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List of research stations in the Arctic

A number of governments maintain permanent research stations in the Arctic. Also known as Arctic bases, polar stations or ice stations, these bases are widely distributed across the northern polar region of Earth.

Map of the countries with research stations in the Artic
Countries with research stations in the Artic. Countries with stations (Blue).
"Polar station" redirects here. For analogous stations in Antarctica, see Research stations in Antarctica.
Location of some of the major research stations in the Arctic

Historically few research stations have been permanent. Most of them were temporary, being abandoned after the completion of the project or owing to lack of funding to continue the research. Some of these were military or listening posts created as a result of the proximity of the U.S. and Soviet Union to each other's landmass across the polar region.

Ice stations are constructed on land or on ice that rests on land, while others are drifting ice stations built on the sea ice of the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean.[1]

Research stations

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Active research stations
Station name Location Operating country Year established Summer population Winter population
Abisko Scientific Research Station Abisko, Sápmi   Sweden 1903 12 12
Adam Mickiewicz University Polar Station Petuniabukta, Svalbard, Norway   Poland 2011
Alomar Observatory[2] Andøya Space, Andøya, Svalbard   Norway 1994
Arctic Yellow River Station Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Norway   China 2003 25 2
AWIPEV Arctic Research Station (Rabot/Jean Corbel Stations) Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Norway   France
  Germany 		2003/1963 40/<8 3
Barrow Observatory[3] Point Barrow, Alaska   United States 1973 2 2
Canadian High Arctic Research Station[4] (CHARS) campus Cambridge Bay, Nunavut   Canada 2019 26 26
E. K. Fyodorov Hydrometeorological Observatory (ex Chelyuskin Polar Station)[5] Cape Chelyuskin, Krasnoyarsk Krai   Russia
  Soviet Union 		1932
Chetyrokhstolbovoy Polar Station[6] Medvezhyi Islands, Sakha   Russia
  Soviet Union 		1933
China-Iceland Arctic Science Observatory(CIAO)[7][8] Kárhóll, Iceland   China
  Iceland 		2018
Churchill Northern Studies Centre[9] (CNSC) Churchill, Manitoba   Canada 1976 88
Czech Arctic Research Station[10] Longyearbyen and Petuniabukta, Svalbard, Norway   Czech Republic 2014 4 2
Daneborg Wollaston Foreland, Greenland   Denmark 1944 12
Danmarkshavn Dove Bay, Greenland   Denmark 1906 6
Dirigibile Italia Arctic Station Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Norway   Italy 1997 7
Dr. Neil Trivett Global Atmosphere Watch Observatory Alert, Nunavut   Canada 1986
Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station Devon Island, Nunavut   Canada 2001 9 9
Himadri[11] Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Norway   India 2008 8
Igloolik Research Centre[12] Igloolik, Nunavut   Canada 1975 22 10
IndARC[13] Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Norway   India 2014
International Biological Station Lena-Nordenskiöld[14] Tiksi, Sakha   Russia 1995
Iqaluit Research Centre[15][16] Iqaluit, Nunavut   Canada 1978 20 10
Kevo Research Station[17] Kevo   Finland 1958 12 7
Kilpisjärvi Biological Station[18][19] Kilpisjärvi   Finland 1964
Kiruna Atmospheric and Geophysical Observatory[20] [21] Kiruna   Sweden 1957
Kluane Lake Research Station[22] Kluane Lake, Yukon   Canada 1961 35
Koldewey Station Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Norway   Germany 1991
Labytnangi Ecological Research Station[23] Labytnangi, Yamalo-Nenets   Russia
  Soviet Union 		1954 25
McGill Arctic Research Station[24] Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut   Canada 1960 12 0
Mestersvig Scoresby Land, Greenland   Denmark 1956 40 2
Mývatn Research Station Mývatn   Iceland 1975
Netherlands Arctic Station, Univ Groningen[25] Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Norway   Netherlands 1995
Nicolaus Copernicus University Polar Station Kaffiøyra, Svalbard, Norway   Poland 1975 2 0
Station Nord Princess Ingeborg Peninsula, Greenland   Denmark 1952 25 5
Northeast Science Station[26] Chersky, Sakha   Russia
  Soviet Union 		1977 65 5
Ny-Ålesund[27] Spitsbergen, Svalbard   Norway 1967 117 35
Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory[28][29] (PEARL) Eureka, Nunavut   Canada 1993
Polish Polar Station Hornsund, Svalbard, Norway   Poland 1957 10
Prima Polar Station[30] Cape Baranov, Bolshevik Island, Severnaya Zemlya   Russia
  Soviet Union 		1986
Samoylov Station[31] Lena Delta Wildlife Reserve, Sakha   Russia 1998 16 8
Sermilik Station Ammassalik Island, Greenland   Denmark
  Austria 		1970, 2023 30 6
Sodankylä Arctic Research Centre[32] Sodankylä   Finland 1949 30 20
Stanisław Baranowski Spitsbergen Polar Station Werenskioldbreen, Svalbard, Norway   Poland 1971
Summit Station Near summit of the Greenland ice sheet, Greenland   United States 1989 50 5
Thule Research Station[33] Pituffik, Greenland   Denmark 1995 10
Toolik Field Station[34] Toolik Lake, Alaska   United States 1975 175
Troynoy Island Polar Station[35] Izvestiy TSIK Islands, Krasnoyarsk Krai   Russia
  Soviet Union 		1953 5 0
Tundra Ecosystem Research Station[36][37] (TERS) Daring Lake, Northwest Territories   Canada 1994 30 0
University of Copenhagen Arctic Station Qeqertarsuaq, Greenland   Denmark 1906 39
Ward Hunt Island Observatory Research Station[38] Ward Hunt Island, Nunavut   Canada 1957 9 0
Western Arctic Research Centre[39] Inuvik, Northwest Territories   Canada[40] 1964 34
Whapmagoostui-Kuujjuarapik Research Complex[41] Whapmagoostui, Quebec   Canada 1971 28
White Sea Biological Station[42] (WSBS MSU) Chupa, Republic of Karelia   Russia
  Soviet Union 		1938 180 50
Villum Research Station[43] Station Nord, North Greenland   Denmark 1990 14
Vize Island Arctic Research Station Vize Island, Krasnoyarsk Krai   Russia
  Soviet Union 		1945 0
Zackenberg Station Wollaston Foreland, Greenland   Denmark 1997 25 0
Zeppelin Zeppelinfjellet, Svalbard   Norway 1990

Drifting ice stations

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Main article: Drifting ice station
Station name Head of the first shift Drift start date Drift end date Drift start coordinate Drift end coordinate Drift distance (km)
North Pole-1 I.D.Papanin May 21, 1937 February 19, 1938 89°25′N 78°40′W / 89.417°N 78.667°W / 89.417; -78.667 (North Pole-1 (start)) 70°40′N 19°16′W / 70.667°N 19.267°W / 70.667; -19.267 (North Pole-1 (finish)) 2,850
North Pole-2 M.M.Somov April 2, 1950 April 11, 1951 76°03′N 166°36′W / 76.050°N 166.600°W / 76.050; -166.600 (North Pole-2 (start)) 81°44′N 163°48′W / 81.733°N 163.800°W / 81.733; -163.800 (North Pole-2 (finish)) 2,600
Fletcher's Ice Island 1952 1978
North Pole-3 A.F.Trioshnikov April 4, 1954 April 20, 1955 85°58′N 175°00′W / 85.967°N 175.000°W / 85.967; -175.000 (North Pole-3 (start)) 86°00′N 24°00′W / 86.000°N 24.000°W / 86.000; -24.000 (North Pole-3 (finish)) 1,865
North Pole-4 E.I.Tolstikov April 8, 1954 April 19, 1957 75°48′N 178°25′W / 75.800°N 178.417°W / 75.800; -178.417 (North Pole-4 (start)) 85°52′N 00°00′W / 85.867°N -0.000°E / 85.867; -0.000 (North Pole-4 (finish)) 6,970
North Pole-5 N.A.Volkov April 21, 1955 October 8, 1956 82°10′N 156°51′E / 82.167°N 156.850°E / 82.167; 156.850 (North Pole-5 (start)) 84°18′N 63°20′E / 84.300°N 63.333°E / 84.300; 63.333 (North Pole-5 (finish)) 3,630
North Pole-6 K.A.Sychev April 19, 1956 September 14, 1959 74°24′N 177°04′W / 74.400°N 177.067°W / 74.400; -177.067 (North Pole-6 (start)) 82°06′N 03°56′E / 82.100°N 3.933°E / 82.100; 3.933 (North Pole-6 (finish)) 8,650
North Pole-7 V.A.Vedernikov April 23, 1957 April 11, 1959 82°06′N 164°11′W / 82.100°N 164.183°W / 82.100; -164.183 (North Pole-7 (start)) 85°14′N 33°03′W / 85.233°N 33.050°W / 85.233; -33.050 (North Pole-7 (finish)) 3,520
North Pole-8 V.M.Rogachyov April 27, 1959 March 19, 1962 76°11′N 164°24′W / 76.183°N 164.400°W / 76.183; -164.400 (North Pole-8 (start)) 83°15′N 132°30′W / 83.250°N 132.500°W / 83.250; -132.500 (North Pole-8 (finish)) 6,090
North Pole-9 V.A.Shamontyev April 26, 1960 March 28, 1961 77°23′N 163°00′E / 77.383°N 163.000°E / 77.383; 163.000 (North Pole-9 (start)) 86°36′N 76°00′W / 86.600°N 76.000°W / 86.600; -76.000 (North Pole-9 (finish)) 2,660
North Pole-10 N.A.Kornilov October 17, 1961 April 29, 1964 75°27′N 177°10′E / 75.450°N 177.167°E / 75.450; 177.167 (North Pole-10 (start)) 88°32′N 90°30′E / 88.533°N 90.500°E / 88.533; 90.500 (North Pole-10 (finish)) 3,960
North Pole-11 N.N.Bryazgin April 16, 1962 April 20, 1963 77°10′N 165°58′W / 77.167°N 165.967°W / 77.167; -165.967 (North Pole-11 (start)) 81°10′N 139°34′W / 81.167°N 139.567°W / 81.167; -139.567 (North Pole-11 (finish)) 2,400
North Pole-12 L.N.Belyakov April 30, 1963 April 25, 1965 76°50′N 165°34′W / 76.833°N 165.567°W / 76.833; -165.567 (North Pole-12 (start)) 81°06′N 145°47′W / 81.100°N 145.783°W / 81.100; -145.783 (North Pole-12 (finish)) 1,595
North Pole-13 A.Ya. Buzuyev April 22, 1964 April 20, 1967 73°55′N 161°19′W / 73.917°N 161.317°W / 73.917; -161.317 (North Pole-13 (start)) 87°55′N 03°32′E / 87.917°N 3.533°E / 87.917; 3.533 (North Pole-13 (finish)) 3,545
North Pole-14 Yu. B.Konstantinov May 1, 1965 February 12, 1966 72°42′N 175°25′W / 72.700°N 175.417°W / 72.700; -175.417 (North Pole-14 (start)) 76°59′N 154°49′E / 76.983°N 154.817°E / 76.983; 154.817 (North Pole-14 (finish)) 1,040
North Pole-15 V.V.Panov April 15, 1966 March 25, 1968 78°49′N 168°08′E / 78.817°N 168.133°E / 78.817; 168.133 (North Pole-15 (start)) 85°45′N 10°30′W / 85.750°N 10.500°W / 85.750; -10.500 (North Pole-15 (finish)) 2,330
North Pole-16 Yu. B.Konstantinov April 10, 1968 March 22, 1972 75°31′N 172°00′W / 75.517°N 172.000°W / 75.517; -172.000 (North Pole-16 (start)) 86°00′N 85°27′W / 86.000°N 85.450°W / 86.000; -85.450 (North Pole-16 (finish)) 5,850
North Pole-17 N.I.Blinov April 18, 1968 October 16, 1969 80°30′N 165°26′E / 80.500°N 165.433°E / 80.500; 165.433 (North Pole-17 (start)) 86°48′N 25°20′E / 86.800°N 25.333°E / 86.800; 25.333 (North Pole-17 (finish)) 1,750
North Pole-18 N.N.Ovchinnikov October 9, 1969 October 24, 1971 75°10′N 165°02′W / 75.167°N 165.033°W / 75.167; -165.033 (North Pole-18 (start)) 86°06′N 153°51′E / 86.100°N 153.850°E / 86.100; 153.850 (North Pole-18 (finish)) 5,240
North Pole-19 A.N.Chilingarov November 7, 1969 April 16, 1973 74°54′N 160°13′E / 74.900°N 160.217°E / 74.900; 160.217 (North Pole-19 (start)) 83°08′N 16°17′E / 83.133°N 16.283°E / 83.133; 16.283 (North Pole 19- (finish)) 6,705
North Pole-20 Yu. P.Tikhonov April 22, 1970 May 17, 1972 75°56′N 175°22′E / 75.933°N 175.367°E / 75.933; 175.367 (North Pole-20 (start)) 81°44′N 166°47′W / 81.733°N 166.783°W / 81.733; -166.783 (North Pole-20 (finish)) 3,780
North Pole-21 G.I.Kizino April 30, 1972 May 17, 1974 74°06′N 178°15′E / 74.100°N 178.250°E / 74.100; 178.250 (North Pole-21 (start)) 86°16′N 143°35′E / 86.267°N 143.583°E / 86.267; 143.583 (North Pole-21 (finish)) 3,605
North Pole-22 V.G.Moroz September 13, 1973 April 8, 1982 76°16′N 168°31′W / 76.267°N 168.517°W / 76.267; -168.517 (North Pole-22 (start)) 86°10′N 00°00′W / 86.167°N -0.000°E / 86.167; -0.000 (North Pole-22 (finish)) 17,069
North Pole-23 V.M.Piguzov December 5, 1975 November 1, 1978 73°51′N 178°25′W / 73.850°N 178.417°W / 73.850; -178.417 (North Pole-23 (start)) 87°40′N 22°31′W / 87.667°N 22.517°W / 87.667; -22.517 (North Pole-23 (finish)) 5,786
North Pole-24 I.K.Popov June 23, 1978 November 19, 1980 76°45′N 163°00′E / 76.750°N 163.000°E / 76.750; 163.000 (North Pole-24 (start)) 86°03′N 29°40′E / 86.050°N 29.667°E / 86.050; 29.667 (North Pole-24 (finish)) 5,652
North Pole-25 V.S.Sidorov May 16, 1981 April 20, 1984 75°01′N 168°35′E / 75.017°N 168.583°E / 75.017; 168.583 (North Pole-25 (start)) 85°50′N 122°15′W / 85.833°N 122.250°W / 85.833; -122.250 (North Pole-25 (finish)) 5,754
North Pole-26 V.S.Sidorov May 21, 1983 April 9, 1986 78°30′N 174°46′E / 78.500°N 174.767°E / 78.500; 174.767 (North Pole-26 (start)) 82°46′N 170°31′W / 82.767°N 170.517°W / 82.767; -170.517 (North Pole-26 (finish)) 5,380
North Pole-27 Yu. P.Tikhonov June 2, 1984 May 20, 1987 78°31′N 160°30′E / 78.517°N 160.500°E / 78.517; 160.500 (North Pole-27 (start)) 86°28′N 09°02′W / 86.467°N 9.033°W / 86.467; -9.033 (North Pole-27(finish)) 5,655
North Pole-28 A.F.Chernyshov May 21, 1986 January 23, 1989 80°40′N 168°29′E / 80.667°N 168.483°E / 80.667; 168.483 (North Pole-28 (start)) 79°40′N 03°09′E / 79.667°N 3.150°E / 79.667; 3.150 (North Pole-28 (finish)) 7,634
North Pole-29 V.V.Lukin June 10, 1987 August 19, 1988 80°22.8′N 112°59′E / 80.3800°N 112.983°E / 80.3800; 112.983 (North Pole-29 (start)) 84°42.8′N 56°34.3′W / 84.7133°N 56.5717°W / 84.7133; -56.5717 (North Pole-29 (finish)) 2,686
North Pole-30 V.M.Piguzov October 9, 1987 April 4, 1991 74°18′N 171°24′W / 74.300°N 171.400°W / 74.300; -171.400 (North Pole-30 (start)) 82°31′N 126°26′W / 82.517°N 126.433°W / 82.517; -126.433 (North Pole-30 (finish)) 7,675
North Pole-31 V.S.Sidorov October 22, 1988 July 25, 1991 76°35′N 153°10′W / 76.583°N 153.167°W / 76.583; -153.167 (North Pole-31 (finish)) 73°33′N 161°04′W / 73.550°N 161.067°W / 73.550; -161.067 (North Pole-31 (finish)) 5,475
North Pole-32 V.S.Koshelev April 25, 2003 March 6, 2004 87°52.5′N 148°03′E / 87.8750°N 148.050°E / 87.8750; 148.050 (North Pole-32 (start)) 84°41′N 03°33′W / 84.683°N 3.550°W / 84.683; -3.550 (North Pole-32 (finish)) 2,418
North Pole-33 A.A.Vishnevsky September 9, 2004 October 5, 2005 85°05′N 156°31′E / 85.083°N 156.517°E / 85.083; 156.517 (North Pole-33 (start)) 86°14′N 95°54′E / 86.233°N 95.900°E / 86.233; 95.900 (North Pole-33 (finish)) 3,156
North Pole-34 T.V.Petrovsky September 19, 2005 May 25, 2006 85°39′N 115°19′E / 85.650°N 115.317°E / 85.650; 115.317 (North Pole-34 (start)) 87°26′N 07°39′E / 87.433°N 7.650°E / 87.433; 7.650 (North Pole-34 (finish)) 2,032
North Pole-35 Vladimir Chupun[61] September 21, 2007 July 22, 2008 81°30′N 103°54′E / 81.500°N 103.900°E / 81.500; 103.900 (North Pole-35 (start)) 81°00′N 31°18′E / 81.000°N 31.300°E / 81.000; 31.300 (North Pole-35 (finish)) 3,614
North Pole-36 Yuri Katrayev September 7, 2008 August 24, 2009 82°32′N 144°56′E / 82.533°N 144.933°E / 82.533; 144.933 (North Pole-36 (start)) 85°53′N 26°41′W / 85.883°N 26.683°W / 85.883; -26.683 (North Pole-36 (finish)) 2,905
North Pole-37 Sergey Lesenkov September 7, 2009 May 31, 2010 81°28′N 164°35′W / 81.467°N 164.583°W / 81.467; -164.583 (North Pole-37 (start)) 80°04′N 140°40′W / 80.067°N 140.667°W / 80.067; -140.667 (North Pole-37 (finish)) 2,076
North Pole-38 Tomash Petrovskiy October 14, 2010 September 20, 2011 76°07′N 176°32′W / 76.117°N 176.533°W / 76.117; -176.533 (North Pole-38 (start)) 83°53′N 154°18′W / 83.883°N 154.300°W / 83.883; -154.300 (North Pole-38 (finish)) 3,024
North Pole-39 Alexander Ipatov October 2, 2011 September 15, 2012 84°10′N 148°49′W / 84.167°N 148.817°W / 84.167; -148.817 (North Pole-39 (start)) 83°57′N 96°44′W / 83.950°N 96.733°W / 83.950; -96.733 (North Pole-39 (finish)) 1,885
North Pole-40 Nikolai Fomichev October 1, 2012 June 7, 2013 85°21′N 142°53′W / 85.350°N 142.883°W / 85.350; -142.883 (North Pole-40 (start)) 82°25′N 130°25′W / 82.417°N 130.417°W / 82.417; -130.417 (North Pole-40 (finish)) 1,736
North Pole-2015 Dmitrij Mamadaliev April 11, 2015 August 9, 2015 89°34′N 17°08′W / 89.567°N 17.133°W / 89.567; -17.133 (North Pole-2015 (start)) 86°15′N 07°52′W / 86.250°N 7.867°W / 86.250; -7.867 (North Pole-2015 (finish)) 714
Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC Expedition) Markus Rex October 4, 2019 July 30, 2020 85°00′N 137°00′E / 85.000°N 137.000°E / 85.000; 137.000 (MOSAiC (start))[62] N/A 1,700

In fiction

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "North Pole drifting stations (1930s-1980s)". Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Retrieved 30 April 2009.
  2. ^ "Alomar Observatory". Andoya Space.
  3. ^ "Barrow Atmospheric Baseline Observatory". Earth System Research Laboratories. NOAA.
  4. ^ "Welcome to the Canadian High Arctic Research Station". Canada.ca. 6 September 2023.
  5. ^ On northernmost tip of Eurasian mainland, a showoff of Northern Fleet capacity; Navy vessels put ashore a group of Arctic soldiers at Cape Chelyuskin, 77° North, by Atle Staalesen, The Barents Observer
  6. ^ История полярных арктических станций с 30-х годов XX века (History of polar arctic stations from the 1930s in the XX century)
  7. ^ China-Iceland Joint Arctic Observatory Official Website
  8. ^ CHINA ICELAND ARCTIC RESEARCH OBSERVATORY EU-INTERACT
  9. ^ Churchill Northern Studies Centre
  10. ^ Czech Arctic Research Station
  11. ^ Stensdal, Iselin (2013). "Asian Arctic Research 2005-2012" (PDF). Fridtjof Nansen Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 3, 2014. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
  12. ^ Igloolik Research Centre, Igloolik, Igloolik Island, NU
  13. ^ India Deploys its First Sub-Surface Ocean Moored Observatory in the Arctic
  14. ^ International Biological Station (IBS) “Lena-Nordenskiold”, Lena River Delta
  15. ^ Iqaluit Research Centre
  16. ^ Iqaluit Research Centre, Nunavut Arctic College (Nunavut Research Institute)
  17. ^ "Kevo Research Station - Turun yliopisto". Archived from the original on 2019-02-23. Retrieved 2016-12-13.
  18. ^ Kilpisjärvi Biological Station
  19. ^ University of Helsinki - Kilpisjärvi Biological Station
  20. ^ Kiruna Atmospheric and Geophysical Observatory
  21. ^ Swedish Institute of Space Physics
  22. ^ Kluane Lake Research Station
  23. ^ Labytnangi Ecological Research Station
  24. ^ McGill Arctic Research Station (MARS)
  25. ^ "The Netherlands Arctic Station".
  26. ^ BBC news report
  27. ^ UK Arctic Research Station
  28. ^ Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory
  29. ^ Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory, PEARL
  30. ^ Фотогалерея: 2004 - "Полярное Кольцо" - Местонахождение: 17 мая, Северная Земля, о.Большевик, м.Баранова, п/ст Примах
  31. ^ Samoylov Station
  32. ^ FMI ARC
  33. ^ Thule Research Station
  34. ^ Toolik Field Station
  35. ^ Luhn, Alec; Hunt, Elle (14 September 2016). "Besieged Russian Scientists Drive Away Polar Bears". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  36. ^ Tundra Ecosystem Research Station
  37. ^ "Tundra Ecosystem Research Station (TERS)". Archived from the original on 2016-12-21. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
  38. ^ Ward Hunt Island Observatory Research Station; Centre d’études nordiques (CEN)/ Centre for Northern Studies
  39. ^ Western Arctic Research Centre
  40. ^ "Western Arctic Research Centre (WARC)". Archived from the original on 2016-12-21. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
  41. ^ CEN Whapmagoostui-Kuujuarapik Research Station
  42. ^ White Sea Biological Station (WSBS MSU)
  43. ^ <www.villumresearchstation.dk><Goodsite, M. Skov, H. Asmund, G. Bennike, O. Feilberg, A. Glasius, M. Gross, A. Hermanson, M.H. (2014) Pilot Study of Contaminants near Station Nord, a Military Airbase and Research Station in NE Greenland. NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Sustainable Cities and Military Installations: Climate Change Impact on Energy and Environmental Security. Conference paper 177-98. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7161-1_10.>
  44. ^ Soviets gather geographic data in Arctic - CIA
  45. ^ Deserted Buor-Khaya Polar Station
  46. ^ Golomyanniy Station in Severnaya Zemlya
  47. ^ Книга: Два года на северной земле
  48. ^ "ДИКСОН — СНЕЖНОЙ АРКТИКИ СТОЛИЦА. К 90-ЛЕТИЮ НАЧАЛА НАБЛЮДЕНИЙ НА о. ДИКСОН". Archived from the original on November 21, 2011.
  49. ^ "Kigilyakh". Mapcarta. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  50. ^ Popov Polar Station
  51. ^ Nuclear Explosion Monitoring (NEM)
  52. ^ F. Romanenko, O. Shilovtseva. Russian-Soviet polar stations and their role in the Arctic Seas exploration. Moscow State University, Geography Department, 1998
  53. ^ "Polyarnaya Stantsiya Solnechnaya". Mapcarta. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
  54. ^ Северный морской путь оснащается современными приборами навигации
  55. ^ Tuktoyaktuk, N.W.T.
  56. ^ Bassford, Robin; Siegert, Martin; Dowdeswell, Julian; Oerlemans, Johannes; Glazovsky, Andrey; Macheret, Yuri (February 2006). "Quantifying the Mass Balance of Ice Caps on Severnaya Zemlya, Russian High Arctic. I: Climate and Mass Balance of the Vavilov Ice Cap". Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research. 38 (1). university of Colorado: 1–12. doi:10.1657/1523-0430(2006)038[0001:QTMBOI]2.0.CO;2. hdl:20.500.11820/b0c68834-118f-4e1f-8d83-4768fda0c71f. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  57. ^ Willem Barents Biological Station
  58. ^ State Nature Reserve “Wrangel Island
  59. ^ "Ministry of Natural Resources of the russian Federation – History of Wrangel Island". Archived from the original on 2005-02-27. Retrieved 2019-10-13.
  60. ^ Enisei Ecological Station “Mirnoe”
  61. ^ Скалина, Ирина (10 July 2008). "Опасный дрейф; Полярников эвакуируют на судне "Михаил Сомов"" (web). Российская газета. Retrieved 2008-07-12. (Russian/English) Skalina, Irina (July 10, 2008). "A dangerous drift; Polarnik evacuated on the ship "Mikhail Somov"" (web). Google Translation. Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
  62. ^ "MOSAiC - eoportal directory".
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