Animal identification using a means of marking is a process done to identify and track specific animals. It is done for a variety of reasons including verification of ownership, biosecurity control, and tracking for research or agricultural purposes.
History
editIndividual identification of animals by means of body markings has been practiced for over 3,800 years, as stated in Code of Hammurabi.[1] The first official identification systems are documented as far as the 18th century. In Uruguay for instance maintained at that time a register of hot brands.[2]
Methods
editBiometrics
editBirds
edit- Leg rings
- Wing tags
- Microchip implants (parrots)
- Telemetry (falconry birds)
Sheep
edit- Freeze branding
- Branding (hot-iron)
- Collar
- Earmarking
- Ear tags (non-electronic)
- Ear tags (electronic)
- Semi-permanent paint
Pigs
edit- Collars (electronic and non-electronic)
- Earmarking
- Ear tags (non-electronic)
- Ear tags (electronic)
- Semi-permanent paint
- Tattoo (see animal tattoo)
Horses
edit- Collars (non-electronic)
- Branding (hot-iron)
- Branding (freeze)
- Microchip implants
- Lip tattoo
Cattle
edit- Anklets
- Branding (freeze)
- Branding (hot-iron)
- Collars (electronic and non-electronic)
- Earmarking
- Ear tags (non-electronic)
- Ear tags (electronic)
- Rumen bolus (electronic)
- Cowbell
Dogs
edit- Collar
- Microchip implants
- Tattoo
Laboratory mice
edit- Earmarking (notching or punching)
- Ear tags (nickel, copper or scannable 2D barcode tags)
- Microchip implants
- Hair dye
- Toe clipping[note 1]
- Manual tattoos (tail, foot pad or ears)
- Automated tail tattoos[4]
Fish
edit- Microchip implants
- Fin clipping
- Coded wire tag
- Passive integrated transponder
- Acoustic tag
- Visible implant elastomer (VIE)
Marine mammals
edit- Transponders
- Adhesive tags
Amphibians
edit- Microchip implants
- Toe clippings
- Passive integrated transponder
- Visible implant elastomer (VIE)[5]
Invertebrates
edit- Adhesive tags
- Semi-permanent paint
National animal identification schemes
edit- British Cattle Movement Service in Britain
- National Animal Identification and Tracing in New Zealand
- National Animal Identification System in the United States
- National Livestock Identification System in Australia
Wildlife photo-identification
edit
Photo-identification is a technique used to identify and track individuals of a wild animal study population over time. It relies on capturing photographs of distinctive characteristics such as skin or pelage patterns or scars from the animal. In cetaceans, the dorsal fin area and tail flukes are commonly used.
Photo-identification is generally used as an alternative to other, invasive methods of tagging that require attaching a device to each individual. The technique enables precise counting, rather than rough estimation, of the number of animals in a population. It also allows researchers to perform longitudinal studies of individuals over many years, yielding data about the lifecycle, lifespan, migration patterns, and social relationships of the animals.
Species that are studied using photo-identification techniques include:
Footnotes
edit- ^ 'Toe clipping' in mice involves the full or partial amputation of one or more digits as a means of permanent identification.
Gallery
edit-
Great frigatebird with a wing tag -
Bird ring -
Sheep with an earmark -
Pig with earmark -
Horse with a brand -
Santa Gertudis cattle with electronic and non-electronic ear tags -
Calf with a non-electronic ear tag, numbered collar and transponder (blue device) -
Bear with an ear tag and transponder -
Tattoo inside a Greyhound's ear -
Dog collar with dog license and other dog tags -
A microchip implant and applicator -
A laboratory mouse with an ear tag -
Fish with a transponder -
Harbour seal with a transponder -
Common seal with an adhesive tag -
European queen honey bee marked with a paint spot surrounded by Africanised honeybees -
Sheep with painted number -
Monarch butterfly tagged with a sticker -
Mussels being tagged
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References
edit- ^ Blancou, J (2001). "A history of the traceability of animals and animal products". Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics). 20 (2): 413–25. PMID 11548516.
- ^ "Allflex Corporate Web Site - the history of livestock identification". Archived from the original on 2014-08-19. Retrieved 2012-01-07.
- ^ White, Anna (April 2019). "The High-Tech, Humane Ways Biologists Can Identify Animals". Smithsonian. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
- ^ Bell, J. "Labstamp system" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2015. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
- ^ Fouilloux, Chloe; Garcia-Costoya, Guillermo; Rojas, Bibiana (2020). "Visible Implant Elastomer (VIE) Success in Early Larval Stages of a Tropical Amphibian Species". PeerJ. 8: e9630. doi:10.7717/peerj.9630. PMC 7425637. PMID 32864207.
- ^ ECOCEAN Whale Shark Photo-identification Library
- ^ The Manta Network
- ^ Wunderpix Photo ID project
- ^ Gamble, Lloyd; Ravela, Sai; McGarigal, Kevin (2007-08-29). "Multi-scale features for identifying individuals in large biological databases: an application of pattern recognition technology to the marbled salamander Ambystoma opacum: Identifying individual marbled salamanders". Journal of Applied Ecology. 45 (1): 170–180. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01368.x.
- ^ Lee, Derek E.; Lohay, George G.; Cavener, Douglas R.; Bond, Monica L. (2022-09-06). "Using spot pattern recognition to examine population biology, evolutionary ecology, sociality, and movements of giraffes: a 70-year retrospective". Mammalian Biology. 102 (4): 1055–1071. doi:10.1007/s42991-022-00261-3. ISSN 1618-1476. S2CID 252149865.
