The Treblinka extermination camp was run by the SS, a Nazi paramilitary organization, with the help of Eastern European Trawnikis (Hiwis), who were collaborationist auxiliary police recruited directly from Soviet POW camps. The Trawnikis served at all the major extermination camps, including Treblinka.[1][2] Treblinka was part of Operation Reinhard, the systematic extermination of the three million Jews living in the General Government of German-occupied Poland. It is believed that between somewhere between 800,000[3][4][5] and 1,200,000 people[6][7] were murdered in its gas chambers, almost all of whom were Jews. More people were murdered at Treblinka than at any other Nazi extermination camp besides Auschwitz.[8]
The camp consisted of two separate units: Treblinka I and the Treblinka II extermination camp (Vernichtungslager). The first was a forced-labour camp (Arbeitslager) whose prisoners worked in the gravel pit or irrigation area and in the forest, where they cut wood to fuel the crematoria. Between 1941 and 1944, more than half of its 20,000 inmates died from summary executions, hunger, disease and mistreatment.[9][10]
Meanwhile, the first official German trial for war crimes committed at Treblinka was also held in 1964, with the former camp personnel first brought to justice at that time, some twenty years after the end of the war.
List of individuals responsible
edit| Name | Rank | Function and Notes | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nazi leadership | |||
| Heinrich Himmler | Reichsführer | main architect of the Holocaust | [11] |
| Odilo Globocnik | SS-Hauptsturmführer and SS-Polizeiführer at the time (Captain and SS Police Chief)
SS-Gruppenführer and SS and Polizei Leader of Lublin. |
head of Operation Reinhard | [12][13] |
| Hermann Höfle | SS-Sturmbannführer (Major) | coordinator of Operation Reinhard | [14] |
| Christian Wirth | SS-Hauptsturmführer at the time (Captain) | inspector for Operation Reinhard | [15] |
| Richard Thomalla | SS-Obersturmführer at the time (First Lieutenant) | head of death camp construction during Operation Reinhard | [12][15] |
| Erwin Lambert | SS-Unterscharführer (Corporal) | head of gas chamber construction during Operation Reinhard (large gas chambers) | [16][17] |
| Treblinka commandants | |||
| Theodor van Eupen | SS-Sturmbannführer (Major), Commandant of Treblinka I Arbeitslager, 15 November 1941 – July 1944 (cleanup) | head of the forced-labour camp | [18] |
| Irmfried Eberl | SS-Obersturmführer (First Lieutenant), Commandant of Treblinka II, 11 July 1942 – 26 August 1942 | transferred to Berlin due to incompetence | [12] |
| Franz Stangl | SS-Obersturmführer (First Lieutenant), 2nd Commandant of Treblinka II, 1 September 1942 – August 1943 | transferred to Treblinka from Sobibor extermination camp | [12] |
| Kurt Franz | SS-Untersturmführer (Second Lieutenant), last Commandant of Treblinka II, August (gassing) – November 1943 | promoted from deputy commandant in August 1943 following camp prisoner revolt | [12][16] |
| Deputy commandants | |||
| Karl Pötzinger | SS-Oberscharführer (Staff Sergeant), Deputy commandant of Treblinka II | head of cremation | [19] |
| Heinrich Matthes | SS-Scharführer (Sergeant), Deputy commandant | chief of the extermination area | [16][20][21] |
| Staff | |||
| Fritz Schmidt | SS-Sturmbannführer (Major) | gas chambers | [20] |
| Lorenz Hackenholt | SS-Hauptscharführer (Master Sergeant) | gas chambers, gas pipes | [22][23] |
| Kurt Küttner | SS-Oberscharführer (Staff Sergeant) | lower camp of Treblinka II | [16][24] |
| Willy Mätzig | SS-Oberscharführer (Staff Sergeant) | unloading ramp | [25] |
| Herbert Floss | SS-Scharführer (Sergeant) | cremation pyres | [19] |
| Erich Fuchs | SS-Scharführer (Sergeant) | generator, gassing engine | [25][26] |
| Josef Hirtreiter | SS-Scharführer (Sergeant) | unloading ramp terror | [12][16] |
| Karl Emil Ludwig | SS-Scharführer (Sergeant) | head of the Waldkommando forest brigade | [27] |
| Gustav Münzberger | SS-Unterscharführer (Corporal) | gas chambers | [16] |
| Max Biala | SS-Unterscharführer (Corporal) | stabbed to death by inmate Meir Berliner on 11 September 1942 at roll call selection | [28] |
| Paul Bredow | SS-Unterscharführer (Corporal) | head of Kommando Rot | [12] |
| Hans Hingst | SS-Unterscharführer (Corporal) | gas chambers | [29][30] |
| Otto Horn | SS-Unterscharführer (Corporal) | corpse detail | [16] |
| Willi Mentz | SS-Unterscharführer (Corporal) | Lazaret killing station | [12][16][20] |
| August Miete | SS-Unterscharführer (Corporal) | Lazaret | [19][16] |
| Max Möller | SS-Unterscharführer (Corporal) | Lazaret | [12] |
| Willi Post | SS-Unterscharführer (Corporal) | Head of Ukrainian Guard, Volksdeutsche SS squad leader | [18] |
| Albert Rum | SS-Unterscharführer (Corporal) | gas chambers | [16] |
| Karl Schiffer | SS-Unterscharführer (Corporal) | command of Ukrainian guard unit of 12 Trawnikis overseeing farmhouse construction | [31] |
| Ernst Stengelin | SS-Unterscharführer (Corporal) | killed in attack on 14 October 1943 | [27] |
| Franz Suchomel | SS-Unterscharführer (Corporal) | Goldjuden supervisor | [16] |
| Otto Stadie | SS-Stabsscharführer (Staff Squad Leader) | camp administration | [16] |
| Ivan Marchenko | Wachmann (Guard), presumed Ukrainian | gas chambers | [32][33] |
| Feodor Fedorenko | Wachmann (Guard) | gas chambers | [34] |
Citations
edit- ^ Browning, Christopher R. (1992). "Arrival in Poland" (PDF file, direct download 7.91 MB complete). Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. Penguin Books. pp. 52, 77, 79, 80. Retrieved May 1, 2013. Also: PDF cache archived by WebCite.
- ^ Arad 1987, p. 37.
- ^ Kopówka 2010.
- ^ Snyder 2012, note 53.
- ^ Niewyk & Nicosia 2000, p. 210.
- ^ Donat 1979, p. 14.
- ^ Ząbecki, Franciszek (1977). Wspomnienia dawne i nowe [Old and New Memories] (in Polish). Warsaw: PAX. p. 148. PB 7495/77.
Book description with digitized text samples at Swistak.pl.
- ^ Heller, Aron (1 November 2010). "Treblinka concentration camp survivors down to 2". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Associated Press. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
- ^ Maranda, Michał (2002). "Więźniowie obozu zagłady w Treblince" (PDF). Nazistowskie Obozy Zagłady. Opis i próba analizy zjawiska (in Polish). Uniwersytet Warszawski, Instytut Stosowanych Nauk Społecznych. pp. 160–161. OCLC 52658491. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
- ^ Cywiński, Piotr (2013). "Treblinka". Adam Mickiewicz Institute. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
- ^ Rees 2005, BBC.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Vanderwerff, Hans (22 July 2009), Extermination camp Treblinka, The Holocaust: Lest we forget, archived from the original on 17 May 2011, retrieved 10 January 2014
- ^ Blatt 2000, pp. 3, 92.
- ^ Blatt 2000, p. 10.
- ^ a b Blatt 2000, p. 14.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l S.J., H.E.A.R.T 2007, Trials.
- ^ Blatt 2000, p. 19.
- ^ a b Chodzko, Mieczyslaw (2010). Évadé de Treblinka. Editions Le Manuscrit. pp. 215–216. ISBN 978-2-304-23223-3. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
- ^ a b c Webb & Lisciotto 2007.
- ^ a b c "Excerpts from testimonies of Nazi SS-men at Treblinka: Stangl, Mentz, Franz & Matthes". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
Source: Yitzhak Arad 1987; E. Klee, W. Dressen, V. Riess 1988 (The Good Old Days)
- ^ Arad 1987, p. 121.
- ^ "The Treblinka Perpetrators". An overview of the German and Austrian SS and Police Staff. Aktion Reinhard Camps ARC. 23 September 2006. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
Sources: Arad, Donat, Glazar, Klee, Sereny, Willenberg et al.
- ^ McVay, Kenneth (1984). "The Construction of the Treblinka Extermination Camp". Yad Vashem Studies, XVI. Jewish Virtual Library.org. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
- ^ Arad 1987, p. 191.
- ^ a b Klee 1988, p. 246.
- ^ Arad 1987, p. 43.
- ^ a b Archiefsystemen, De Ree (2009). "Sobibor Interviews: Biographies of SS-men". Netherlands Institute for War Documentation (NIOD). Retrieved 1 November 2013.
- ^ Stein, Joel; Webb, Chris. "Meir Berliner – A Brave act of Resistance at Treblinka – Revolt & Resistance". Treblinka. HolocaustResearchProject.org. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
- ^ Friedländer 2009, p. 432.
- ^ Arad 1987, p. 87.
- ^ Arad 1987, p. 371.
- ^ Hing, Bill Ong (2003). Defining America: Through Immigration Policy. Temple University Press. p. 223. ISBN 1-59213-233-2. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
- ^ Nickell, Joe (2005). Unsolved History: Investigating Mysteries of the Past. The University Press of Kentucky. p. 38. ISBN 0-8131-9137-8.
- ^ Smart, Victor (2008). "Federenko trial". H.E.A.R.T HolocaustResearchProject.org. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
- ^ S.J. (2007). "Trawniki Staff Page. Alphabetical Listing". Aktion Reinhard. H.E.A.R.T. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
Source: Yitzhak Arad, Thomas (Toivi) Blatt, Alexander Donat, Rudolf Reder, Tom Teicholz, Samuel Willenberg, Richard Glazar; museums and private collections.
References
edit- Arad, Yitzhak (1987). Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka. The Operation Reinhard Death Camps (Google Books preview). Bloomington, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21305-3.
- Blatt, Thomas Toivi (2000). Sobibor – The Forgotten Revolt (Google Books snippet view). H.E.P. pp. 3, 92. ISBN 0-9649442-0-0.
- Donat, Alexander (1979). The Death Camp Treblinka: A Documentary. Berlin: Schocken Books. p. 14. ISBN 0-8052-5008-5.
The eyewitness articles ... include some of the Polonophobic aspects of contemporary Holocaust lore ... [i.e. Tanhum] Grinberg, having arrived well after the fact, [could not] possibly know the identity(-ies) and motive(s) of the killer(s).
- Friedländer, Saul (2009). The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939–1945 (Google Books preview). HarperCollins. p. 432. ISBN 978-0-06-198000-8.
- Klee, Ernst (1988). The Good Old Days: the Holocaust as Seen by Its Perpetrators and Bystanders. Dressen, Willi; Riess, Volker. New York: The Free Press: Konecky Konecky. ISBN 1-56852-133-2. Photograph of excavator used for corpses at Treblinka II.
- Kopówka, Edward; et al. (4 February 2010), "Extermination Camp: The number of victims", Muzeum Walki i Męczeństwa w Treblince, Museum of Struggle and Martyrdom at Treblinka, archived from the original on 28 March 2012, retrieved 25 August 2013
- Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. Columbia University Press. p. 210. ISBN 0-231-11200-9.
Treblinka.
- Rees, Laurence (2005), "Auschwitz: Inside the Nazi State. Factories of Death", BBC History of World War II, vol. Episode 3, KCET, retrieved 1 November 2013 See also: Episode Guide: Overview. Treblinka (camp rife with chaos due to minimal preparation), and Corruption (Auschwitz only): Episode 4.
- S.J., H.E.A.R.T (2007), The Treblinka Death Camp Trials, Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team, retrieved 8 September 2013
- Snyder, Timothy (2012). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-03147-4. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
The source of the Treblinka count is Witte, Peter, "A new document", 472, in: Holocaust and Genocide Studies 15,3 (Oxford 2001), which provides the German's count of 713,555 for 1942 (per radiogram intercepted by the British); and Młynarczyk, Jacek Andrzej, "Treblinka – ein Todeslager der 'Aktion Reinhard", 281, in: Bogdan Musial (ed.), Aktion Reinhard – Die Vernichtung der Juden im Generalgouvernement (Osnabrück 2004), 257–281, which supplies the 1943 reconing of 67,308 victims.
- Webb, Chris; Lisciotto, Carmelo (2007), Treblinka Death Camp History, H.E.A.R.T – Holocaust & Education Archive Research Team, retrieved 10 September 2013,
Source: Arad, Hilberg, Donat, Sereny, Willenberg, Glazar, Chrostowski, and Encyclopaedia of The Holocaust.
External links
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