Illegal political parties in Turkey lists those organisations founded in or carried out activities mainly targeted to Turkey that (a) consider themselves to be political parties as indicated in their self-assigned names, (b) are not or cannot be established under the laws of Republic of Turkey.
Some of these organisations have carried out terrorist activities and hence can also be classified as terrorist organisations. Indeed, Turkish public authorities prefer either that denomination or that of illegal organisations (yasadışı örgütler in Turkish). However the term illegal political party (yasadışı siyasal parti or yasadışı siyasi parti in Turkish) is also used in official documents.[1]
Active illegal parties
editAccording to Counter-Terrorism and Operations Department of Directorate General for Security (Turkish police) there are 13 active terrorist organisations in Turkey[2][3] 11 of which are illegal political parties:
- Communist Workers Party of Turkey (TKİP)
- Devrimci Halk Kurtuluş Partisi/Cephesi (DHKP/C) (Revolutionary People's Liberation Party-Front)
- Maoist Komünist Partisi (MKP) (Maoist Communist Party)
- TKP/ML - KONFERANS (Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist)
- Marxsist Leninist Komünist Parti (MLKP) (Marxist Leninist Communist Party)
- Türkiye Devrimci Komünist Partisi (Revolutionary Communist Party of Turkey)
- PKK/KONGRA-GEL (Kurdistan Workers Party)
- Kürdistan Devrim Partisi (PŞK) (Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan)
- Kürdistan Demokrat Partisi/Bakur (PDK/Bakur) (Democrat Party of Kurdistan/North)[4]
- Turkish Hizbullah (Hezbollah)
- Hilafet Devleti (HD) (The Caliphate State) (also known as Kaplancılar)
- İslami Büyük Doğu Akıncılar Cephesi (İBDA/C) (Great Eastern Islamic Raiders' Front)
- Tevhid-Selam (Kudüs Ordusu) (The Army of Jerusalem)
- Hizb ut-Tahrir - Party of Liberation
Teyrêbazên Azadiya Kurdistan (TAK), that is Kurdistan Freedom Hawks in Kurdish, is not on the list despite being designated as a terrorist organisation by the United States, EU and the UK. However US designation of TAK as a terrorist organisation has taken place in January 2008.[5] It is not clear whether or not TAK carries out militant activities only or both militant and political activities.
Inactive illegal parties
editAccording to H. A. Özhan there are eight important organisations that are illegal political parties in the history of modern Turkey.[6] Only TKP/ML from his list is still active. The other seven are as follows:
- Türkiye İhtilalci İşçi Köylü Partisi (Revolutionary Workers' and Peasants' Party of Turkey)
- Türkiye Halk Kurtuluş Ordusu (People's Liberation Army of Turkey)
- Türkiye Halk Kurtuluş Partisi-Cephesi (People's Liberation Party-Front of Turkey)
- Türkiye Komünist Emek Partisi (Communist Labor Party of Turkey)
- Türkiye Komünist Partisi/Birlik (Communist Party of Turkey/Union)
Other organisations that can be categorized as illegal political parties in Turkey include the following:
See also
edit- List of political parties in Turkey
- Communist Party of Turkey (disambiguation), for other groups using similar names
References
edit- ^ See for example the decision no. 2349/1992 of 15 November 1992 of the Eight Chamber of Council of State: "Karar Özeti". Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2008.
- ^ TÜRKİYE'DE HALEN FAALİYETLERİNE DEVAM EDEN BAŞLICA TERÖR ÖRGÜTLERİ: "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 14 January 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2008.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Turkey officially designates Gulen religious group as terrorists". Reuters. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
- ^ Bakur means "north" in Kurdish. The list uses a title that is partly Turkish and partly Kurdish.
- ^ "U.S. labels Kurdish group as terrorist". CNN. 11 January 2008. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
- ^ Özhan, H. A. 1998. "Osmanlı ve Cumhuriyet Tarihi Boyunca Siyasi Partilerimiz ". Yeni Türkiye 23. A summary is available from the WWW: http://www.hacialiozhan.com/arastirma6.html[permanent dead link].