The Malolos Congress (Spanish: Congreso de Malolos) also known as the Revolutionary Congress (Spanish: Congreso de Revolucionario)[3] and formally the National Assembly, was the legislative body of the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines. Members were chosen in the elections held from June 23 to September 10, 1898. The assembly consisted of elected delegates chosen by balloting in provincial assemblies and appointed delegates chosen by the president to represent regions under unstable military and civilian conditions. The Revolutionary Congress was opened on September 15, 1898, at Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan. President Emilio Aguinaldo presided over the opening session of the assembly.
Malolos Congress Congreso de Malolos Congreso de Revolucionario | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Type | |
| Type | |
| History | |
| Founded | September 15, 1898 |
| Disbanded | November 13, 1899 |
| Preceded by | Cortes of Cádiz Ayuntamiento |
| Succeeded by | Taft Commission |
| Leadership | |
President of the National Assembly | |
Vice President of the National Assembly | |
| Seats | 136[1][a] |
| Meeting place | |
| Barasoain Church | |
After the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution on January 22, 1899, replaced the revolutionary government with the Philippine Republic,[b] the Malolos Congress became the legislative branch of that government, designated in the constitution as the Assembly of Representatives.[4]
Sessions
edit- Regular session: September 15, 1898 – November 13, 1899
- Special session: February 4, 1899
Leadership
edit- President of the Revolutionary Congress
- Vice President/Deputy
- Secretary
Members
edit
| Province | Member | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Abra | Isidro Paredes | Elected |
| Juan Villamor | Elected | |
| Albay | Honorato Agrava | Elected |
| Marcial Calleja | Elected | |
| Salvador del Rosario | Elected | |
| Pantaleon Garcia | Elected | |
| Aguedo Velarde | Appointed | |
| Antique | Ariston Gella | Appointed |
| Vicente Lopez | Appointed | |
| Eusebio Natividad | Appointed | |
| Bataan | Hermogenes Marco | Elected |
| Pedro Teopaco | Elected | |
| Jose Tuazon | Elected | |
| Batanes | Vito Belarmino | Appointed |
| Daniel Tirona | Elected | |
| Batangas | Gregorio Aguilera | Elected |
| Ambrosio Flores | Elected | |
| Eduardo Gutierrez David | Elected | |
| Mariano Lopez | Elected | |
| Bohol | Tranquilino Arroyo | Appointed |
| Labio | Appointed | |
| Pedro Tongio Liongson | Appointed | |
| Bulacan | Trinidad Icasiano | Elected |
| Pedro Serrano Laktaw | Elected | |
| Mariano Crisostomo Lugo | Elected | |
| Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista | Elected | |
| Cagayan | Anastacio Francisco | Appointed |
| Vicente Guzman Pagulayan | Elected | |
| Pablo Tecson | Appointed | |
| Cavite | Jose Basa | Elected |
| Severino de las Alas | Elected | |
| Hugo Ilagan | Elected | |
| Jose Salamanca | Elected | |
| Calamianes | Norberto Cruz Herrera | Appointed |
| Narciso Hidalgo Resureccion | Appointed | |
| S. Isidro | Appointed | |
| Camarines | Tomás Arejola | Elected |
| Justo Lukban | Elected | |
| Mariano | Elected | |
| Valeriano Velarde | Elected | |
| Capiz | Mariano Bacani | Appointed |
| Juan Baltazar | Appointed | |
| Miguel Zaragoza | Appointed | |
| Catanduanes | José Alejandrino | Appointed |
| Marcelino de Santos | Appointed | |
| Cebu | Ariston Bautista | Appointed |
| Felix David | Appointed | |
| Francisco Makabulos | Appointed | |
| Trinidad Pardo de Tavera | Appointed | |
| Ilocos Norte | Gregorio Aglipay | Elected |
| Primitivo Donato | Elected | |
| Martín García | Elected | |
| José Luna | Elected | |
| Pedro Paterno | Elected | |
| Pio Romero | Elected | |
| Ilocos Sur | Marcelino Crisólogo | Appointed |
| Mariano Fos | Elected | |
| Francisco Tongson | Elected | |
| Ignacio Villamor | Elected | |
| Iloilo | Venancio Concepción | Appointed |
| Esteban de la Rama | Appointed | |
| Melecio Figueroa | Appointed | |
| Tiburcio Hilario | Appointed | |
| Isabela | Raymundo Alindada | Appointed |
| Eustacio del Rosario | Elected | |
| Abelardo Guzman | Elected | |
| La Union | Mateo del Rosario | Appointed |
| Joaquin Luna | Elected | |
| Miguel Paterno | Appointed | |
| Laguna | Higinio Benitez | Elected |
| Graciano Cordero | Elected | |
| Mauricio Ilagan | Elected | |
| Manuel Sityar | Elected | |
| Lepanto | León Apacible | Elected |
| Reymundo Jeciel | Elected | |
| Antonio Rebello | Elected | |
| Leyte | Simplicio del Rosario | Appointed |
| Rafael Guerrero | Appointed | |
| Lucio Navarro | Appointed | |
| Marciano Zamora-Concepcion | Appointed | |
| Manila | Arsenio Cruz Herrera | Elected |
| Felix Ferrer Pascual | Elected | |
| Teodoro Gonzalez Leaño | Elected | |
| Mariano Limjap | Elected | |
| Masbate | Alberto Barretto | Appointed |
| Maximo Cabigting | Appointed | |
| Mindoro | Antonio Constantino | Elected |
| Arturo Dancel | Appointed | |
| Perfecto Gabriel | Appointed | |
| Misamis | Gracio Gonzaga | Appointed |
| Apolonio Mercado | Appointed | |
| Teodoro Sandiko | Appointed | |
| Morong | Marcelo Mesina | Elected |
| Jose Oliveros | Elected | |
| Negros Occidental | Juan Benson | Appointed |
| Jose de la Vina | Appointed | |
| Antonio Montenegro | Appointed | |
| Negros Oriental | Pío del Pilar | Appointed |
| Mariano Leogardo Oirola | Appointed | |
| Luciano San Miguel | Appointed | |
| Nueva Ecija | Epifanio de los Santos | Elected |
| Gregorio Macapinlac | Elected | |
| José Turiano Santiago | Elected | |
| Nueva Vizcaya | Hipolito Magsalin | Appointed |
| Evaristo Panganiban | Elected | |
| Padre Burgos | Joaquin Baltazar | Elected |
| Ceferino de Leon | Appointed | |
| Sixto Zandueta | Appointed | |
| Palaos | Isidro Tiongco | Appointed |
| Pampanga | Joaquín González | Elected |
| Ramon Henson | Elected | |
| Enrique Macapinlac | Elected | |
| Jose Rodriguez Infante | Elected | |
| Pangasinan | Sebastian de Castro | Appointed |
| Vicente del Prado | Elected | |
| Antonio Feliciano | Elected | |
| Adriano Garces | Appointed | |
| Paragua | Felipe Calderón | Appointed |
| Domingo Colmenar | Appointed | |
| Samar | Servillano Aquino | Appointed |
| Javier Gonzalez Salvador | Appointed | |
| Juan Tongco | Appointed | |
| Sorsogon | Maximino Hizon | Appointed |
| Pedro Lipana | Appointed | |
| Manuel Xerez Burgos | Appointed | |
| Tarlac | Julian Carpio | Elected |
| Juan Nepomuceno | Elected | |
| Victoriano Tañedo | Elected | |
| Tayabas | Sofio Alandy | Elected |
| Jose Espinosa | Appointed | |
| Basilio Teodoro | Appointed | |
| Zambales | Alejandro Albert | Elected |
| Felix S. Bautista | Appointed | |
| Juan Manday Gabriel | Elected | |
| Zamboanga | Felipe Buencamino | Appointed |
| Tomás Mascardo | Appointed | |
| Lazaro Tañedo | Appointed | |
| As of July 7, 1899. Total of 136 delegates: 68 elected and 68 appointed.[1][5][a] | ||
In 2006, it was asserted by the president of the Bulacan Historical Society, engineer Marcial Aniag, that among the 85 delegates who convened in Malolos there were 43 lawyers, 17 doctors, five pharmacists, three educators, seven businessmen, four painters, three military men, a priest, and four farmers.[6] Five of the 85 delegates did not have a college degree.[6]
Ratification of the declaration of independence
editOne of the first acts of the Revolutionary Congress was the ratification on September 29, 1898 of the Philippine Declaration of Independence against Spain which had been proclaimed on June 12, 1898.[7]
Malolos Constitution
editMabini had planned for the Revolutionary Congress to act only as an advisory body to the president and submitted a draft of Constitutional Program of the Philippine Republic[7] while Paterno submitted a constitutional draft based on the Spanish Constitution of 1869. The Congress, however, began work to draft a constitution. The resulting document, the Malolos Constitution, was promulgated on January 21, 1899.[7] Its proclamation resulted in the creation of the Philippine Republic, which replaced the Revolutionary Government.
Notes
edit- ^ a b In the book Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic by Teodoro Agoncillo, the Malolos Congress had 193 delegates (42 elected and 151 appointed).[2]
- ^ Now commonly referred to as the First Philippine Republic; see the Philippine Republic article for further info.
References
edit- ^ a b Kalaw 1927, p. 121 (citing Volume II, Galley 2 of Major J. R. M. Taylor's translation and compilation of captured insurgent records (Taylor 1907))
- ^ Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1897). Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic. University of the Philippines Press. pp. 224 and Appendix F (pp, 658–663). ISBN 978-971-542-096-9.
- ^ Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (2005). "Decree of June 23, 1898 establishing the Revolutionary Government". The Laws of the First Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library (published 1972). pp. 37-38. Retrieved February 9, 2021.. (English translation by Sulpicio Guevara)
- ^ The 1899 Malolos Constitution in Spanish with a side-by-side English translation (Article 33)
- ^ * War Department, Bureau of Insular Affairs (1907). "I. Telegraphic Correspondence of Emilio Aguinaldo, July 15, 1898 to February 28, 1899, Annotated" (PDF). In Taylor, John R.M. (ed.). Compilation of Philippine Insurgent Records. Combined Arms Research Library. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 3, 2008. Retrieved March 10, 2008.
- ^ a b Balabo, Dino (December 10, 2006). "Historians: Malolos Congress produced best RP Constitution". Philippine Star. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
- ^ a b c Kalaw 1927, p. 125
- Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927). The Development of Philippine Politics. Oriental commercial.
Further reading
edit- The Malolos Congress (PDF). National Historical Institute. 2010.