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Lithuanian Auxiliary Police

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The Lithuanian Auxiliary Police was a Schutzmannschaft formation formed during the German occupation of Lithuania between 1941 and 1944, with the first battalions originating from the most reliable freedom fighters, disbanded following the 1941 anti-Soviet Lithuanian June Uprising in 1941.[3] Lithuanian activists hoped that these units would be the basis of a reestablished Lithuanian Army commanded by the Lithuanian Provisional Government.[4] Instead, they were put under the orders of the SS- und Polizeiführer in Lithuania.[5]

Lithuanian Auxiliary Police
Litauische Hilfspolizei
Lithuanian Schutzmannschaft standing in formation in Vilnius Cathedral Square
ActiveJuly 9, 1941 (1941-07-09) - May 1945 (1945-05)
Country Lithuania
TypeSchutzmannschaft
Operations jurisdiction
German-occupied Europe including:[1]
  • Lithuania
  • Belarus
  • Northern Russia
  • Ukraine
  • Poland
Commanders
Notable
commanders

Lithuanian auxiliary policemen were divided into four types. The first three were: regular law enforcement policemen, firefighting policemen, and auxiliary units grouped into platoons that assisted the local police when needed.[2] The last were Lithuanian Schutzmannschaft battalions, closed formations organized into battalions, companies, platoons and groups.[2]

The battalions were charged with internal security duties and engaged in anti-partisan operations in the Wehrmacht's rear areas, e.g. Ukraine, Belarus, Poland and Northwest Russia.[6] Some battalions took part in the Holocaust, most notably the 12th and the 13th battalions, which started as the Lithuanian TDA Battalions. These two battalions were responsible for an estimated 78,000 Jewish deaths in Lithuania and Belarus.[citation needed] While the battalions were often deployed outside Lithuania, they generally did not participate in combat. In total, 26 battalions were formed and approximately 20,000[7] men served in them.[8] In July to September 1944, the remaining units were combined into two Lithuanian Volunteer Infantry Regiments[9]

Terminology

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The units are known under a number of names. German documents referred to them as Ordnungsdienst (order service), Selbstschutz (self-defense), and Hilfspolizei (auxiliary police).[10] From September 1941, they became known as Schutzmannschaft-Bataillonen (abbreviated Schuma). In Lithuanian, the police battalions were known as savisaugos batalionai (self-defense battalions), apsaugos dalys (security units), Lietuvos apsaugos dalys (LAD, security units of Lithuania).[10]

Sources and historiography

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Lithuanian Police Battalions are controversial and poorly researched.[citation needed] The main obstacle is the lack of reliable and objective data. During the war, journal Karys published frequent stories about the battalions, but to protect military secrets the articles were heavily censored to remove names, dates, and locations. During the Soviet period, when Soviet propaganda exploited tales of war crimes and actively persecuted former members of the battalions, objective research was impossible. Several members of the battalions managed to escape to the West and publish memoirs, but they gloss over the controversial aspects of the battalions and often deny Lithuanian involvement in the Holocaust.[11] Foreign researchers were hampered by lack of archival data.

When Lithuania declared independence, the archives became accessible to scholars. However, the documents are scattered in various archives in Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Germany and Russia. In addition, recordkeeping was poor, particularly towards the end of the war. The units were subject to frequent reorganizations and restructurings; sometimes the units were themselves confused about their names or numbers. In the post-war years, the KGB produced interrogation protocols of former members of the battalions, but these are not considered reliable, as confessions were often obtained through torture or fabricated outright. Nevertheless, Lithuanian scholars, primarily Arūnas Bubnys, have published several articles analyzing the structure and activities of individual battalions.[11]

Background

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Lithuanian soldier escorting a group of Lithuanian Jews in Vilnius in July 1941

In June 1940, Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union. The Soviets introduced harsh sovietization policies, including nationalization of larger enterprises, landholdings, and real estate.[12] Opponents of communism and the new regime were persecuted: an estimated 6,600 were imprisoned as "enemies of the people"[13] and another 17,600 deported to Siberia.[14] The Lithuanian Army was reorganized into the 29th Rifle Corps (179th Rifle and 184th Rifle Divisions) of the Red Army. More than 500 Lithuanian officers retired and 87 were imprisoned.[15]

The Lithuanian Activist Front was formed in Berlin by Kazys Škirpa, former Lithuanian envoy to Germany. Its goal was to organize an anti-Soviet uprising in the event of a German-Soviet war.[16] When Nazi Germany invaded Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, some Lithuanians greeted the Germans as liberators from the repressive Soviet rule.[17] Many spontaneously joined the anti-Soviet June Uprising. The Provisional Government of Lithuania declared independence and Lithuanians began to form their own military and police units in hopes of recreating the Lithuanian Army.[18] The territory of Lithuania was invaded by and divided between two German Army Groups:Army Group North took over western and northern Lithuania, and Army Group Centre took over most of the Vilnius Region.[19] Therefore, developments in Kaunas and Vilnius were parallel but separate. The Germans had no intention of giving the Lithuanians independence, so the provisional government was dissolved on August 5, 1941 and partisan units disarmed. On September 26, the LAF was also dissolved and Lithuania was incorporated into the German civil administration.[20]

Formation

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In the short period when the Lithuanians hoped to rebuild the state, they reconstituted part of the pre-war police, reaching about 40% (3,000 men) of its pre-war numbers, and began to recreate the army.[21] On July 5, however, German authorities forbade the reconstitution of the Lithuanian army, or any units other than self-defense units, which the Germans transformed into auxiliary police units.[22] In November, all auxiliary policemen in the eastern territories, including Lithuania, were considered Schutzmannschaften.[21]

Schutzmannschaften were divided into four types. The first was a regular police force, stationed in cities and provinces. The second type, closed formations, were organized into battalions, companies, platoons and groups. The third type was firefighting units. The fourth, auxiliary units grouped into platoons and companies, assisted regular police when needed.[2]

The first battalion, known as the Tautinio darbo apsaugos batalionas (TDA), was formed by the Provisional Government in Kaunas on June 28.[18] The Provisional Government was dissolved on August 5, 1941. The battalion was not dissolved and German Major Franz Lechthaler [de] took over its command.[18] On August 7, the TDA had 703 members and Lechthaler ordered it reorganized into two battalions of auxiliary police (German: Polizeihilfsdienst bataillone; Lithuanian: Pagalbinės policijos tarnyba or PPT). During August three more battalions of PPT were formed. In October, these five battalions were renamed security battalions (Lithuanian: apsaugos batalionas). In December, the five battalions were reorganized again into battalions of Schutzmannschaft.

Lithuanians massively deserted from the Soviet 29th Rifle Corps and gathered in Vilnius. They organized Lithuanian Self-defense Units (Lithuanian: Lietuvių savisaugos dalys or LSD) in Vilnius, Pabradė, Trakai, and Varėna.[23] On July 21, 1941, LSD was reorganized into the Vilnius Reconstruction Service (Lithuanian: Vilniaus atstatymo tarnyba or VAT) with three units (Work, Order, and Security). On August 1, VAT and its three units were reorganized into three battalions of Schutzmannschaft.[24] Two more battalions were organized by October 1941.

Atrocities

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Some Lithuanian auxiliary police battalions took an active part in the extermination of Jewish people in Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia and Poland and committed crimes against the Polish and Belarusian populations. For example the 12th Police Battalion liquided Jews in Kaunas in October 1941 under the command of Antanas Impulevičius. Later that the TBD 12th battalion murdered the entire Jewish population of Slutsk in Belarus. The 2nd Police Battalion served as guards at the Majdanek death camp in occupied Poland. Of 26 Lithuanian Auxiliary Police battalions, 10 were directly involved in the destruction of Jewish people in Eastern Europe.[25] According to German reports[specify], Lithuanians committed 47,000 killings of Jews in Lithuania out of all 85,000 committed by Einsatzkommando there. They also killed 50,000 Belarusian Jews during the war.[26] The largest crime against the non-Jewish civilian population by Lithuanian policemen was the killings of Polish people in the villages of Švenčionėliai and Švenčionys and their surroundings.[27]

List of Lithuanian Schutzmannschaft battalions

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BN#[n 1] Formed from Formation began Formed in First commander[n 2] Holocaust
[n 3][28]		 Location on
1942-08-26[29]		 Location on
1944-03-17[10]		 Date disbanded Further fate
1st VAT Security Unit (former LSD)[24] July 14, 1941[30] Vilnius Col Lt Jonas Juknevičius[24] Yes Vilnius Vilnius Fall 1944[31] To anti-aircraft units or Germany[31]
2nd VAT Order Unit (former LSD)[24] July 14, 1941[30] Vilnius Col Lt Petras Vertelis[30] Yes Lublin Adutiškis August 1944[30] To various German units[30]
3rd VAT Work unit (former LSD)[24] July 14, 1941[30] Vilnius Capt Pranas Ambraziūnas[32] Yes Near Minsk Near Minsk July 1944[33] To anti-aircraft units or Dresden[33]
4th 4th battalion of PPT August 30, 1941[18] Kaunas Capt Viktoras Klimavičius[18] No Stalino disbanded February 1944[34] Kovel Pocket: Soviet captivity[34]
5th 5th battalion of PPT August 28, 1941[35] Kaunas Capt Juozas Kriščiūnas[18] No[35] Dedovichi Švenčionėliai December 1944[35] To the 256th and 13th battalions[35]
6th Railway Protection Battalion[36] July 1941[36] Vilnius Capt Vincentas Ruseckas No Vilnius Vilnius August 1944[37] To anti-aircraft units or Germany[37]
7th Kaunas Capt Klimavičius Viktoras Yes Lityn disbanded January 1944[38] To the 13th[28] and 257th battalions[39]
8th Kaunas Maj Juozas Jurkūnas No Kirovohrad disbanded Nov. 20, 1943[28]
9th Kaunas Capt Mykolas Slyvėnas No Kaunas Kaunas July 1944[40] To the 1st Lithuanian Police Regiment[40]
10th - August 1941[41] Panevėžys Capt Bronius Kairiūnas[42] Yes[43] Panevėžys disbanded January 21, 1943[44] To the 14th battalion[44]
11th 3rd battalion of PPT August 15, 1941[18] Kaunas Capt Antanas Švilpa[10] Yes Korosten disbanded Late 1943[45]
12th 2nd battalion of PPT (former TDA) August 9, 1941[46] Kaunas Maj Antanas Impulevičius[18] Extensively Minsk disbanded February 1944[47] To the 15th battalion[47]
13th 1st battalion of PPT (former TDA) June 28, 1941[18] Kaunas Maj Kazys Šimkus[18] Extensively[48] Dedovichi Opochka May 1945[49] Courland Pocket: Soviet captivity[49]
14th - August 1941[50] Šiauliai Capt Stanislovas Lipčius[51] Yes[52] Šiauliai Šiauliai Summer 1944[41] To Gdańsk and Dresden[41]
15th VAT Hrodna battalion[53] July 1941[53] Vilnius Maj Albinas Levickis[54] No Baranovichi Near Minsk July 26, 1944[55] To Szczecin and Gdańsk[55]
250th - 1941 autumn Kaunas No Pskov Daugavpils
251st - Summer 1942[56] Kaunas No Kaunas disbanded February 1943[56] To the 2nd battalion[56]
252nd - May 25, 1942[30] Kaunas Maj Bronius Bajerčius[30] Yes Kaunas Lublin November 1944[30] To northern Yugoslavia[57]
253rd - May 1943[40] Kaunas Capt Vladas Aižinas[40] No n/a Lublin August 1944[40] To aviation units and Dresden[40]
254th - Spring 1942[58] Vilnius Capt Povilas Bareišis[59] No Vilnius disbanded April 1944[60] To the 258th or 259th battalions[60]
255th - July 21, 1942[61] Kaunas No Kaunas Slutsk August 1944[62] To Dresden[62]
256th - March 1943[49] Kaunas Capt Jonas Matulis[49] No n/a Panemunė May 1945[49] Courland Pocket: Soviet captivity[49]
257th 4 representative police companies[63] October 24, 1943[64] Capt V. Miliauskas[65] No n/a Svir [lt] October 1944[66] To Gdańsk[66]
258th Training units[67] April 27, 1944[67] No n/a n/a Late 1944[62] To Germany near Belgian border[62]
259th - April 1944[68] Prienai[68] No n/a n/a
Lietuva Lithuanians in Reichsarbeitsdienst[69] Koszalin[69] No n/a n/a
Notes:
  1. ^ Battalion number. Numbers 301 through 310 were assigned to the Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force.
  2. ^ Only the first commander is listed. Some of them were acting commanders, holding the post for a few weeks.
  3. ^ Indicates whether the unit participated in the Holocaust. The conclusion is based on the research by Arūnas Bubnys.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Bubnys 2017, p. 151-152.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Bubnys 2017, p. 152.
  3. ^ Mollo 1992, p. 26.
  4. ^ Caballero 2002, p. 35.
  5. ^ Arad 1990, p. 1176.
  6. ^ Caballero 2002, pp. 35–37.
  7. ^ "policijos batalionai". www.vle.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 2023-09-03.
  8. ^ Anušauskas, et al. (2005), p. 232
  9. ^ Stoliarovas (2008a), p. 16
  10. ^ a b c d Bubnys (1998a)
  11. ^ a b Stoliarovas (2008a), p. 8
  12. ^ Anušauskas, et al. (2005), pp. 116–119
  13. ^ Anušauskas, et al. (2005), p. 137
  14. ^ Anušauskas, et al. (2005), p. 140
  15. ^ Anušauskas, et al. (2005), p. 112
  16. ^ Bubnys 2017, p. 149.
  17. ^ Suziedelis (2011), p. 252
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Knezys (2000)
  19. ^ Anušauskas, et al. (2005), p. 161
  20. ^ Bubnys 2017, p. 149-150.
  21. ^ a b Bubnys 2017, p. 150.
  22. ^ Bubnys 2017, p. 151.
  23. ^ Bubnys (2008b), p. 36
  24. ^ a b c d e Bubnys (2008b), p. 37
  25. ^ Statiev 2010, p. 69
  26. ^ Statiev 2010, p. 70
  27. ^ Wnuk 2018, p. 94
  28. ^ a b c Čekutis & Žygelis (2010-04-14)
  29. ^ Bubnys (1998c), p. 120
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i Bubnys (2000)
  31. ^ a b Bubnys (2008b), p. 42
  32. ^ Bubnys (2008b), p. 43
  33. ^ a b Bubnys (2008b), p. 48
  34. ^ a b Bubnys (2008b), p. 51
  35. ^ a b c d Bubnys (2001a)
  36. ^ a b Breslavskienė (September 2010c)
  37. ^ a b Stankeras (2008), p. 566
  38. ^ Stankeras (2008), p. 567
  39. ^ Stankeras (2008), p. 534
  40. ^ a b c d e f Bubnys (1998b)
  41. ^ a b c Bubnys (2010), p. 84
  42. ^ Bubnys (2010), p. 85
  43. ^ Bubnys (2010), p. 85–86
  44. ^ a b Bubnys (2010), p. 87
  45. ^ Bubnys (2008a), p. 52
  46. ^ Stoliarovas (2008a), p. 21
  47. ^ a b Stoliarovas (2008a), p. 36
  48. ^ Bubnys (2006), pp. 48–49
  49. ^ a b c d e f Bubnys (2001b)
  50. ^ Bubnys (2010), p. 81
  51. ^ Bubnys (2010), p. 82
  52. ^ Bubnys (2010), pp. 82–83
  53. ^ a b Bubnys (2007), p. 70
  54. ^ Bubnys (2007), p. 69
  55. ^ a b Bubnys (2007), p. 76
  56. ^ a b c Bubnys (2001c)
  57. ^ Stoliarovas (2008b), p. 292
  58. ^ Bubnys (2008b), p. 52
  59. ^ Bubnys (2008b), p. 53
  60. ^ a b Bubnys (2008b), p. 54
  61. ^ Breslavskienė (August 2010b)
  62. ^ a b c d Bubnys (2009-10-17)
  63. ^ Stankeras (2008), p. 533–534
  64. ^ Breslavskienė (September 2010b)
  65. ^ Stankeras (2008), p. 533
  66. ^ a b Stankeras (2008), p. 538
  67. ^ a b Breslavskienė (September 2010a)
  68. ^ a b Breslavskienė (August 2010a)
  69. ^ a b Stoliarovas (2008a), p. 15

Bibliography

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Lithuanian-language sources

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Laimutė Breslavskienė

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Arūnas Bubnys

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English-language sources

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