Ischemic hepatitis, also known as shock liver, is a condition defined as an acute liver injury caused by insufficient blood flow (and consequently insufficient oxygen delivery) to the liver.[5] The decreased blood flow (perfusion) to the liver is usually due to shock or low blood pressure. However, local causes involving the hepatic artery that supplies oxygen to the liver, such as a blood clot in the hepatic artery, can also cause ischemic hepatitis.[medical citation needed]
| Ischemic hepatitis | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Ischemic hepatopathy , Shock liver |
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| Histopathology of shock liver, showing its hallmark[1] pathologic finding centrilobular necrosis but viable periportal hepatocytes. H&E stain. The necrotic hepatocytes have barely discernible nuclei. | |
| Symptoms | Mental confusion[2] |
| Causes | Heart failure, Infection[3] |
| Diagnostic method | Doppler ultrasound, Blood test[3] |
| Treatment | Resuscitation(acute), Stabilize underlining illness(chronic)[4] |
Signs and symptoms
editPeople who develop ischemic hepatitis may have weakness, fatigue, mental confusion, and low urine production (oliguria). A small percentage of affected people may develop hepatic coma. Yellow discoloration of the skin (jaundice) can occur, but is rare and temporary, as is actual loss of function of the liver.[2]
Cause
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Ischemic hepatitis can be caused by a number of reasons (that lead to low blood pressure) including:[3]
- Abnormal heart rhythm
- Heart failure
- Infection
- Hypovolemic shock (e.g., due to profuse bleeding)
- Blood clots (hepatic artery after surgery)
Mechanism
editThe mechanism of ischemic hepatitis depends on the etiopathogenetic origin, be it a cardiomyopathy, cardiac tamponade, trauma, or bleeding.[6] Usually ischemic hepatitis reveals itself after a hypotensive event with increased levels of aminotransferases.[7] Because of this, hypotension is thought to be one of the primary insults leading to ischemic hepatitis.[8]
Diagnosis
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Blood testing usually shows markedly high elevations of both liver transaminase enzymes, AST and ALT, which may exceed 10,000 U/L.[9] It has been found that those who suffer from ischemic hepatitis had significant cardiac disease as well.[10]
As a measure of precaution, paracetamol levels and a toxicology screening should be completed to evaluate for possible toxin-mediated injury; it is also imperative to be able to exclude the possibility of acute viral hepatitis.[11]
Related conditions
editIschemic hepatitis is related to another condition called congestive hepatopathy. Congestive hepatopathy includes a number of liver disorders that occur in right-sided heart failure. The medical term congestive hepatopathy is used, however, the term cardiac cirrhosis is convention. These two entities can coexist in an affected individual.[12]
Treatment
editThe treatment of ischemic hepatitis is as follows:[13]
- Antibiotic treatment if a bacterial infection causing septic shock is present
- Restore and maintain adequate blood pressure
- Medication
- Control any gastrointestinal bleeding
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Ciobanu AO, Gherasim L (2018). "Ischemic Hepatitis - Intercorrelated Pathology". Maedica (Bucur). 13 (1): 5–11. doi:10.26574/maedica.2018.13.1.5. PMC 5972787. PMID 29868133.
- ^ a b Liver: A Complete Book on Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases. Elsevier India. 2009-01-01. ISBN 9788131216743.
- ^ a b c "Hepatic ischemia: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-08-24.
- ^ Ferri, Fred F. (2017). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 726. ISBN 9780323529570. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
- ^ Dancygier, Henryk (2009-11-10). Clinical Hepatology: Principles and Practice of Hepatobiliary Diseases. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783642045196.
- ^ Sibal, Anupam; Gopalan, Sarath (2015-04-30). Textbook of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. JP Medical Ltd. ISBN 9789351527404.
- ^ Lang, Florian (2009-03-19). Encyclopedia of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease: With 213 Tables. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783540671367.
- ^ Feldman, Mark; Friedman, Lawrence S.; Brandt, Lawrence J. (2010-05-03). Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management, Expert Consult Premium Edition - Enhanced Online Features. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-1437727678.
- ^ Raurich JM, Pérez O, Llompart-Pou JA, Ibáñez J, Ayestarán I, Pérez-Bárcena J (July 2009). "Incidence and outcome of ischemic hepatitis complicating septic shock". Hepatology Research. 39 (7): 700–5. doi:10.1111/j.1872-034X.2009.00501.x. PMID 19473435. S2CID 20312771.
- ^ Boyer, Thomas D.; Manns, Michael Peter; Sanyal, Arun J.; Zakim, David (2012-01-01). Zakim and Boyer's Hepatology: A Textbook of Liver Disease. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-1437708813.
- ^ Plevris, John; Howden, Colin (2012-04-05). Problem-based Approach to Gastroenterology and Hepatology. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781444346367.
- ^ "Cardiac Cirrhosis and Congestive Hepatopathy: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". 2018-06-28.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Wilson, William C.; Grande, Christopher M.; Hoyt, David B. (2007-02-05). Trauma: Critical Care. CRC Press. ISBN 9781420016840.
Further reading
edit- Kirk, Allan D.; Knechtle, Stuart J.; Larsen, Christian P.; Madsen, Joren C.; Pearson, Thomas C.; Webber, Steven A. (2014-07-21). Textbook of Organ Transplantation Set. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118889626.
- Irwin, Richard S.; Rippe, James M. (2012-03-28). Manual of Intensive Care Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9781451149074.
External links
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