. Bibcode:2009JQS....24....3W. doi:10.1002/jqs.1227. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
  2. ^ "MODIS Web: Home >> Images >> Midway Islands". modis.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on June 4, 2022. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
  3. ^ a b Wilmshurst, Janet M.; Hunt, Terry L.; Lipo, Carl P.; Anderson, Atholl J. (December 27, 2010). "High-precision radiocarbon dating shows recent and rapid initial human colonization of East Polynesia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (5): 1815–1820. doi:10.1073/pnas.1015876108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3033267. PMID 21187404.
  4. ^ Kirch, Patrick (2011). "When did the Polynesians Settle Hawaii? A review of 150 years of scholarly inquiry". Hawaiian Archaeology. 12: 3–26.
  5. ^ "[USC02] 48 USC Ch. 3: Front Matter". uscode.house.gov. Archived from the original on October 29, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
  6. ^ Fleischer, Robert; Olsen, Storrs; James, Helen; Cooper, Alan (October 2000). "Identification of the Extinct Hawaiian Eagle (Haliaeetus) by mtDNA Sequence Analysis" (PDF). The Auk. 117 (4): 1051–1056. doi:10.1093/auk/117.4.1051. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
  7. ^ Howard Youth. "Hawaii's Forest Birds Sing the Blues". Archived from the original on March 18, 2007. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
  8. ^ "Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database". Archived from the original on November 28, 2014. Retrieved December 15, 2013.
  9. ^ Ziegler, Alan C.; Howarth, Francis G.; Simmons, Nancy B. (2016-03-21). "A Second Endemic Land Mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: A New Genus and Species of Fossil Bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)". American Museum Novitates (3854): 1–52. doi:10.1206/3854.1. hdl:2246/6641. ISSN 0003-0082. S2CID 56234957.
  10. ^ Ziegler, A. C., Howarth, F. G., & Simmons, N. B. (2016). A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae). American Museum novitates, nº 3854.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Turvey, Sam (2009). Holocene Extinctions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953509-5. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
  12. ^ Paxinos, Ellen E., et al. (2002) mtDNA from fossils reveals a radiation of Hawaiian geese recently derived from the Canada goose (Branta canadensis). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 99, no 3, p. 1399-1404.
  13. ^ a b Young, H. G., Tonge, S. J., & Hume, J. P. (1996). Review of Holocene wildfowl extinctions. Wildfowl, 47(47), 167-181.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Hume, J.P. (2017) Extinct Birds. Bloomsbury Publishing, 560 pages.
  15. ^ Iwaniuk, A.N., Olson, S.L., & James, H.F. (2009). Extraordinary cranial specialization in a new genus of extinct duck (Aves: Anseriformes) from Kauai, Hawaiian Islands. Zootaxa.
  16. ^ Burney, D. A., James, H. F., Burney, L. P., Olson, S. L., Kikuchi, W., Wagner, W. L., ... & Nishek, R. (2001). Fossil evidence for a diverse biota from Kaua‘i and its transformation since human arrival. Ecological Monographs, 71(4), 615-641.
  17. ^ a b c d e f Olson, Storrs; James, Helen (1991). "Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands Part I. Non-Passeriformes". Ornithological Monographs. 7 (45): 1–88. doi:10.2307/40166794. JSTOR 40166794.
  18. ^ James, H. F., Stafford, T. W., Steadman, D. W., Olson, S. L., Martin, P. S., Jull, A. J., & McCoy, P. C. (1987). Radiocarbon dates on bones of extinct birds from Hawaii. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 84(8), 2350-2354.
  19. ^ Dove, Carla J.; Olson, Storrs L. (September 2011). "Fossil Feathers from the Hawaiian Flightless Ibis (Apteribis sp.): Plumage Coloration and Systematics of a Prehistorically Extinct Bird". Journal of Paleontology. 85 (5): 892–897. Bibcode:2011JPal...85..892D. doi:10.1666/10-133.1. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 86084047.
  20. ^ a b Hailer, Frank; James, Helen F.; Olson, Storrs L.; Fleischer, Robert C. (2015). "Distinct and Extinct: Genetic Differentiation of the Hawaiian Eagle" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 83: 40–43. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.11.005. PMID 25463753.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p James, Helen F.; Olson, Storrs L (1991). "Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands: Part II. Passeriformes". Ornithological Monographs. 46 (46). American Ornithologists' Union: 39–43. doi:10.2307/40166713. JSTOR 40166713.
  22. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Corvus hawaiiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22706052A94048187. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22706052A94048187.en.
  23. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Chaetoptila angustipluma". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22704348A93964400. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704348A93964400.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  24. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Moho apicalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22704329A111776064. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22704329A111776064.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  25. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Moho bishopi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22704335A93963979. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704335A93963979.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  26. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Moho braccatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22704323A93963628. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704323A93963628.en.
  27. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Moho nobilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22704342A93964244. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704342A93964244.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  28. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Myadestes myadestinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22708559A94165256. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22708559A94165256.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  29. ^ a b BirdLife International (2017). "Myadestes woahensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22708564A111775767. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22708564A111775767.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  30. ^ BirdLife International (2019). "Myadestes lanaiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22708574A155254449. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22708574A155254449.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  31. ^ BirdLife International (2017) [amended version of 2017 assessment]. "Akialoa ellisiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T103823212A119549725. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103823212A119549725.en. Retrieved 2022-07-04.
  32. ^ a b BirdLife International (2017). "Akialoa lanaiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T103823431A119549974. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103823431A119549974.en. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  33. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Akialoa obscura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22728910A119550231. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22728910A119550231.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  34. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Akialoa stejnegeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T103823250A119550506. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103823250A119550506.en. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  35. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Chloridops kona". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728825A94998118. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728825A94998118.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  36. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Ciridops anna". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22720840A94686158. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720840A94686158.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  37. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Drepanis funerea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22720852A94686803. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720852A94686803.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  38. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Drepanis pacifica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22720848A94686625. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720848A94686625.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  39. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Dysmorodrepanis munroi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22720738A111776369. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22720738A111776369.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  40. ^ Pyle, R.L., and P. Pyle. (2017). The Birds of the Hawaiian Islands: Occurrence, History, Distribution, and Status. B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI, U.S.A. Version 2 (1 January 2017)
  41. ^ James, H. F., & Olson, S. L. (2003). A giant new species of nukupuu (Fringillidae: Drepanidini: Hemignathus) from the island of Hawaii. The Auk, 120(4), 970-981.
  42. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Himatione fraithii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T103829706A119553201. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103829706A119553201.en.
  43. ^ James, H. F., & Olson, S. L. (2006). A new species of Hawaiian finch (Drepanidini: Loxioides) from Makauwahi Cave, Kaua‘i. The Auk, 123(2), 335-344.
  44. ^ BirdLife International (2017) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Loxops wolstenholmei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T103824105A117232993. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103824105A117232993.en. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  45. ^ BirdLife International (2019). "Melamprosops phaeosoma". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22720863A153774712. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22720863A153774712.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  46. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Paroreomyza flammea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22720823A119118273. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22720823A119118273.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  47. ^ BirdLife International (2023). "Paroreomyza montana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023: e.T22720818A224944120. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22720818A224944120.en. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  48. ^ a b c James, Helen F.; Johnathan P. Prince (May 2008). "Integration of palaeontological, historical, and geographical data on the extinction of koa-finches". Diversity & Distributions. 14 (3): 441–451. Bibcode:2008DivDi..14..441J. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00442.x. S2CID 40057425.
  49. ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Rhodacanthis flaviceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22720745A94681389. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720745A94681389.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  50. ^ a b c d e f James, Helen F.; Storrs L. Olson (2005). "The diversity and biogeography of koa-finches (Drepanidini: Rhodacanthis) with descriptions of two new species" (PDF). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 144 (4). Linnean Society of London: 527–541. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00173.x.[permanent dead link‍]
  51. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Rhodacanthis palmeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22720749A94681538. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720749A94681538.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  52. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Viridonia sagittirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22720784A94682950. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720784A94682950.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  53. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Hemignathus affinis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103823664A104234257. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103823664A104234257.en. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  54. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Hemignathus hanapepe". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T103823616A125584125. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T103823616A125584125.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  55. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Loxops ochraceus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103824084A104236054. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103824084A104236054.en. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  56. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Paroreomyza maculata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22720827A94685115. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720827A94685115.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  57. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Psittirostra psittacea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22720734A126791352. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720734A126791352.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  58. ^ a b Polhemus, D.A. (2020). "Megalagrion jugorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T12953A510761. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T12953A510761.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  59. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-17.
  60. ^ Orthopteroid Specialist Group (1996). "Leptogryllus deceptor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T11690A3301867. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T11690A3301867.en. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  61. ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Clavicoccus erinaceus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T4961A11102700. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T4961A11102700.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  62. ^ a b World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Phyllococcus oahuensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T17120A6799402. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T17120A6799402.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  63. ^ a b Lyal, C. (2014). "Dryophthorus distinguendus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T6862A21424260. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T6862A21424260.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  64. ^ a b Lyal, C. (2014). "Oodemas laysanensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T15144A21424379. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T15144A21424379.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  65. ^ a b Lyal, C. (2014). "Rhyncogonus bryani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T19724A21424429. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T19724A21424429.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  66. ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Genophantis leahi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T9000A12948738. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T9000A12948738.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  67. ^ a b World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Helicoverpa confusa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T9808A13018419. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T9808A13018419.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  68. ^ a b World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Helicoverpa minuta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T9809A13018521. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T9809A13018521.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  69. ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Hypena laysanensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T10637A3206838. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T10637A3206838.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  70. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-17.
  71. ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Hypena newelli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T10641A3207144. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T10641A3207144.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  72. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-17.
  73. ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Hypena plagiota". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T10639A3206940. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T10639A3206940.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  74. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-17.
  75. ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Hypena senicula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T10640A3207041. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T10640A3207041.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  76. ^ a b Walker, A. & Medeiros, M.J. (2021). "Agrotis fasciata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T705A189702927. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T705A189702927.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  77. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-17.
  78. ^ a b Walker, A.; Medeiros, M.J. (2021). "Agrotis panoplias. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T188988592A189703162". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T188988592A189703162.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  79. ^ a b Walker, A. & Medeiros, M.J. (2021). "Agrotis crinigera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T704A189702899. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T704A189702899.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  80. ^ a b Walker, A. & Medeiros, M.J. (2021). "Agrotis kerri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T706A189702955. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T706A189702955.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  81. ^ a b Walker, A. & Medeiros, M.J. (2021). "Agrotis procellaris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T709A189703039. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T709A189703039.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  82. ^ a b World Conservation Monitoring Centre (2021). "Agrotis cremata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T188974686A189703107. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T188974686A189703107.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  83. ^ a b Walker, A. & Medeiros, M.J. (2021). "Agrotis laysanensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T707A189702983. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T707A189702983.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  84. ^ a b Walker, A. & Medeiros, M.J. (2021). "Agrotis microreas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T188988510A189703157. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T188988510A189703157.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  85. ^ a b Walker, A. & Medeiros, M.J. (2021). "Agrotis photophila". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T708A189703011. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T708A189703011.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  86. ^ a b Walker, A. & Medeiros, M.J. (2020). "Agrotis tephrias". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T188989484A189703177. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T188989484A189703177.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  87. ^ a b World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Scotorythra megalophylla". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T20074A9144387. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20074A9144387.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  88. ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Scotorythra nesiotes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T20075A9144489. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20075A9144489.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  89. ^ a b World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Tritocleis microphylla". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T22209A9365407. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T22209A9365407.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  90. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-17.
  91. ^ a b World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Campsicnemus mirabilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3719A10034887. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3719A10034887.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  92. ^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-17.
  93. ^ E. H. Bryan Jr. (1934). "A review of the Hawaiian Diptera, with descriptions of new species" (PDF). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society. 8 (3): 399–468.
  94. ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Drosophila lanaiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T6844A12810403. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T6844A12810403.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  95. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  96. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella abbreviata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T167A13037866. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T167A13037866.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  97. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  98. ^ "Lonely George – A Hawaiian Tree Snail – Has Died, Taking His Species with Him". 9 January 2019.
  99. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  100. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella buddii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T170A13040003. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T170A13040003.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  101. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  102. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella caesia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T173A13041958. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T173A13041958.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  103. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  104. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella casta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T174A13042788. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T174A13042788.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  105. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  106. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella decora". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T179A13044905. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T179A13044905.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  107. ^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  108. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella dimorpha". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T180A13045321. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T180A13045321.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  109. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella elegans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T181A13045735. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T181A13045735.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  110. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  111. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella juddii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T184A13047419. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T184A13047419.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  112. ^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  113. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella juncea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T185A13047564. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T185A13047564.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  114. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  115. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella lehuiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T186A13047687. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T186A13047687.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  116. ^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  117. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella livida". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T189A13047953. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T189A13047953.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  118. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  119. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella papyracea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T192A13048363. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T192A13048363.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  120. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  121. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella spaldingi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T198A13049179. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T198A13049179.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  122. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  123. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella thaanumi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T202A13049902. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T202A13049902.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  124. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  125. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella valida". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T204A13050607. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T204A13050607.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  126. ^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  127. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Auriculella expansa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T2411A9437291. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T2411A9437291.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  128. ^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  129. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Auriculella uniplicata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T2412A9437341. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T2412A9437341.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  130. ^ a b Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Newcombia philippiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T14746A4459826. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T14746A4459826.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  131. ^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  132. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  133. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Partulina crassa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T16351A5610123. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16351A5610123.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  134. ^ a b Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Partulina montagui". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T16353A5612122. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16353A5612122.en. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  135. ^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2023-01-09.
  136. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Perdicella fulgurans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T16601A6167310. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16601A6167310.en. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  137. ^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2023-01-09.
  138. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Perdicella maniensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T16602A6169853. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16602A6169853.en. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  139. ^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2023-01-09.
  140. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Perdicella zebra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T16603A6173963. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16603A6173963.en. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  141. ^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2023-01-09.
  142. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Perdicella zebrina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T16604A6176242. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16604A6176242.en. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  143. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  144. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra albolabris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T989A13100821. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T989A13100821.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  145. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  146. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra cornea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T990A13100871. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T990A13100871.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  147. ^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  148. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra crassilabrum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T991A13100921. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T991A13100921.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  149. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  150. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra elongata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T992A13100971. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T992A13100971.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  151. ^ a b Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra forbesi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T993A13101021. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T993A13101021.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  152. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  153. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra pellucida". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T994A13101071. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T994A13101071.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  154. ^ a b Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra porcus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T995A13101121. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T995A13101121.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  155. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  156. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra reticulata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T996A13101171. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T996A13101171.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  157. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra subrostrata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T997A13101221. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T997A13101221.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  158. ^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  159. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra subsoror". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T998A13101271. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T998A13101271.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  160. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  161. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra tenuispira". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T999A13101316. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T999A13101316.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  162. ^ a b Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra umbilicata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T1000A3153045. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T1000A3153045.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  163. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  164. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia anceophila". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3875A10147634. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3875A10147634.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  165. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  166. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia bicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3876A10148280. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3876A10148280.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  167. ^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  168. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia cochlea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3877A10148536. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3877A10148536.en. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  169. ^ a b Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia cumingiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3878A10144285. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3878A10144285.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  170. ^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  171. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia dolei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3879A10145341. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3879A10145341.en. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  172. ^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  173. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia evelynae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3880A10148880. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3880A10148880.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  174. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  175. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia glossema". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3881A10149985. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3881A10149985.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  176. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  177. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia hyattiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3882A10151012. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3882A10151012.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  178. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  179. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia kalalauensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3883A10151996. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3883A10151996.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  180. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  181. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia knudseni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3884A10152693. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3884A10152693.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  182. ^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  183. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia lirata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3885A10153241. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3885A10153241.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  184. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  185. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia lymani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3886A10149243. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3886A10149243.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  186. ^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  187. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia mirabilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3887A10153972. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3887A10153972.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  188. ^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  189. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia necra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3888A10150404. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3888A10150404.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  190. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  191. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia olivacea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3889A10151425. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3889A10151425.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  192. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  193. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia paradoxa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3890A10154081. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3890A10154081.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  194. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  195. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia periscelis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3891A10155066. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3891A10155066.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  196. ^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  197. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia pilsbryi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3892A10156343. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3892A10156343.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  198. ^ a b Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia sinclairi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3893A10157468. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3893A10157468.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  199. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  200. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia tenebrosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3895A10158690. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3895A10158690.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  201. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  202. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia turricula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3896A10154389. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3896A10154389.en. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  203. ^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  204. ^ Cowie, R.; Pokryszko, B. (1996). "Lyropupa perlonga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T12526A3353315. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T12526A3353315.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Hawaiian_animals_extinct_in_the_Holocene&oldid=1256646446"