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List of rivers by discharge

(Redirected from List of rivers by average discharge)

This article lists rivers by their average discharge measured in descending order of their water flow rate. Here, only those rivers whose discharge is more than 2,000 m3/s (71,000 cu ft/s) are shown. It can be thought of as a list of the biggest rivers on Earth, measured by a specific metric.

Rivers with an average discharge of 5,000 m3/s or greater, as a fraction of the estimated global total.

For context, the volume of an Olympic-size swimming pool is 2,500 m3 (88,000 cu ft). The average flow rate at the mouth of the Amazon is sufficient to fill more than 83 such pools each second. The estimated global total for all rivers is 1.2×106 m3/s (43 million cu ft/s),[1] of which the Amazon would be approximately 18%.

No Continent River Average
discharge
(m3/s) 		Length Drainage area
(km2) 		Outflow Type
(km) (miles)
1 South America Amazon 224,000 6,992 4,344 6,915,000 Atlantic Ocean Primary river[2][3][4]
2 Asia Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna 43,950 3,969 2,466 1,999,000 Bay of Bengal Primary river[5][6][7][8]
3 Africa Congo (Zaire) 41,400 4,370 2,716 3,822,000 Atlantic Ocean Primary river[9]
4 South America Orinoco 39,000 2,250 1,398 989,000 Atlantic Ocean Primary river[10][11]
5 Asia Yangtze 31,900 6,300 3,915 1,840,000 East China Sea Primary river[5][12]
6 South America Negro 30,641 2,230 1,390 691,000 Amazon Tributary river[13]
7 South America Madeira 30,173 3,380 2,100 1,376,000 Amazon Tributary river[13]
8 South America Río de la Plata 27,225 290 180 3,182,064 Atlantic Ocean Primary river[14]
9 Asia Brahmaputra 21,993 2,900 1,800 651,335 Ganges (Padma) Tributary river[15][16][17]
10 North America Mississippi 21,300 3,766 2,340 3,248,000 Gulf of Mexico Primary river[18][19][20][21]
11 Asia Yenisei 20,200 4,090 2,556 2,580,000 Kara Sea Primary river[22]
12 South America Paraná 19,706 4,880 3,050 2,582,672 Río de la Plata Tributary river[14]
13 Asia Ganges 18,691 2,525 1,569 1,300,000 Bay of Bengal Primary river[23]
14 Asia Lena 18,300 4,294 2,668 2,490,000 Laptev Sea Primary river[22][24]
15 South America Japurá (Caquetá) 18,122 2,816 1,750 267,730 Amazon Tributary river[25][13]
16 North America St Lawrence 17,600 3,058 1,900 1,344,200 Gulf of Saint Lawrence Primary river[26][27]
17 South America Marañón 16,708 1,737 1,079 358,000 Amazon Tributary river[28]
18 Asia Mekong 15,856 4,023 2,500 811,000 South China Sea Primary river[29][4]
19 Asia Irrawaddy (Ayeyarwady) 15,112 2,210 1,370 413,710 Andaman Sea Primary river[23]
20 South America Tapajós 13,540 1,996 1,240 492,481 Amazon Tributary river[30][13]
21 South America Ucayali 13,385 2,670 1,659 351,549 Amazon Tributary river[31]
22 Asia Ob 13,100 4,345 2,700 2,990,000 Gulf of Ob Primary river[22]
23 South America Tocantins 11,796 2,699 1,677 764,183 Atlantic Ocean (Pará) Primary river[note 1][32][2]
24 Asia Amur 11,526 4,444 2,762 1,855,000 Sea of Okhotsk Primary river[29][33][34]
25 Africa Kasai (Kwa) 11,318 2,272 1,405 881,890 Congo Tributary river[35]
26 South America Purus 11,207 3,211 1,995 371,042 Amazon Tributary river[13]
27 North America Mackenzie 9,800 4,241 2,636 1,805,200 Beaufort Sea Primary river[22]
28 South America Xingu 9,680 2,240 1,392 531,250 Amazon Tributary river[30][13]
29 Asia Pearl (Xi) 9,500 2,400 1,491 437,000 South China Sea Primary river[36]
30 South America Madre de Dios 9,350 1,347 837 282,000 Madeira Tributary river[37]
31 South America Putumayo (Içá) 8,520 1,813 1,121 148,000 Amazon Tributary river[13]
32 Europe Volga 8,380 3,531 2,194 1,380,000 Caspian Sea Primary river[38]
33 South America Mamoré 8,150 1,930 1,199 611,800 Madeira Tributary river[37]
34 South America Magdalena 8,058 1,540 963 257,438 Caribbean Sea Primary river[39]
35 North America Ohio 7,957 1,579 981 490,601 Mississippi Tributary river[40]
36 Africa Niger 7,900 4,200 2,600 2,117,000 Gulf of Guinea Primary river[41]
37 South America Guaviare 7,529 1,497 930 140,000 Orinoco Tributary river[10]
38 North America Columbia 7,407 2,044 1,243 668,217 Pacific Ocean Primary river[29][42]
39 Oceania Fly 7,355 1,060 649 76,000 Gulf of Papua Primary river[43][44]
40 South America Uruguay 7,058 1,838 1,140 353,451 Río de la Plata Tributary river[14]
41 North America Yukon 6,860 3,187 1,980 854,700 Bering Sea Primary river[45]
42 South America Napo 6,660 1,075 665 100,518 Amazon Tributary river[46]
43 Asia Salween 6,600 3,289 2,044 324,000 Andaman Sea Primary river[47]
44 Europe Danube 6,510 2,860 1,777 801,463 Black Sea Primary river[48]
45 South America Araguaia 6,420 2,627 1,632 377,000 Tocantins Tributary river[49][25]
46 Asia Kapuas 6,012 1,143 710 98,749 South China Sea Primary river[50]
47 South America Juruá 6,004 3,283 2,040 186,000 Amazon Tributary river[13]
48 Africa Ubangi 5,936 2,272 1,405 651,915 Congo Tributary river[35]
49 North America Niagara 5,885 58 36 684,000 Lake Ontario Tributary river[51]
50 South America Meta 5,694 1,200 742 103,000 Orinoco Tributary river[10]
51 Asia Meghna 5,603 1,040 646 85,401 Lower Meghna Tributary river[52]
52 Asia Indus 5,589 3,180 2,000 1,081,718 Arabian Sea Primary river[29][53]
53 Asia Aldan 5,501 2,273 1,412 729,000 Lena Tributary river[54][25]
54 Oceania Mamberamo 5,500 1,175 727 78,992 Pacific Ocean Primary river[55]
55 South America Branco 5,400 775 479 195,000 Rio Negro Tributary river
56 North America Detroit 5,300 44 28 595,052 Lake Erie Primary river[note 2]
57 South America Javari 5,225 1,184 732 109,680 Amazon Tributary river[56][57]
58 North America St. Clair 5,200 65 40 583,000 Lake St. Clair Tributary river[58]
59 Oceania Sepik 5,000 1,146 700 80,321 Bismarck Sea Primary river[59][60]
60 South America Caroní 4,981 952 595 95,000 Orinoco Tributary river[10]
61 South America Essequibo 4,951 1,014 627 150,769 Atlantic Ocean Primary river[29]
62 South America Juruena 4,937 1,240 770 192,628 Tapajós Tributary river[13]
63 Africa Ogooué 4,935 1,200 747 223,856 Atlantic Ocean Primary river[61]
64 Asia Angara 4,833 1,779 1,100 1,079,000 Yenisei Tributary river[62]
65 Europe Pechora 4,800 1,809 1,124 322,000 Barents Sea Primary river[63]
66 Asia Chindwin 4,740 1,207 750 114,000 Irrawaddy Tributary river[64]
67 Asia Rajang 4,715 563 350 52,009 South China Sea Primary river[50][65]
68 South America Paraguay 4,696 2,621 1,629 1,120,154 Parana Tributary river[14]
69 Asia Barito 4,514 1,090 550 81,675 Java Sea Primary river[50][66]
70 Africa Ruki 4,500 1,300 804 173,790 Congo Tributary river[67]
71 South America Vaupés/Uaupes 4,345 1,050 650 64,370 Rio Negro Tributary river[68]
72 Asia Red (Hong) 4,300 1,149 714 143,600 Gulf of Tonkin Primary river[69]
73 Asia Mahakam 4,278 980 609 77,095 Makassar Strait Primary river[50][70]
74 Africa Zambezi 4,217 2,574 1,599 1,331,000 Indian Ocean Primary river[71][72]
75 South America Atrato 4,140 750 466 36,231 Caribbean Sea Primary river[73][74]
76 Asia Nizhnyaya Tunguska 4,139 2,989 1,848 473,000 Yenisei Tributary river[62]
77 Asia Kolyma 4,100 2,129 1,317 644,000 East Siberian Sea Primary river[22]
78 Europe Kama 4,100 1,805 1,122 507,000 Volga Tributary river[38]
79 South America Apaporis 4,092 1,370 847 54,300 Japurá Tributary river[75]
80 South America Aripuanã 4,087 870 540 145,000 Madeira Tributary river[13]
81 North America Grijalva–Usumacinta 4,028 1,000 620 134,400 Gulf of Mexico Primary river[29]
82 Oceania Strickland 4,000 824 512 36,740 Fly Tributary river[76]
83 South America Teles Pires 3,978 1,638 1,013 141,718 Tapajós Tributary river[77]
84 North America Fraser 3,944 1,375 854 231,593 Pacific Ocean Primary river[29]
85 Oceania Digul 3,867 853 530 45,900 Arafura Sea Primary river[78]
86 South America Huallaga 3,796 1,138 704 95,000 Marañón Tributary river[79]
87 Asia Godavari 3,571 1,465 910 312,812 Bay of Bengal Primary river[80]
88 South America Caura 3,545 723 449 52,000 Orinoco Tributary river[10]
89 Africa Benue 3,477 1,370 847 319,000 Niger Tributary river[81]
90 Asia Kaladan 3,476 450 278 40,000 Bay of Bengal Primary river[82]
91 South America Jutai 3,462 1,200 742 74,000 Amazon Tributary river[13]
92 North America Slave 3,451 434 270 616,400 Great Slave Lake Tributary river[83]
93 Asia Lohit 3,438 460 285 50,000 Brahmaputra Tributary river[84]
94 Europe Northern Dvina 3,416 744 462 357,052 White Sea Primary river[85][34]
95 South America Inírida 3,385 1,300 804 53,795 Guaviare Tributary river[75]
96 Asia Shatt al-Arab 3,350 204 127 938,173 Persian Gulf Primary river[86][87]
97 North America Nelson 3,343 2,575 1,600 982,900 Hudson Bay Primary river[85]
98 Oceania Purari 3,300 630 390 33,670 Gulf of Papua Primary river[88]
99 Oceania Kikori 3,274 405 250 23,309 Gulf of Papua Primary river[82]
100 Asia Khatanga 3,200 1,636 1,012 364,000 Laptev Sea Primary river[22]
101 Oceania Pulau 3,133 569 353 37,164 Arafura Sea Primary river[89][88]
102 Africa Nile 3,075 6,853 4,258 3,349,000 Mediterranean Sea Primary river[90]
103 Asia Musi 3,054 759 471 59,942 South China Sea Primary river[91]
104 South America Tigre 3,047 940 581 45,073 Marañón Tributary river[79][92]
105 Asia Subansiri 3,003 442 275 35,763 Brahmaputra Tributary river[93]
106 Asia Ghaghara 2,993 1,080 671 127,950 Ganges Tributary river[94]
107 Asia Irtysh 2,980 4,248 2,627 1,673,470 Ob Tributary river
108 Asia Yamuna 2,949 1,376 855 366,223 Ganges Tributary river[94]
109 South America São Francisco 2,943 2,830 1,758 641,000 Atlantic Ocean Primary river
110 Asia Srepok 2,940 450 279 79,015 Mekong Tributary river[84]
111 Africa Kwango 2,932 1,100 680 270,904 Kasai Tributary river[95]
112 Asia Panjnad 2,910 71 44 395,000 Indus Tributary river[96]
113 Europe Rhine 2,900 1,233 820 198,735 North Sea Primary river[97]
114 Asia Yarlung Tsangpo 2,899 1,125 699 241,691 Brahmaputra Tributary River[98][99]
115 South America Beni 2,875 1,100 680 131,500 Madre de Dios Tributary river[37]
116 Asia Gan 2,865 599 372 103,107 Yangtze Tributary river[12]
117 South America Trombetas 2,855 1,060 656 135,239 Amazon Tributary river
118 Asia Min 2,850 735 457 133,000 Yangtze Tributary river[100]
119 Asia Xiang 2,848 948 589 102,148 Yangtze Tributary river[12]
120 North America Koksoak 2,800 137 85 133,400 Ungava Bay Primary river[101]
121 Europe Neva 2,770 74 46 287,094 Gulf of Finland Primary river[29][102]
122 South America Pastaza 2,769 740 458 41,000 Marañón Tributary river[79]
123 South America Iriri 2,745 1,300 810 130,000 Xingu Tributary river
124 South America Cuyuni 2,719 618 384 85,635 Essequibo Tributary river[103]
125 Asia Mali Hka 2,693 320 200 23,221 Irrawaddy Tributary river[104]
126 Africa Cross 2,647 489 304 53,590 Gulf of Guinea Primary river[29]
127 Asia Batang Hari 2,643 800 497 46,504 South China Sea Primary river[91]
128 Asia Amu Darya 2,618 2,400 1,491 534,739 Aral Sea Primary river[105]
129 South America Casiquiare 2,574 340 210 82,800 Rio Negro Tributary river[68]
130 Asia Yellow 2,571 5,464 3,395 752,000 Yellow Sea Primary river
131 Asia Mahanadi 2,562 900 560 141,600 Bay of Bengal Primary river[106]
132 Asia Pyasina 2,550 818 508 182,000 Kara Sea Primary river
133 Africa Sankuru 2,500 1,200 756 156,000 Kasai Tributary river
134 Asia Koshi 2,500 729 453 69,300 Ganges Tributary river[94]
135 Africa Sangha 2,471 790 489 213,400 Congo Tributary river[35]
136 Asia Songhua 2,463 1,434 887 557,180 Amur Tributary river
137 Asia Ghorautra 2,463 90 56 24,060 Meghna Tributary river[52]
138 Asia Kayan 2,454 576 358 33,005 Celebes Sea Primary river[107]
139 North America Missouri 2,445 3,767 2,341 1,371,010 Mississippi Tributary river[34]
140 North America Liard 2,434 1,115 693 277,100 Mackenzie Tributary river
141 South America Guainía 2,433 640 400 28,900 Rio Negro Tributary river[68]
142 South America Guapore 2,430 1,260 783 341,000 Mamoré Tributary river
143 South America Ituí 2,422 558 347 43,403 Javari Tributary river[56][13]
144 South America Rio Grande 2,400 1,360 841 143,000 Paraná Tributary river
145 South America Paragua 2,389 550 340 39,605 Caroní Tributary river[108]
146 Asia Vitim 2,379 1,940 1,210 225,000 Lena Tributary river[62]
147 South America Cauca 2,364 1,180 730 59,840 Magdalena Tributary river
148 South America Yarí 2,360 620 383 31,650 Japurá Tributary river
149 South America Urubamba 2,330 724 448 60,300 Ucayali Tributary river[79]
150 South America Jacuí 2,327 723 449 82,618 Lagoa dos Patos Primary river[109][110]
151 South America San Juan 2,304 380 240 15,000 Pacific Ocean Primary river[39]
152 South America Apure 2,300 1,038 645 121,400 Orinoco Tributary river[10]
153 South America Uatumã 2,291 701 436 67,920 Amazon Tributary river[111]
154 South America Içana 2,279 676 420 35,675 Rio Negro Tributary river[112]
155 South America Jamanxim 2,217 666 414 58,771 Tapajós Tributary river[68][113]
156 Asia Krishna River 2,213 1,400 870 258,948 Bay of Bengal Primary river[114]
157 Africa Aruwimi 2,200 1,287 799 116,100 Congo Tributary river[115]
158 North America Red River 2,187 2,190 1,360 239,195 Atchafalaya Tributary river[116]
159 South America Ventuari 2,160 520 322 40,861 Orinoco Tributary river[117]
160 South America Curaray 2,155 800 500 26,775 Napo Tributary river[79]
161 North America Tennessee 2,140 1,049 652 105,870 Ohio Tributary river[118]
162 North America St. Marys 2,135 120 75 127,700 Lake Huron Tributary river
163 South America Canumã 2,135 900 560 52,433 Madeira Tributary river[119]
164 South America Tapauá 2,135 640 400 63,185 Purus Tributary river[13]
165 Asia Jialing 2,120 1,345 836 160,000 Yangtze Tributary river[100]
166 North America Mobile 2,118 72 45 112,530 Gulf of Mexico Primary river[120]
167 North America Peace 2,110 1,923 1,195 306,000 Slave Tributary river
168 Asia Olyokma 2,110 1,436 892 210,000 Lena Tributary river
169 Asia Yuan 2,106 864 537 93,287 Yangtze Tributary river[121]
170 South America Ji-Paraná 2,100 820 510 76,127 Madeira Tributary river[122]
171 Africa Sanaga 2,072 1,067 663 132,990 Gulf of Guinea Primary river[115]
172 Africa Lomami 2,062 1,450 900 104,162 Congo Tributary river[123]
173 Asia Hongshui 2,049 669.6 416.1 141,674 Xi Tributary river
174 Africa Lulonga 2,040 200 120 76,950 Congo Tributary river[124]
175 Asia Gandaki 2,025 814 506 46,300 Ganges Tributary river
176 Asia Anadyr 2,020 1,150 710 191,000 Gulf of Anadyr Primary river[82]

List of primary rivers by discharge

edit
No Continent River Station Average discharge (m3/s) Outflow
Mean Min Max
1 South America Amazon Amazon Delta 220,800 180,000 340,000 Atlantic Ocean[2]
2 Asia Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna Ganges Delta 43,950 10,000 160,000 Bay of Bengal[5]
3 Africa Congo (Zaire) Banana 41,400 32,000 57,670 Atlantic Ocean[9]
4 South America Orinoco Ciudad Guyana 37,740 21,000 54,000 Atlantic Ocean[10]
5 Asia Yangtze Yangtze Delta 31,900 11,300 49,500 East China Sea[5][12]
6 South America Río de la Plata La Plata Estuary 27,225 12,000 50,000 Atlantic Ocean[14]
7 North America Mississippi Mississippi Delta 21,300 5,000 56,000 Gulf of Mexico[19][20][125]
8 Asia Yenisei Yenisei Estuary 20,200 4,200 78,500 Kara Sea[22]
9 Asia Lena Lena Delta 18,300 3,590 72,000 Laptev Sea[22]
10 Asia Mekong Mekong Delta 15,856 3,000 39,000 South China Sea[29]
11 Asia Irrawaddy Irrawaddy Delta 15,112 6,460 38,000 Andaman Sea[23]
12 Asia Ob Ob Estuary 13,100 6,230 46,000 Gulf of Ob[22]
13 North America Saint Lawrence Québéc 12,432 9,225 14,835 Gulf of Saint Lawrence[126]
14 Asia Amur Amur Estuary 11,526 5,340 19,000 Sea of Okhotsk[29][127]
15 North America Mackenzie Mackenzie Delta 9,800 4,090 15,800 Beaufort Sea[22]
16 Asia Pearl (Xi) Pearl Delta 9,500 3,600 20,000 South China Sea[128]
17 Europe Volga Volga Delta 8,220 5,500 19,600 Caspian Sea
18 South America Magdalena Barranquilla 8,058 2,465 16,463 Caribbean Sea[39]
19 Africa Niger Niger Delta 7,900 1,200 35,000 Gulf of Guinea[41]
20 North America Columbia Astoria 7,407 2,230 19,100 Pacific Ocean[29][129]
21 Oceania Fly Ogwa 7,355 3,680 12,762 Gulf of Papua[130]
22 North America Yukon Pilot Station 6,860 1,360 21,100 Bering Sea[45]
23 Asia Salween Moulmein 6,600 2,300 32,600 Andaman Sea[47]
24 Europe Danube Ceatal Izmail 6,510 1,790 15,900 Black Sea[48]
25 Asia Kapuas Kapuas Delta 6,012 3,000 9,000 South China Sea[50]
26 Asia Indus Indus Delta 5,589 1,100 18,000 Arabian Sea[29][131]
27 Oceania Mamberamo Mamberamo Delta 5,500 Pacific Ocean[132]
28 Oceania Sepik Angoram 5,000 2,600 11,000 Bismarck Sea[59][133]
29 South America Essequibo Bartica 4,951 1,850 8,700 Atlantic Ocean[29]
30 Africa Ogooué Lambaréné 4,935 1,610 9,440 Atlantic Ocean[134]
31 Europe Pechora Oksino 4,800 643 17,182 Barents Sea[63]
32 Asia Rajang Rajang Delta 4,715 1,100 8,000 South China Sea[50][135]
33 Asia Barito Barito Delta 4,514 Java Sea[50]
34 Asia Red (Hong) Red River Delta 4,300 1,200 9,500 Gulf of Tonkin[136]
35 Asia Mahakam Mahakam Delta 4,278 1,000 8,000 Makassar Strait[50]
36 Africa Zambezi Marromeu 4,217 920 18,600 Indian Ocean[137][138]
37 South America Atrato Atrato Delta 4,138 Caribbean Sea[73]
38 Asia Kolyma Kolyma Delta 4,100 East Siberian Sea[22]
39 North America Grijalva–Usumacinta Grijalva Delta 4,028 Gulf of Mexico[29]
40 North America Fraser Vancouver 3,944 575 17,000 Pacific Ocean[29]
41 Oceania Digul Digul Delta 3,867 10,600 Arafura Sea[78]
42 Oceania Eilanden (Pulau) Eilanden Delta 3,783 Arafura Sea[78]
43 Asia Godavari Godavari Delta 3,571 Bay of Bengal[139]
44 Asia Kaladan Kaladan Delta 3,476 Bay of Bengal[82]
45 Europe Northern Dvina Ust-Pinega 3,416 White Sea[85][34]
46 North America Nelson Port Nelson 3,343 Hudson Bay[85]
47 Oceania Purari Purari Delta 3,300 Gulf of Papua[88]
48 Oceania Kikori Kikori Delta 3,274 Gulf of Papua[82]
49 Asia Khatanga Khatanga Estuary 3,200 Laptev Sea[22]
50 Asia Musi Musi Delta 3,054 1,400 4,200 South China Sea[91]
51 Asia Shatt al-Arab Shatt al-Arab Delta 2,960 Persian Gulf[86]
52 South America São Francisco São Francisco Estuary 2,943 Atlantic Ocean
53 Europe Rhine Rhine Delta 2,900 800 13,000 North Sea[140]
54 Africa Nile Dongola 2,810 530 7,620 Mediterranean Sea[4]
55 North America Koksoak Koksoak Estuary 2,800 Ungava Bay
56 Europe Neva Saint Petersburg 2,770 4,550 Gulf of Finland[29][141]
57 Africa Cross Cross Estuary 2,647 Gulf of Guinea[29]
58 Asia Batang Hari Batang Hari Delta 2,643 South China Sea[91]
59 Asia Yellow Yellow Delta 2,571 36,000 Yellow Sea
60 Asia Pyasina Pyasina Delta 2,550 Kara Sea
61 Asia Amu Darya Kerki 2,525 Aral Sea
62 Asia Kayan Tanjung Selor 2,454 Celebes Sea[142]
63 South America Jacuí Porto Alegre 2,327 Lagoa dos Patos[109]
64 South America San Juan Before delta 2,304 Pacific Ocean[39]
65 Asia Krishna Krishna Delta 2,213 Bay of Bengal
66 Asia Mahanadi Mahanadi Delta 2,119 Bay of Bengal
67 North America Mobile Mobile Estuary 2,118 282 9,018 Gulf of Mexico[120]
68 Africa Sanaga Sanaga Delta 2,072 473 5,700 Gulf of Guinea[115]
69 Asia Anadyr Anadyr Estuary 2,020 Gulf of Anadyr[82]

See also

edit

Notes

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  1. ^ Amazon river water flows into its estuary through Santa Mario River Channel
  2. ^ If considered a river. The Detroit River may also be seen as a strait connecting Lake St. Clair with Lake Erie and separating the Lower Peninsula of Michigan from the Ontario Peninsula.

References

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  1. ^ Sybil P. Parker (1993) McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Environmental Science & Engineering, p. 645.
  2. ^ a b c Théry, Hervé; Maurence, Pascale (1997). HYDROLOGIE DU BASSIN AMAZONIEN (PDF). ISBN 2-7011-1532-9.
  3. ^ Charles J., Vörösmarty; Berrien, Moore III; Annette L., Grace; M. Patricia, Gildea; Jerry M., Melille; Bruce, Peterson; Edward, B. Rastetter; Paul, A. Steudler (1989). "Continental scale models of water balance and fluvial transport: An application to South America". Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 3 (3): 241–265. Bibcode:1989GBioC...3..241V. doi:10.1029/GB003i003p00241.
  4. ^ a b c Gupta, Avijit (2007). Large rivers: geomorphology and management. John Wiley and Sons. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-470-84987-3. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  5. ^ a b c d Igor Alekseevich, Shiklomanov (2009). Hydrological Cycle Volume III. EOLSS Publications. ISBN 978-1-84826-026-9.
  6. ^ Webersik, Christian (2010). Climate Change and Security: A Gathering Storm of Global Challenges: A Gathering Storm of Global Challenges. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-38007-5.[page needed]
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  8. ^ CHEN, Na (3 December 2012). "Chinese Scientists Pinpoint Source of Huaihe River". Chinese Academy of Sciences. Xinhua.
  9. ^ a b Aiguo, Dai; Kevin, E. Trenberth (2002). "Estimates of Freshwater Discharge from Continents: Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations". Journal of Hydrometeorology. 3 (6): 660–687. Bibcode:2002JHyMe...3..660D. doi:10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0660:EOFDFC>2.0.CO;2.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g José Rafael, Córdova; Marcelo González, Sanabria. "La geografía del agua" (PDF).
  11. ^ Carlos Andrés, Lasso Alcalá; Mónica Andrea, Morales Betancourt (2022). XXI. PECES DEL FONDO DEL RÍO ORINOCO Y AFLUENTES PRINCIPALES (COLOMBIA-VENEZUELA): diversidad y aspectos bioecológicos. doi:10.21068/eh9789585183629. ISBN 978-958-5183-65-0.
  12. ^ a b c d "Yangzi Jiang-Chang Jiang (Yangtze)".
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "PLANO ESTADUAL DE RECURSOS HÍDRICOS DO AMAZONAS, (PERH/AM) - RT 03 - DIAGNÓSTICO, PROGNÓSTICO E CENÁRIOS FUTUROS DO RECURSOS HÍDRICOS DO ESTADO - TOMO III" (PDF). Jan 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2021-10-03.
  14. ^ a b c d e Balance hídrico en la Cuenca del Plata. Disponibilidad y usos, considerando escenarios futuros. Modelos de gestión [Water balance in the La Plata Basin. Availability and uses, considering future scenarios. Management models] (PDF) (in Spanish). Comité Intergubernamental Coordinador de los Países de la Cuenca del Plata. December 2016. ISBN 978-987-4187-09-3.[page needed]
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