Little goblin bat

Little goblin bat
	Skull of holotype (♂).
Conservation status
	; Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Chiroptera
Family:	Molossidae
Genus:	Mormopterus
Subgenus:	Mormopterus
Species:	M. minutus
Binomial name
	Mormopterus minutus; (Miller, 1899)
Synonyms
	Nyctinomus minutus Miller, 1899;

The little goblin bat (Mormopterus minutus) is a species of bat in the family Molossidae, the free-tailed bats. It is endemic to Cuba.^[1]

This bat is vulnerable due to habitat loss and degradation.^[1] During the day it can be found roosting in the palm tree Copernicia gigas and in human-made structures.^[4] The diet of this bat is entirely composed of insects. It hunts insects using echolocation, emitting a variable pattern of calls.^[5]

Description

Its total body length is 71 mm (2.8 in). The fur is short and dense, with individual hairs about 3 mm (0.12 in) long. The face lacks fur except for a sparse layer of fine hairs. The wing membranes on both sides of the body are furred close to the abdomen. The uropatagium has hair on both sides. Its forearm is approximately 30 mm (1.2 in) long. Its ears are small and pointed at the tips. The tragus is short, at 4 mm (0.16 in). Its dental formula is 1.1.1.32.1.2.3, for a total of 28 teeth.^[3]

Distribution

M. minutus is the only species of bat endemic to Cuba.^[6] Specimens have been collected from Trinidad, Cuba (type locality),^[3] as well as the Cuban municipalities of Omaja and Guaro (near Preston).^[7] In 1911, Glover Morrill Allen hypothesized that the ancestor of the little goblin bat originated in Central America, and dispersed to Cuba by way of the Yucatan land bridge, which no longer exists.^[8] This hypothesis of Cuban Mormopterus originating in Central America was echoed by Karl Koopman in 1989, as per Mancina 2007.^[4]^[9]

Taxonomic history

The species was described by Gerrit Smith Miller Jr. in 1899 and initially placed in the genus Nyctinomus. This species's holotype is a male specimen collected by Frank M. Chapman of the American Museum of Natural History.^[3] Miller notes Chapman had identified this specimen as Nyctinomus brasiliensis in an earlier paper.^[10]^[3] The specific epithet minutus is Latin for "small, paltry";^[11] Miller wrote in his species description that it was the "smallest known species of Nyctinomus".^[3] In 1907, Miller classified this species in the genus Mormopterus.^[12]

The Mormopterus genus is further divided into species group, which classify members of the genus based on how closely related they are. The little goblin bat is placed in the kalinowskii group, which also contains the following species:^[2]

Kalinowski's mastiff bat (Mormopterus kalinowskii)
Incan little mastiff bat (Mormopterus phrudus)

Biology

It is insectivorous, locating insects while in flight using echolocation.^[1] This species has the ability to change its echolocation style based on the environment that it is in.^[5] The parasite Ochoterenatrema breckenridgei, a trematode in the order Plagiorchiida, has been found in its digestive tract. O. breckenridgeii uses mosquitoes as intermediate hosts; when bats eat the mosquitoes, the parasites are able to mature into adults within their intestines.^[13]

Conservation

As of 2017^[update], it is listed as vulnerable by the IUCN. It meets the criteria for this assessment because its area of occupancy is less than 2,000 km² (770 sq mi), and there is a projected decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. Its population is decreasing. A main threat to this species is habitat destruction.^[1] Some disagree with the IUCN's assessment of the species, asserting that it should instead be listed as near threatened.^[4]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Mancina, C. (2015). "Mormopterus minutus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T13884A22083165. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T13884A22083165.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^ ^a ^b Simmons, N.B. (2005). "Order Chiroptera". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Miller, Jr., Gerrit S. (1899). "Descriptions of three new free-tailed bats". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 12 (12): 173–176. hdl:2246/776.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mancina, Carlos; Echenique-Diaz, Làzrao; Tejedor, Adrian; Garcìa, Lainet; Daniel-Alvarez, Angel; Ortega-Huerta, Miguel (2007). "Endemics under threat: an assessment of the conservation status of Cuban bats". Hystrix: The Italian Journal of Mammalogy. 18 (1): 3–15. doi:10.4404/hystrix-18.1-4388.
^ ^a ^b Mora, Emanuel C.; Ibáñez, Carlos; Macías, Silvio; Juste, Javier; López, Ixchel; Torres, Lester (2011). "Plasticity in the Echolocation Inventory of Mormopterus minutus (Chiroptera, Molossidae)". Acta Chiropterologica. 13 (1): 179–187. doi:10.3161/150811011X578723. S2CID 15481371.
^ Rojas Martín, Danny (2006). "Notes on biogeography of Cuban bats". Chiroptera Neotropical. 12 (2): 268–273. ISSN 1413-4403.
^ Sanborn, Colin Campbell (1953). "The Cuban Free-Tailed Bat, Mormopterus minutus Miller". Journal of Mammalogy. 34 (3): 383. doi:10.1093/jmammal/34.3.383. JSTOR 1375847.
^ Allen, Glover Morrill (July 1911). "Mammals of the West Indies". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 54 (6). Cambridge: 188. BHL page 2815272.
^ Koopman, K.F. (1989). "A review and analysis of the bats of the West Indies". In Woods, C.A. (ed.). Biogeography of the West Indies: Past, Present, and Future. Sandhill Crane Press. pp. 635–644. ISBN 1877743038.
^ Chapman, Frank M. (1892). "Notes on birds and mammals observed near Trinidad, Cuba, with remarks on the origin of West Indian bird-life". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 4 (16): 316. hdl:2246/846.
^ "minūtus". Latin Dictionary Plus Grammar. Collins. 1997. p. 134.
^ Miller, Jr., Gerrit S. (1907). "The Families and Genera of Bats". United States National Museum Bulletin. 57: 254.
^ McAllister, C. T.; Connior, M. B.; Bursey, C. R.; Durden, L. A.; Seville, R. S.; Robison, H. W.; Trauth, S. E. (2017). "Parasites (Coccidia, Trematoda, Acari) of Tri-Colored Bats, Perimyotis subflavus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae): New Geographical Records for Oklahoma". Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science. 96.