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List of unions affiliated with the AFL–CIO

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Below is a list of unions affiliated with the AFL-CIO. Since the founding of the AFL in 1886, the AFL-CIO and its predecessor bodies have been the dominant labor federation (at least in terms of the number of member workers, if not influence) in the United States. As of 2014, the labor federation had approximately 12.7 million members.[1][2] As of 2015, the AFL–CIO had 56 member unions.[3][4]

Historical context

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AFL forms

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On December 8, 1886, the five-year-old Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions dissolved itself and became the American Federation of Labor (AFL).[5][6][7][8] In its first half-century, a large number of trade and labor unions formed, joined the AFL, and either merged with other unions or ceased to exist.[5][7][8] Many unions,[5][7][8] particularly those in the construction industry and affiliated building trades,[9] disaffiliated from the AFL for a variety of reasons. Some rejoined; some did not.

Throughout the AFL's history, jurisdictional issues caused a number of disaffiliations.[5][7][8][9][10] In contrast to its early rival, the Knights of Labor, the AFL had adopted a policy of forming and admitting to membership (with a few limited, and notable, exceptions such as the United Mine Workers and Brewery Workers) only craft unions—unions whose membership was limited to workers with a single, narrow skill-set.[5][7][8] But industrialization, with its emphasis on teams rather than individual workers manufacturing a product, disadvantaged craft unions in the drive to organize workers.[5][7][8] A notable example was the effort to unionize the steel industry, where the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers' adherence to craft unionism was a factor in the failure of many unionization drives.[11] Some unions, including some large ones such as the Mine Workers, began advocating for a shift toward industrial unionism, where a union would organize all workers (regardless of skills) in a single company, market, or industry.[12]

CIO splits, 1936–1955

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The battle between the craft and industrial union philosophies led to a major membership loss for the AFL in 1935. In the first years of the Great Depression, a number of AFL member unions advocated for a relaxation of the strict "craft union only" membership policy but to no avail.[12][13] In 1932, Mine Workers president John L. Lewis privately proposed to several like-minded union presidents that those unions which wanted to organize workers on an industrial basis form a group to begin to do just that.[14] The group met informally for three years, and lost a number of jurisdictional battles over potential or newly organized workers.[12][13] Eight national unions formally organized themselves into the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) on November 9, 1935.[12][13] On September 10, 1936, the AFL suspended all 10 CIO unions (two more had joined in the previous year) and their four million members.[12][13] In 1938, these unions formed the Congress of Industrial Organizations as a rival labor federation.[12][13]

Over the next 20 years, both the AFL and CIO would lose member unions.[5][8] The AFL would purge some member unions for advocating industrial unionism (notably the United Auto Workers and the United Rubber Workers) or for supporting political philosophies it felt were antithetical to its purposes.[5][8] It also reaffiliated some unions which had joined the CIO.[12] The CIO, for its part, expelled a number of unions in 1948 after concluding they had become infiltrated by Communists (at least one additional union disaffiliated rather than be expelled).[12] Both the AFL and CIO would form new unions to compete with those they had expelled, with varying degrees of success.[5][8][12]

AFL–CIO, 1955–1999

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By the early 1950s, however, the disagreement over craft and industrial unionism had largely ceased to exist.[12] In 1955, the AFL and CIO merged to forming a new entity known as the American Federation of Labor–Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL–CIO).[12][15] Over the next five decades, the AFL–CIO continued to gain and lose member unions. After a series of particularly divisive union raids on one another as well as repeated jurisdictional squabbles, the AFL adopted Article 20 of its constitution, which prevented its member unions from raiding one another[16]—a policy retained in the AFL–CIO constitution.[5][8] Theoretically, violation of Article 20 could lead to expulsion, but corruption soon became much more important than jurisdictional issues. After hearings by the Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management led to major revelations regarding the dominance of several AFL-CIO unions by organized crime, new rules were enacted by the AFL–CIO's Executive Council that provided for the removal of vice presidents engaged in corruption as well as the ejection of unions considered corrupt.[17] The labor federation expelled the International Brotherhood of Teamsters on corruption charges on December 6, 1957.[18]

Membership changes continued, albeit at a markedly lower level, throughout the last four decades of the 20th century. On a few occasions, unions in the construction industry disaffiliated and reaffiliated.[9] The most important membership changes, however, occurred in 1968. The United Auto Workers (UAW) disaffiliated from the AFL-CIO on July 1, 1968, after UAW President Walter Reuther and AFL–CIO President George Meany could not come to agreement on a wide range of national public policy issues or on reforms regarding AFL–CIO governance.[19] A few days after the UAW's disaffiliation, the UAW and the Teamsters formed a new labor federation, the Alliance for Labor Action (ALA).[20] Several smaller AFL–CIO unions either joined the ALA and were expelled from the AFL–CIO for dual unionism or disaffiliated and joined the ALA.[21] The ALA was not successful, however, and ceased to exist in January 1972.[22] Over the years, most of the unions which had been expelled or left the AFL–CIO rejoined it. For example, the UAW re-affiliated on July 1, 1981,[23] and the Teamsters did so on October 24, 1987.[24]

21st century

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The AFL–CIO saw several disaffiliations in the first decade of the 21st century. The United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America disaffiliated from the AFL–CIO on March 29, 2001, disagreeing with the labor federation's rapid expansion in spending.[25] After lengthy debate and disagreement over dues levels, the governance structure, the leadership, and the philosophy of the AFL–CIO, the Laborers' International Union of North America, Service Employees International Union, Teamsters, UNITE HERE, United Farm Workers, and United Food and Commercial Workers disaffiliated from the AFL–CIO to form the Change to Win, a new national union federation.[26] The Carpenters joined the new federation as well.[27]

After the split, the AFL–CIO gained two new members. The 100,000-member independent California School Employees Association joined the federation in August 2001,[28] and the 65,000-member independent California Nurses Association joined in March 2007.[29] After a lengthy and divisive internal leadership struggle within UNITE HERE, 100,000 members of the union's apparel division disaffiliated from the national union in March 2009, formed a new union called Workers United, and affiliated their union with SEIU.[30] The remaining 265,000 members of UNITE HERE reaffiliated with the AFL–CIO on September 16, 2009.[31]

LIUNA rejoined the AFL–CIO in August 2010.[32] Three years later, UFCW did as well.[33] The National Football League Players Association (NFLPA) was decertified in 2010 as players faced a lockout, but reformed and rejoined the AFL–CIO in 2011.[34] The National Taxi Workers Alliance (also known as the New York Taxi Workers Alliance) affiliated with the AFL–CIO as well. It was the first non-traditional workers' organization to do so since the early 1960s.[35] However, the International Longshore and Warehouse Union disaffiliated from the federation on August 30, 2013, accusing the AFL–CIO of unwillingness to punish other unions when their members crossed ILWU picket lines and over federal legislative policy issues.[36]

AFL–CIO membership criteria

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Article III of the AFL–CIO constitution, as amended, addresses membership in the AFL–CIO.[37] Membership is limited to national and international unions and to certain subordinate bodies of the AFL–CIO (such as organizing committees, directly affiliated local unions, departments, and state and local central labor bodies).[38] Article III, Section 4(a) gives the Executive Council (or the President, if the Executive Council so designates) the power to approve new affiliations, and restricts new affiliates to union whose jurisdiction does not conflict with the jurisdiction of existing members (unless the existing members authorize such affiliation).

[39] Article III, Section 4(b) provides for provisional charters and the attaching of conditions to provisional charters.[39] Section 5 declares that charters shall not be revoked without a two-thirds affirmative vote of the convention, and for the restoration of charters upon a two-thirds vote of either the convention or Executive Council.[40] Section 7 provides for the expulsion of member unions if they are "officered, controlled or dominated by persons whose policies and activities are consistently directed toward the achievement of the program or purposes of authoritarianism, totalitarianism, terrorism and other forces that suppress individual liberties and freedom of association".

[41] Article X, Section 8 gives the Executive Council the authority to investigate "any situation in which there is reason to believe that any affiliate is dominated, controlled or substantially influenced in the conduct of its affairs by any corrupt influence" and upon a two-thirds vote suspend any member found to be so influenced.[42] Article X, Section 17 permits the Executive Council to establish a code of ethical conduct for the AFL–CIO, its departments and councils, and its staff; to require member unions to also establish such codes; and upon a two-thirds vote to suspend any member found to be in violation of such codes.[43]

Article III, Section 8, amended in 2005, establishes that it is the official policy of the AFL–CIO to encourage its members with overlapping and/or conflicting jurisdiction to merge, to encourage smaller unions to merge into larger ones, and to encourage member unions to reduce overlapping jurisdiction.[44][45]

Article IV of the AFL–CIO constitution provides for representation of members at the quadrennial convention.[46] Article X of the AFL–CIO constitution provides for an Executive Council, and for representation of members on this council.[47]

Article XI of the AFL–CIO constitution provides for a General Board, and for representation of members on this board.[48]

Currently affiliated unions

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This is a list of AFL–CIO affiliated member unions:

Formerly affiliated unions

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Union Abbreviation Founded[49] Affiliated[49] Left[49] Reason left[49] Membership (1957)[50] Membership (1980)[51]
1199 National Health and Human Services Employees' Union 1932 1996 1998 Merged into SEIU N/A N/A
Air Line Dispatchers' Association ALDA 1955 1977 Dissolved 550 N/A
Aluminum, Brick and Glass Workers' International Union ABG 1982 1982 1996 Merged into USW N/A N/A
Aluminum Workers' International Union AWIU 1953 1955 1982 Merged into ABG 24,000 29,000
Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America ACWA 1914 1955 1976 Merged into ACTWU 385,000 N/A
Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union ACTWU 1976 1976 1995 Merged into UNITE N/A 526,000
Amalgamated Lithographers of America ALA 1915 1955 1958 Disaffiliated 32,000 N/A
Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen of North America AMC 1897 1955 1979 Merged into UFCW 310,000 N/A
American Bakery and Confectionery Workers' International Union ABC 1957 1957 1969 Merged into BCTGM N/A N/A
American Federation of Grain Millers AFGM 1936 1955 1999 Merged into BCTGM 39,000 35,000
American Federation of Hosiery Workers AFHW 1915 1955 1976 Merged into ACTWU 10,000 N/A
American Flint Glass Workers' Union AFGWU 1878 1955 2003 Merged into USW 35,000 33,375
American Newspaper Guild ANG 1933 1955 1995 Merged into CWA 29,000 33,518
American Railway and Airway Supervisors' Association ARASA 1934 1955 1980 Merged into TCU 8,000 7,054
American Wire Weavers' Protective Association WWPA 1900 1955 1964 Suspended 431 N/A
Association of Flight Attendants AFA 1945 1984 2003 Merged into CWA N/A N/A
Barbers' and Beauty Culturists' Union of America BBC 1939 1955 1956 Merged into BBAIIA N/A N/A
Barbers, Beauticians and Allied Industries International Association BBAIIA 1887 1955 1980 Merged into UFCW 72,000 40,000
Boot and Shoe Workers' Union BSWU 1895 1955 1977 Merged into RCIU 40,000 N/A
Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers BofLE 1883 1989 2004 Merged into IBT N/A N/A
Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen BofLF&E 1873 1956 1969 Merged into UTU 97,000 N/A
Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employes BMWE 1887 1955 2004 Merged into IBT 225,000 119,203
Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen BRT 1883 1957 1969 Merged into UTU 217,462 N/A
Brotherhood of Railway Carmen BRC 1890 1955 1986 Merged into TCU 129,804 93,737
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters BSCP 1925 1955 1978 Merged into TCU 10,000 N/A
California Nurses Association CNA 1903 2007 2009 Merged into NNA N/A N/A
Cigar Makers' International Union CMIU 1864 1955 2003 Merged into RWDSU 8,046
Coopers' International Union of North America CIUNA 1864 1955 1992 Merged into GMP 3,900 1,056
Distillery, Wine and Allied Workers' International Union DWAW 1940 1955 1996 Merged into UFCW 25,000 26,600
Flight Engineers' International Association FEIA 1948 1955 2000 Dissolved 2,300 1,720
Glass Bottle Blowers' Association GBBA 1895 1955 1982 Merged into GPPAW 51,650 81,000
Glass, Molders, Pottery, Plastics and Allied Workers International Union GMPIU 1988 1988 2018 Merged into USW N/A N/A
Glass, Pottery, Plastics and Allied Workers' International Union GPPAW 1982 1982 1988 Merged into GMP N/A N/A
Granite Cutters' International Association of America GCIA 1877 1955 1980 Merged into TMT 4,000 N/A
Graphic Arts International Union GAIU 1972 1972 1983 Merged into GCIU N/A 88,837
Graphic Communications International Union GCIU 1983 1983 2005 Merged into IBT N/A N/A
Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Union HERE 1891 1955 2004 Merged into UNITE HERE 441,000 403,890
Industrial Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers of America IUMSWA 1933 1955 1988 Merged into IAM 40,000 25,000
Insurance Agents' International Union IAIU 1951 1955 1959 Merged into IWIU 11,000 N/A
Insurance Workers' International Union IWIU 1959 1959 1983 Merged into UFCW N/A 20,000
Insurance Workers of America IWA 1950 1955 1959 Merged into IWIU 13,000 N/A
International Alliance of Bill Posters, Billers and Distributors of the United States and Canada BPBD 1902 1955 1977 Dissolved 1,600 N/A
International Association of Cleaning and Dye House Workers CDHW 1937 1955 1956 Merged into LWIU N/A N/A
International Association of Siderographers IAS 1899 1955 1992 Merged into IAM 45 15
International Broom and Whisk Makers' Union BWM 1893 1955 1962 Dissolved 380 N/A
International Brotherhood of Firemen and Oilers IBFO 1898 1955 2008 Merged into SEIU 50,000 43,000
International Brotherhood of Longshoremen IBL 1953 1955 1959 Merged into ILA 30,000 N/A
International Brotherhood of Pottery and Allied Workers IBPAW 1890 1955 1982 Merged into GPPAW 26,000 16,938
International Brotherhood of Papermakers IBP 1902 1955 1957 Merged into UPP N/A N/A
International Brotherhood of Pulp, Sulphite, and Paper Mill Workers IBPSPMW 1906 1955 1972 Merged into UPIU 165,000 N/A
International Brotherhood of Teamsters IBT 1903 1955 2005 Transferred to CtW 1,368,082 1,923,896
International Chemical Workers' Union ICWU 1940 1955 1996 Merged into UFCW 84,299 65,800
International Glove Workers' Union of America IGWUA 1902 1955 1961 Merged into ACTWU 3,100 N/A
International Jewelry Workers' Union IJWU 1916 1955 1980 Merged into SEIU 32,000 9,500
International Ladies Garment Workers Union ILGWU 1900 1955 1995 Merged into UNITE 450,802 348,380
International Leather Goods, Plastic and Novelty Workers' Union ILGPNWU 1937 1955 1996 Merged into SEIU 31,700 27,000
International Longshore and Warehouse Union ILWU 1937 1988 2013 Disaffiliated N/A N/A
International Molders and Allied Workers Union IMAWU 1859 1955 1988 Merged into GMP 72,593 66,449
International Photo-Engravers Union of North America IPEU 1904 1955 1964 Merged into LPIU 16,739 N/A
International Printing and Graphics Communications Union IPGCU 1973 1973 1983 Merged into GCIU N/A 120,000
International Printing Pressmen and Assistants' Union of North America IPPU 1889 1955 1973 Merged into IPGCU 104,000 N/A
International Stereotypers' and Electrotypers' Union ISEU 1902 1955 1973 Merged into IPGCU 13,577 N/A
International Typographical Union ITU 1852 1955 1987 Merged into CWA 99,179 88,876
International Union, Allied Industrial Workers of America AIW 1935 1955 1994 Merged into UPIU 80,000 90,686
International Union of United Brewery, Flour, Cereal, Soft Drink and Distillery Workers IUB 1886 1955 1973 Merged into IBT 62,000 N/A
International Union of Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers IUE 1949 1955 2000 Merged into CWA 397,412 255,427
International Union of Journeymen Horseshoers of the United States and Canada IUJAT 1874 1955 2002 Merged into USW 260 400
International Union of Wood, Wire and Metal Lathers WWML 1899 1955 1979 Merged into UBC 16,500 N/A
International Woodworkers of America IWA 1937 1955 1994 Merged into IAM 98,517 117,691
Journeymen Stonecutters' Association of North America JSANA 1907 1955 1968 Merged into LIUNA 1,900 N/A
Laundry Workers' International Union LWIU 1900 1955 1957 Suspended 90,000 N/A
Leather Workers' International Union of America LWU 1955 1955 1992 Merged into OPEIU 5,743 2,110
Lithographers' and Photoengravers' International Union LPIU 1964 1964 1972 Merged into GAIU N/A N/A
Mechanics Educational Society of America MESA 1933 1955 1997 Merged into UAW 49,423 25,000
Metal Polishers', Buffers', Platers' and Allied Workers' International Union MPBP 1892 1955 1996 Merged into IBB 25,000 10,000
National Agricultural Workers' Union NAWU 1934 1955 1970 4,500 N/A
National Association of Broadcast Employees and Technicians NABET 1934 1955 1994 Merged into CWA 5,100 7,300
National Association of Master Mechanics and Foremen of Naval Shore Establishments NAMMFNSE 1933 1955 1964 Disaffiliated 556 N/A
National Association of Post Office and Postal Transportation Service Mail Handlers, Watchmen and Messengers POMH 1912 1955 1968 Merged into LIUNA 9,000 N/A
National Association of Post Office and General Services Maintenance Employees NAPOGSME 1937 1966 1971 Merged into APWU N/A N/A
National Federation of Post Office Clerks NFPOC 1906 1955 1961 Merged into UFPC 97,052 N/A
National Federation of Post Office Motor Vehicle Employees NFPOMVE 1924 1958 1971 Merged into APWU N/A N/A
National Association of Special Delivery Messengers SDM 1932 1955 1971 Merged into APWU 2,000 N/A
National Maritime Union of America NMU 1937 1955 2001 Merged into SIU 40,000 50,000
National Postal Transport Association NPTA 1898 1955 1961 Merged into UFPC 26,800 N/A
National Union of Hospital and Health Care Employees NUHHCE 1973 1984 1989 Disaffiliated N/A N/A
Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union OCAW 1917 1955 1999 Merged into PACE 183,000 180,000
Order of Railroad Telegraphers ORT 1886 1955 1969 Merged into TCU 65,267 N/A
Paper, Allied-Industrial, Chemical and Energy Workers International Union PACE 1999 1999 2005 Merged into USW N/A N/A
Pattern Makers' League of North America PMLNA 1887 1955 1991 Merged into IAM 15,000 9,600
Radio and Television Directors' Guild RTDG 1947 1955 1960 Merged into DGA 800 N/A
Railroad Yardmasters of America RYA 1912 1955 1985 Merged into UTU 4,610 4,701
Railway Patrolmen's International Union RPIU 1949 1955 1969 Merged into TCU 3,201 N/A
Retail Clerks International Union RCIU 1890 1955 1979 Merged into UFCW 300,000 N/A
Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union RWDSU 1937 1955 1993 Merged into UFCW 117,668 198,000
Service Employees International Union SEIU 1921 1955 2005 Transferred to CtW 230,000 625,000
Sheet Metal Workers' International Association SMWIA 1888 1955 2014 Merged into SMART 50,000 158,528
Stove, Furnace and Allied Appliance Workers' International Union of North America SFAW 1894 1955 1994 Merged into IBB 9,183 6,400
Switchmen's Union of North America SUNA 1894 1955 1964 Merged into UTU 18,800 N/A
Textile Workers Union of America TWUA 1939 1955 1976 Merged into ACTWU 202,700 N/A
Tile, Marble, Terrazzo, Finishers', Shopworkers' and Granite Cutters' International Union TMT 1901 1955 1988 Merged into UBC 8,200 9,300
Tobacco Workers International Union TWIU 1895 1955 1978 Merged into BCTGM 34,686 N/A
Transportation Communications International Union TCU 1899 1955 2012 Merged into IAM 350,000 201,083
Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees UNITE 1995 1995 2004 Merged into UNITE HERE N/A N/A
United American Nurses UAN 1999 2001 2009 Merged into NNU N/A N/A
United Brick and Clay Workers of America UBCWA 1917 1955 1981 Merged into ABG 15,000
United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America UBC 1867 1955 2001 Disaffiliated 850,000 780,398
United Cement, Lime and Gypsum Workers International Union UCLGWIU 1939 1955 1984 Merged into IBB 40,000 36,800
United Farm Workers of America UFW 1962 1972 2006 Transferred to CtW N/A 25,000
United Federation of Postal Clerks UFPC 1961 1961 1971 Merged into APWU N/A N/A
United Furniture Workers of America UFWA 1937 1955 1987 Merged into IUE 50,000 27,042
United Garment Workers of America UGWA 1891 1955 1994 Merged into UFCW 40,000 31,000
United Glass and Ceramics Workers of North America UGCWNA 1937 1955 1982 Merged into ABG 53,000 34,539
United Hatters, Cap and Millinery Workers International Union UHCMW 1934 1955 1983 Merged into ACTWU 40,000 10,000
United Packinghouse Workers of America UPWA 1943 1955 1968 Merged into AMC 150,000 N/A
United Papermakers and Paperworkers UPP 1957 1957 1972 Merged into UPIU 130,000 N/A
United Paperworkers of America UPA 1944 1955 1957 Merged into UPP N/A N/A
United Paperworkers' International Union UPIU 1972 1972 1999 Merged into PACE N/A 284,329
United Rubber, Cork, Linoleum, and Plastic Workers of America URW 1935 1955 1995 Merged into USW 178,017 199,990
United Shoe Workers of America USWA 1937 1955 1979 Merged into ACTWA 60,000 N/A
United Stone and Allied Products Workers of America USAPWA 1903 1955 1970 Merged into USW 13,260 N/A
United Telegraph Workers UTW 1903 1955 1986 Merged into CWA 32,000 11,466
United Textile Workers of America UTW 1901 1955 1996 Merged into UFCW 100,000 40,000
United Transportation Union UTU 1969 1969 2014 Merged into SMART N/A 175,500
United Transport Service Employees of America UTSEA 1942 1955 1972 Merged into TCIU 6,500 N/A
United Wall Paper Craftsmen and Workers of North America UWPC 1923 1955 1958 Merged into IBPSPMW 1,500 N/A
Upholsterers International Union of North America UIU 1882 1955 1985 Merged into USW 55,569 48,920
Window Glass Cutters' League of America WCGLA 1917 1955 1975 Merged into GBBA 1,600 N/A

Disaffiliated and re-affiliated

  • International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT or Teamsters) – expelled by AFL–CIO in 1957 for corruption; re-affiliated with AFL–CIO in 1987; disaffiliated in 2005 and became founding member union of Change to Win
  • Laborers' International Union of North America (LIUNA) – founding member union of Change to Win in 2005, but re-affiliated with the AFL–CIO in 2010
  • UNITE HERE – founding member union of Change to Win in 2005, but re-affiliated with the AFL–CIO in 2009
  • United Auto Workers (UAW) – disaffiliated in 1968 to form the Alliance for Labor Action with the Teamsters, re-affiliated in 1981
  • United Food and Commercial Workers – founding member union of Change to Win in 2005, but re-affiliated with the AFL–CIO in 2013

See also

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References

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  1. ^ US Department of Labor, Office of Labor-Management Standards. File number 000-106. Report submitted September 26, 2014.
  2. ^ Form LM-2 Labor Organization Annual Report. AFL-CIO National Headquarters. File Number 000-106. June 30, 2008. Archived July 2, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2009-09-19
  3. ^ "AFL-CIO". Annenberg Public Policy Center. June 17, 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  4. ^ "AFL-CIO Unions". AFL–CIO. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Dubofsky, Melvyn and Dulles, Foster Rhea. Labor in America: A History. 6th ed. Wheeling, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, Inc., 1999. ISBN 0-88295-979-4
  6. ^ Foner, Philip. History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Vol. 1: From Colonial Times to the Founding of the American Federation of Labor. New York: International Publishers, 1947. ISBN 0-7178-0089-X
  7. ^ a b c d e f Foner, Philip S. History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Vol. 2: From the Founding of the American Federation of Labor to the Emergence of American Imperialism. New York: International Publishers, 1955. ISBN 0-7178-0092-X
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Rayback, Joseph G. A History of American Labor. Rev. and exp. ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1966. ISBN 0-02-925850-2
  9. ^ a b c Palladino, Grace. Skilled Hands, Strong Spirits: A Century of Building Trades History. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8014-4320-2
  10. ^ Foner, Philip S. History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Vol. 3: The Policies and Practices of the American Federation of Labor, 1900–1909. Paperback ed. New York: International Publishers, 1964. ISBN 0-7178-0389-9; Foner, Philip S. History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Vol. 4: Industrial Workers of the World. Paperback ed. New York: International Publishers, 1965. ISBN 0-7178-0396-1; Foner, Philip S. History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Vol. 5: The AFL in the Progressive Era, 1910–1915. Paperback ed. New York: International Publishers, 1980. ISBN 0-7178-0562-X; Foner, Philip S. History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Vol. 8: Postwar Struggles, 1918–1920. Paperback ed. New York: International Publishers, 1988. ISBN 0-7178-0652-9
  11. ^ Brody, David. Steelworkers in America: The Nonunion Era. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1969. ISBN 0-252-06713-4; Brody, David. "The Origins of Modern Steel Unionism: The SWOC Era." In Forging a Union of Steel: Philip Murray, SWOC, and the United Steelworkers. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, 1987. ISBN 0-87546-134-4
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Galenson, Walter. The CIO Challenge to the AFL: A History of the American Labor Movement. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960. ISBN 0-674-13150-9; Phelan, Craig. William Green: Biography of a Labor Leader. Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, 1989. ISBN 0-88706-871-5; Zieger, Robert H. The CIO 1935-1955. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. ISBN 0-8078-2182-9
  13. ^ a b c d e Bernstein, Irving. The Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933-1941. Paperback ed. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin Co., 1970. ISBN 0-395-11778-X
  14. ^ Dubofsky, Melvyn and Van Tine, Warren. John L. Lewis: A Biography. Reprint ed. Champaign, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-252-01287-7
  15. ^ Goldberg, Arthur J. AFL–CIO: Labor United. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1956.
  16. ^ Levey, "Union Raiding Ban Drafted By A.F.L.," New York Times, August 14, 1954.
  17. ^ Loftus, Joseph A. "Meany Summons Council to Weigh Beck Suspension." New York Times. April 17, 1956; Raskin, A.H. "Meany Wins Round Against Underworld." New York Times. April 29, 1956; Loftus, Joseph A. "A.F.L.-C.I.O. Votes to Curb Rackets." New York Times. August 30, 1956; Loftus, Joseph A. "Union Questioned On Hiding of Data." New York Times. January 18, 1957.
  18. ^ "A.F.L.-C.I.O. to Go Ahead With Expulsion of Teamsters." New York Times. December 4, 1957; Raskin, A.H. "Meany Will Drop Teamster Ouster If Hoffa Gets Out." New York Times. December 5, 1957; "Teamsters Await Expulsion Today." New York Times. December 6, 1957; Raskin, A.H. "A.F.L.-C.I.O. Ousts Teamsters Union By Vote of 5 to 1." New York Times. December 7, 1957.
  19. ^ Lichtenstein, Nelson. The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit: Walter Reuther and the Fate of American Labor. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1995. ISBN 0-252-06626-X
  20. ^ Janson, Donald. "U.A.W. and Teamsters Form Alliance." New York Times. July 24, 1968; Stetson, Damon. "2 Biggest Unions Set Up Alliance." New York Times. May 27, 1969; "Mr. Clean and the Outcast." Time. June 6, 1969.
  21. ^ "Chemical Workers Join Reuther Group." United Press International. September 19, 1968; Stetson, Damon. "A.F.L.-C.I.O. Expels the Chemical Workers for Ties to Reuther." New York Times. October 4, 1969; Stetson, Damon. "Local Union of Retail Workers Is Near Split With Parent Body." New York Times. March 21, 1969; "New Union Is Formed." Associated Press. May 25, 1969.
  22. ^ Salpuka, Agis. "U.A.W., in Debt, Halts Funds For Alliance With Teamsters." New York Times. July 6, 1971; Salpuka, Agis. "A Labor Alliance to Be Dissolved." New York Times. January 25, 1972.
  23. ^ Peterson, Iver. "After 13 Years, Auto Union Joins A.F.L.-C.I.O. Again." New York Times. July 2, 1981.
  24. ^ Noble, Kenneth. "Teamsters Gain A Readmittance to A.F.L.-C.I.O." New York Times. October 25, 1987.
  25. ^ "Carpenters’ Union Cuts Ties With AFL-CIO Over Direction." Las Vegas Sun. March 30, 2001; Bernstein, Aaron. "A Mutiny in the AFL-CIO." BusinessWeek. March 29, 2001.
  26. ^ SEIU and the Teamsters left in July 2005. UFCW left in August 2005. UNITE HERE disaffiliated in September 2005. The Farm Workers disaffiliated on January 1, 2006. The Laborers left on May 21, 2006. See: Amber, Michelle and Bologna, Michael. "Departure of SEIU, Teamsters Creates Split Within AFL-CIO on Convention's Opening Day." Labor Relations Week. July 28, 2005; "UFCW Becomes Third Union to Leave AFL-CIO in One Week." Labor Relations Week. August 4, 2005; "UNITE HERE Disaffiliates From AFL-CIO, Citing Differences Over Organizing, Politics." Labor Relations Week. September 15, 2005; "Laborers Plan to Leave AFL-CIO." Wall Street Journal. September 24, 2005; "Organized Labor Fails to Heal Rift." Associated Press. April 25, 2006; "Laborers Union Breaks Free From AFL-CIO." Associated Press. May 22, 2006.
  27. ^ "Carpenters Joins Five AFL-CIO Unions in Coalition to Rebuild Labor Movement." Labor Relations Week. June 30, 2005.
  28. ^ "Union of California School Workers Votes for AFL-CIO Affiliation." Associated Press. August 1, 2001.
  29. ^ Greenhouse, Steven. "California: Nurses' Union Joins A.F.L.-C.I.O." New York Times. March 10, 2007.
  30. ^ Greenhouse, Steve. "Union Dissidents Vote to Secede and Realign." New York Times. March 23, 2009; Greenhouse, Steven. "Infighting Distracts Unions at Crucial Time." New York Times. July 8, 2009.
  31. ^ Greenhouse, Steve. "Union Rejoining A.F.L.-C.I.O." New York Times. September 17, 2009; Stutz, Howard. "Culinary Parent UNITE HERE Rejoins AFL-CIO, Ending Four-Year Separation." Las Vegas Review-Journal. September 18, 2009.
  32. ^ Trottman, Melanie. "LIUNA Move to Rejoin AFL-CIO Is Win for Trumka." Wall Street Journal. August 16, 2010.
  33. ^ "AFL-CIO Wins Back United Food and Commercial Workers." Wall Street Journal. August 8, 2013.
  34. ^ Jamieson, Dave. "NFL Players Union Rejoins AFL-CIO." Huffington Post. August 29, 2011. Accessed 2013-09-01.
  35. ^ Massey, Daniel. "City Taxi Drivers' Organization Joins AFL-CIO." Crain's New York Business. October 20, 2011. Accessed 2013-09-01.
  36. ^ "Longshore Union Pulls Out of National AFL-CIO." Associated Press. August 31, 2013. Archived April 13, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2013-08-31.
  37. ^ Article III: Affiliates. Constitution of the AFL–CIO. Archived 2005-09-03 at the Library of Congress Web Archives Accessed 2009-09-19.
  38. ^ Article III, Section 1, Constitution of the AFL–CIO.
  39. ^ a b Article III, Section 4(a), Constitution of the AFL–CIO.
  40. ^ Article III, Section 5, Constitution of the AFL–CIO.
  41. ^ Article III, Section 7, Constitution of the AFL–CIO.
  42. ^ Article X, Section 8 Archived 2005-09-03 at the Library of Congress Web Archives, Constitution of the AFL–CIO.
  43. ^ Article X, Section 17 Archived 2005-09-03 at the Library of Congress Web Archives, Constitution of the AFL–CIO.
  44. ^ Article III, Section 8, Constitution of the AFL–CIO.
  45. ^ "AFL-CIO Leaders Endorse Plan to Create Coordinating Bodies for Contracts, Organizing." Labor Relations Week. July 14, 2005; "Executive Council Approves Plan, Budget to Increase Support for Organizing, Politics." Labor Relations Week. June 30, 2005.
  46. ^ Article IV: Convention. Constitution of the AFL–CIO. Archived 2005-09-03 at the Library of Congress Web Archives Accessed 2009-09-19.
  47. ^ Article X: Executive Council. Constitution of the AFL–CIO. Archived 2005-09-03 at the Library of Congress Web Archives Accessed 2009-09-19.
  48. ^ Article XI: General Board. Constitution of the AFL–CIO. Archived 2005-09-03 at the Library of Congress Web Archives Accessed 2009-09-19.
  49. ^ a b c d "Inactive Organizations" (PDF). UMD Labor Collections. University of Maryland. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  50. ^ Directory of National and International Labor Unions in the United States (PDF). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Labor. 1957. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
  51. ^ Directory of National Unions and Employee Associations (PDF). Washington DC: United States Department of Labor. 1980. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
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