An axial five-stone circle is a particular type of megalithic ring of five stones of which many are found in southwest Ireland. These circles have an approximate axis of symmetry aligned in a generally northeast–southwest direction – the stone at the southwest side of the circle, rather than being an upright orthostat like the rest, rests on the ground with its long axis horizontal. Because it marks the axis it is called the axial stone. It is usually quite thin and it lies with its long thin edge along the circumference of the ring.[1][2]
There are two types of axial stone circle, one type with five stones, listed here, and axial multiple-stone circles, with seven stones or more, listed at List of axial multiple-stone circles. Dating from the Bronze Age, these circles when constructed had an odd number of stones with two stones (portal stones) placed on either side of where the axis crosses the northeast side of the ring. They are found in County Cork and County Kerry.[3][4][5]
Early in the 20th century this type of circle was called a recumbent stone circle by analogy with similar examples in Scotland but when it became clear there were substantial differences the term "Cork–Kerry stone circle" was used for both types until later the term "axial stone circle" became commonly used.[6]
Ó Nualláin (1984) has published a comprehensive catalogue of stone circles in the two counties and Burl followed with two books, Burl (1995) and Burl (2000), covering a much broader area but still including this type of circle. Ireland's National Monuments Service, part of the Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht, operates a database of archaeology sites and the list in this article covers the sites classified as "stone circle – five-stone".[7] The NMS definition is:
Stone circle - five-stone
A distinctive form of stone circle found only in counties Cork and Kerry. It comprises a ring of five free-standing stones, symmetrically arranged so that one stone, the axial stone, is set directly opposite two stones, usually the tallest, marking the entrance to the circle. Characteristically, the stones reduce in height to the axial stone, which is set consistently in the south-western part of the circle. These circles are thought to have a ritual function and are dated to the Bronze Age (c. 2400-500 BC).
— Class List Definitions, "Stone circle - five-stone". National Monuments Service: Archaeological Survey of Ireland.
Included are 56 sites in County Cork and three in County Kerry.[7]
List of axial five-stone circles
edit
The map shows the locations of the 56 sites in counties Cork and Kerry. All the locations can be displayed dynamically via the OpenStreetMap viewer.
| Townland[n 1] | SMR No.[n 2] | Ref.[n 3] | Diameter (metre)[n 4] |
Num. stones[n 5] | Status[n 6] Notes |
Lat/long[n 7] | Irish Grid[n 8] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| An Lománach Mhór Lumnagh More |
CO069-076---- | - |
2.1[7] | 5/5[7] | 51°55′26″N 9°14′49″W / 51.924°N 9.247°W | W142753 | |||
| Ballyvouskill | CO048-056---- | none C5 |
3.5 | 5/5[7] | ruin | 52°00′43″N 9°05′13″W / 52.012°N 9.087°W | W254849 | ||
| Baurgorm (N) | CO118-044002- | 303A C6a (85 16) |
2.6 | 5/5 | ruin | 51°40′01″N 9°24′47″W / 51.667°N 9.413°W | W023469 | ||
| Baurgorm (S) | CO118-042---- | 303B C6b (86 15) |
2.6x2.5 | 5/5 | ruin | 51°39′29″N 9°25′26″W / 51.658°N 9.424°W | W015459 | ||
| Bellmount Upper (N) | CO083-118---- | none C7a (73 15) |
4 | 5/5[7] | gone | 51°49′41″N 8°49′41″W / 51.828°N 8.828°W | W429642 | ||
| Bellmount Upper (S) | CO083-117---- | none C7b (74 15) |
3.9 | 5/5 | gone | 51°49′37″N 8°49′52″W / 51.827°N 8.831°W | W427641 | ||
| Cabragh | CO059-015002- | none C11 (63 18) |
3.2 | 4/5 | ruin | 51°58′01″N 9°03′04″W / 51.967°N 9.051°W | W278798 | ||
| Canrooska | CO090-006002- | none C12 (76 20) |
2.4 | 4/5 | ruin | 51°45′58″N 9°32′35″W / 51.766°N 9.543°W | V935582 | ||
| Cappaboy Beg (NW) | CO092-004---- | 306 C13a (77 15) |
2.3x1.8 | 5/5 | ruin | 51°47′46″N 9°19′59″W / 51.796°N 9.333°W | W081612 | ||
| Carrigagrenane (NE) | CO121-054---- | 308 C15a (91 18) |
4/5 | ruin | 51°38′28″N 9°04′16″W / 51.641°N 9.071°W | W259436 | |||
| Carrigagulla (NE) | CO049-007---- | 309 C16a (56 15) |
3 | 2+/5 | ruin | 52°00′11″N 8°54′54″W / 52.003°N 8.915°W | W372838 | ||
| Carriganimmy | CO048-097001- | 311 C17 (55 16) |
3.3 | 5/5 | good | 51°59′31″N 9°01′48″W / 51.992°N 9.03°W | W292826 | ||
| Carriganine | CO070-092---- | none C18 (69 18) |
5/5 | unc. | 51°53′46″N 8°58′52″W / 51.896°N 8.981°W | W325719 | |||
| Carrigonirtane | CO059-011---- | none C20 |
2.8 | 4/5 | ruin | 51°58′26″N 9°02′24″W / 51.974°N 9.04°W | W285806 | ||
| Cashelkeelty (E) | KE108-013004- | 344 K1b (93 17) |
1.5 | 3/5[7] | ruin | 51°45′25″N 9°48′50″W / 51.757°N 9.814°W | V748575 | ||
| Clodagh | CO120-001002- | 312 C21 (88 18) |
2.7 | 5/5 | good | 51°41′46″N 9°13′30″W / 51.696°N 9.225°W | W153499 | ||
| Cloghboola Beg | CO048-080002- | 313 C22 (53 19) |
3.9x2.8 | 5/5[7] | ruin | 52°00′54″N 9°00′43″W / 52.015°N 9.012°W | W305852 | ||
| Cloghboola More | CO048-025001- | none C23 (52 15) |
3.1 | 4/5 | ruin | 52°01′48″N 9°03′22″W / 52.03°N 9.056°W | W275869 | ||
| Cousane | CO092-051---- | 314 C27 (79 15) |
3.2x2.4 | 5/5 | good | 51°45′22″N 9°17′13″W / 51.756°N 9.287°W | W112567 | ||
| Cullenagh | CO107-024---- | none C28 |
2/5[7] | ruin | 51°42′50″N 9°13′48″W / 51.714°N 9.23°W | W150519 | |||
| Cullomane East | CO118-073001- | 315 C29 (84 15) |
3.9x3.4 | 5/5 | good | 51°39′11″N 9°23′35″W / 51.653°N 9.393°W | W036453 | ||
| Derryarkane | CO106-019---- | none C34 |
3 | 5/5[7] | good | 51°43′41″N 9°22′23″W / 51.728°N 9.373°W | W051536 | ||
| Dromatouk | KE093-087---- | 345 K4 (92 15) |
2.7 | 5/5 | good | 51°52′59″N 9°31′34″W / 51.883°N 9.526°W | V949711 | ||
| Dromgarriff South | CO051-153---- | none C37 (60 23) |
3 | 0/5 | gone | 51°59′28″N 8°32′56″W / 51.991°N 8.549°W | W623822 | ||
| Dromgarvan | CO116-006---- | none C38 (83 15) |
3x2.4 | 5/5 | ruin | 51°41′31″N 9°43′30″W / 51.692°N 9.725°W | V808501 | ||
| Glanbrack | CO121-059001- | none C42 (90 16) |
2.8 | 3/5 | ruin | 51°38′53″N 9°03′11″W / 51.648°N 9.053°W | W271444 | ||
| Glenleigh | CO039-097---- | none C45 (50 15) |
3.4 | 4/5[7] | ruin | 52°03′40″N 8°59′42″W / 52.061°N 8.995°W | W318903 | ||
| Glenreagh | CO021-060---- | none C46 (49 16) |
3.5 | 4/5 | ruin | 52°10′34″N 9°11′10″W / 52.176°N 9.186°W | R189033 | ||
| Gort Na Tiobratan Gortnatubbrid |
CO058-029---- | none C51 (61 15) |
2.4 | 4/5 | ruin | 51°55′48″N 9°10′23″W / 51.93°N 9.173°W | W193758 | ||
| Grenagh South | CO051-103---- | none C54 (59 23) |
5 | 0/5 | gone | 52°00′25″N 8°37′44″W / 52.007°N 8.629°W | W568840 | ||
| Illane | CO092-016001- | none C55 (78 20) |
2.7x2.3 | 5/5 | ruin | 51°46′48″N 9°22′59″W / 51.78°N 9.383°W | W045595 | ||
| Inchireagh | CO107-012---- | none C56 (82 17) |
3x2.4 | 5/5 | ruin | 51°45′14″N 9°10′26″W / 51.754°N 9.174°W | W189563 | ||
| Inchybegga | CO119-032---- | none C57 (87 17) |
3x2.7 | 4/5 | ruin | 51°39′32″N 9°22′34″W / 51.659°N 9.376°W | W048460 | ||
| Kealkill | CO106-006001- | 323 C59 (81 20) |
2.8x2.5 | 5/5[7] | good | 51°44′42″N 9°22′16″W / 51.745°N 9.371°W | W053555 | ||
| Kilmeedy West (E) | CO039-242---- | - |
1.6[7] | 4/5[7] | 52°02′38″N 9°06′00″W / 52.044°N 9.1°W | W245885 | |||
| Kilmeedy West (W) | CO047-005---- | none C62 |
3.5 | 3/5[7] | ruin | 52°02′28″N 9°06′36″W / 52.041°N 9.11°W | W238881 | ||
| Knockantota North | CO051-018---- | none C63 |
0/5 | gone | 52°02′20″N 8°38′42″W / 52.039°N 8.645°W | W558875 | |||
| Knockavullig (N) | CO071-106---- | none C65a (71 17) |
2.4x2.3 | 0/5 | gone | 51°53′02″N 8°49′44″W / 51.884°N 8.829°W | W429704 | ||
| Knockavullig (S) | CO071-068---- | none C65b (72 17) |
3.2 | 5/5 | ruin | 51°52′55″N 8°49′52″W / 51.882°N 8.831°W | W428702 | ||
| Knocknakilla | CO048-095002- | 324 C66 (54 19) |
2.7 | 5/5[7] | good | 52°00′22″N 9°01′26″W / 52.006°N 9.024°W | W297842 | ||
| Knocknaneirk (NE) | CO083-085002- | none C67a (75 16) |
3.9x3.1 | 5/5 | good | 51°49′05″N 8°54′50″W / 51.818°N 8.914°W | W370631 | ||
| Knockraheen | CO059-023002- | 325 C68 (62 18) |
4.1x3.6 | 5/5 | good | 51°58′08″N 9°00′47″W / 51.969°N 9.013°W | W304801 | ||
| Laharankeal | CO060-137---- | none C37 (64 17) |
1.5 | 5/5 | ruin | 51°56′38″N 8°52′52″W / 51.944°N 8.881°W | W394772 | ||
| Leckaneen | CO061-084---- | none C72 (66 17) |
3.5 | 5/5 | ruin | 51°56′28″N 8°48′54″W / 51.941°N 8.815°W | W440768 | ||
| Lettergorman (SW) | CO121-035---- | 326 C73b (89 17) |
3.1x2.8 | 5/5 | ruin | 51°39′29″N 9°04′01″W / 51.658°N 9.067°W | W262455 | ||
| Lissacresig | CO070-016---- | 328 C74 (r 17) |
3.6x3 | 5/5 | good | 51°55′30″N 9°03′43″W / 51.925°N 9.062°W | W270752 | ||
| Maughanaclea centre | CO106-014001- | none C76a |
2.6x2.2 | 5/5[7] | ruin | 51°45′07″N 9°19′12″W / 51.752°N 9.32°W | W089562 | 2.9x2.7 | W 390 821}} |
| Pluckanes North | CO051-043001- | none C80 ([https://www.js | |||||||
| Mill Little | CO105-004004- | 332 C78 (80 18) |
3.1x2.4 | 5/5 | ruin | 51°45′11″N 9°27′50″W / 51.753°N 9.464°W | V989566 | ||
| Oughtihery (NW) | CO049-029---- | 333 C79b (57 17)tor.org/stable/25506112?seq=33 58] 22) |
3.7x3.2 | 0/5 | gone | 52°00′43″N 8°40′37″W / 52.012°N 8.677°W | W535845 | ||
| Rosnascalp | CO071-100---- | none C83 (70 17) |
3 | 5/5 | ruin | 51°53′10″N 8°53′56″W / 51.886°N 8.899°W | W381707 | ||
| Rylane | CO061-001---- | 337 C84 (65 16) |
3.7x2.9 | 5/5 | good | 51°58′55″N 8°49′01″W / 51.982°N 8.817°W | W438813 | ||
| Trawlebane | CO119-005---- | none C87 |
2.4 | 5/5[7] | ruin | 51°40′26″N 9°23′10″W / 51.674°N 9.386°W | W042477 | ||
| Tullig | CO048-044---- | none C88 (51 none) |
0/5 | gone | 52°02′10″N 9°00′25″W / 52.036°N 9.007°W | W309876 | |||
| Uragh (NE) | KE101-012001- | none K19a |
2.5x2.4 | 5/5[7] | 51°48′40″N 9°41′46″W / 51.811°N 9.696°W | V831634 |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ The county is indicated in the first two letters of the SMR number. All are in County Cork or County Kerry.
- ^ Sites and Monuments Record number allocated by National Monuments Service.
- ^ Top line: number of site in Burl (1995, pp. 212–235) ("none" if not included). Then, number in Burl (2000, pp. 397–401) county listing with C and K for Cork or Kerry. Second line in parentheses: reference number and figure number, both linked to the page numbers in Ó Nualláin (1984).
- ^ Internal length in metres along the axis from Burl (2000) unless otherwise noted. Where two lengths are given (for an oval ring) they are for along and across the axis.
- ^ Number of stones including the axial stone expressed as x/y where x is the number of stones remaining (including fallen ones) and y is the number originally present From Ó Nualláin (1984, pp. 4–5) unless otherwise stated.
- ^ Burl (1995) and Burl (2000) classifies the sites as follows 1 (good) = Good, worth visiting; 2 (OK) = Good but restored; 3 (ruin) = Ruined but recognisable; 4 (gone) = Destroyed or unrecognisable; 5 (unc.) = Uncertain.
- ^ Latitude/ longitude calculated from NMS Irish grid coordinates using Irish Grid Reference Finder.[7][8]
- ^ Irish Grid reference conversion from NMS Irish grid coordinates using Irish Grid Reference Finder.[7][8]
References
editCitations
edit- ^ Ó Nualláin (1975), pp. 83–84.
- ^ Burl (2000), pp. 264, 271.
- ^ Scarre, Christophe (2002). Monuments and Landscape in Atlantic Europe: Perception and Society During the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age. Psychology Press. pp. 154–155. ISBN 978-0-415-27314-5.
- ^ Burl (2000), pp. 262–271.
- ^ Burl (2000), pp. 258, 262–265.
- ^ Ó Nualláin (1975), pp. 84–85.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v NMS Historical Environment Viewer.
- ^ a b "Irish Grid Reference Finder". irish.gridreferencefinder.com. Archived from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
Works cited
edit- Burl, Aubrey (1995). A Guide to the Stone Circles of Britain, Ireland, and Brittany. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-06331-8.
- Burl, Aubrey (2000). The Stone Circles of Britain, Ireland, and Brittany. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08347-5.
- National Monuments Service. "Historical Environment Viewer". Archaeological Survey of Ireland.
- Ó Nualláin, Seán (1975). "The Stone Circle Complex of Cork and Kerry". Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 105: 83–131. JSTOR 25508668.
- Ó Nualláin, Seán (1984). "A Survey of Stone Circles in Cork and Kerry". Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section C: Archaeology, Celtic Studies, History, Linguistics, Literature. 84C: 1–77. JSTOR 25506112.
Further reading
edit- Ó Ríordáin, Seán P (1939). "Excavation of a stone circle and cairn at Kealkil, Co. Cork" (PDF). Journal of the Cork Historical & Archaeological Society. Series 2. 44 (159): 46–49. – excavation of Kealkill
- Lynch, Ann (1981). Man and Environment in South-west Ireland 4000B.C.-A.D.800. Vol. B85. British Archaeological Reports: British Series. pp. 65–69. ISBN 978-0860541127. – excavation of Cashelkeelty