Wikipedia

Daikon

(Redirected from Lobak)
For other uses, see Daikon (disambiguation).

Daikon[2] or mooli,[3] Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus, is a mild-flavored winter radish usually characterized by fast-growing leaves and a long, white, napiform root. Originally native to continental East Asia,[4] daikon is harvested and consumed throughout the region, as well as in South Asia, and is available internationally. In some locations, daikon is planted for its ability to break up compacted soils and recover nutrients and is not harvested.

Daikon
From left to right: watermelon radish, daikon, bái luóbo, waemu, yeolmu, and ponytail radish
GenusRaphanus
SpeciesRaphanus sativus
SubspeciesR. sativus subsp. longipinnatus
Cultivar groupWhite radish
OriginNorth China[1]
Radishes in Okage Yoko-chō, Japan
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese白蘿蔔
Simplified Chinese白萝卜
Literal meaning“white radish”
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinbái luóbo
Wade–Gilespai2 lo2-po5
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpingbaak6 lo4 baak6
Alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese菜頭
Simplified Chinese菜头
Literal meaning“vegetable head”
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyincàitóu
Southern Min
Hokkien POJchhài-thâu
Korean name
Hangul왜무
Literal meaningWae radish
Transcriptions
Revised Romanizationwaemu
McCune–Reischauerwaemu
Japanese name
Kanji大根
Kanaだいこん
Transcriptions
Romanizationdaikon

Names

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In culinary contexts, daikon (Japanese: 大根, lit. 'big root') or daikon radish are the most common names in all forms of English. Historical ties to South Asia permit mooli (Hindi: मूली, romanized: mūlī) as a general synonym in English.[6][7] The generic terms white radish, winter radish, Oriental radish,[8] long white radish, and other terms are also used. Other synonyms usually vary by region or describe regional varieties of the vegetable. When it is necessary to distinguish the usual Japanese form from others, it is sometimes known as Japanese radish.[9][10]

The vegetable's Chinese names are still uncommon in English. In most forms of Chinese cuisine, it is usually known as bái luóbo (white radish).[9] Although in Cantonese and Malaysian cuisine, it is encountered as lobak or lo pak, which are Cantonese pronunciations of the general Chinese term for "radish" or "carrot" (蘿蔔). In the cuisines of Hokkien and Teochew-speaking areas such as Singapore, Thailand, and Taiwan, it is also known as chai tow or chai tau (菜頭). Any of these may be referred to as "radish," with the regional variety implied by context. In English-speaking countries, it is also sometimes marketed as icicle radish.[citation needed]

In mainland China and Singapore, the calque white carrot or misnomer carrot is sometimes used, owing to the similarity of the vegetables' names in Mandarin and Hokkien. This variant inspired the title for a popular guidebook on Singaporean street food, There's No Carrot in Carrot Cake, which refers to chai tow kway, a kind of cake made from daikon.[11]

In North America, it is primarily grown not for food but as a fallow crop, with the roots left unharvested to prevent soil compaction; the leaves (if harvested) are used as animal fodder.[12] The official general name used by the United States Department of Agriculture is oilseed radish, but this is only used in non-culinary contexts. Other English terms employed when daikon is used as animal feed or as a soil ripper are "forage radish", "fodder radish", and "tillage radish".[12][13]

In Hong Kong, the misnomer turnip is also used. This name lends its name to the dish "turnip cake."[14]

Varieties

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Varieties of Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus from the Seikei Zusetsu agricultural-encyclopedia

Several nonwhite varieties occur. The Cantonese lobak, lo pak, etc., sometimes refer to the usual Chinese form but is also applied to a form of daikon with a light green coloration of the top area of the root around the leaves. The Korean radish, also called mu, has a similar pale green shade halfway down from the top and are generally shorter, stouter, and sturdier, with denser flesh and softer leaves. Both are often spicier than the long white radishes.[citation needed]

The heirloom watermelon radish is another Chinese variety of daikon with a dull green exterior but a bright rose or fuchsia-colored center. Its Chinese name (t 心裡美蘿蔔, s 心里美萝卜, xīnlǐměi luóbó) is sometimes irregularly romanized as the shinrimei radish and sometimes translated as the "beauty heart," "beautiful heart inside," or "roseheart" radish.[citation needed]

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    A radish growing in China
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    Sakurajima radishes
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    Sliced watermelon radish
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    Professor Vladimir Zuev displays a new daikon variety Kuz hadyasi in Uzbekistan

Cultivation

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White radish seeds

The Chinese and Indian varieties tolerate higher temperatures than the Japanese ones. These varieties also grow well at lower elevations in East Africa. If moisture is abundant, it can grow quickly; otherwise, the flesh becomes overly tough and pungent.[15] The variety Long White Icicle is available as seed in Britain and will grow very successfully in Southern England, producing roots resembling a parsnip by midsummer in good garden soil in an average year.[citation needed]

The roots can be stored for weeks without the leaves if lifted and kept in a cool, dry place. If left in the ground, the texture tends to become woody, but the storage life of whole untreated roots is not long.[clarification needed]

Certain varieties of daikon can be grown as a winter cover crop and green manure. These varieties are often named "tillage radish" because the plant grows a huge, penetrating root that effectively performs deep cultivation. The roots bring nutrients lower in the soil profile up into the higher reaches and are good nutrient scavengers, so they are good partners with legumes instead of grasses; if harsh winters occur, the root will decompose while in the soil, releasing early nitrogen stores in the spring.[citation needed]

Culinary uses

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Japan

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In Japan, many types of pickles are made with daikon roots, including takuan[16] and bettarazuke. Daikon roots can be served raw, in salads, or as sashimi's tsuma (つま, accompaniment),[17] which is prepared by meticulous katsura-muki (桂剥き, katsura peeling (etymology disputed)).[18] Daikon-oroshi (大根おろし, grated daikon) is frequently used as a garnish,[16] often mixed into various dippings such as ponzu, a soy sauce and citrus juice condiment. The pink spicy momiji-oroshi (もみじおろし, literally "autumn-leaf-red grated (daikon)") is daikon grated with chili pepper.[19] Simmered dishes are also popular such as oden.[16] Daikon that has been shredded and dried (a common method of preserving food in Japan) is called kiriboshi-daikon (切干大根, "cut-dried daikon").[16] Daikon radish sprouts (kaiware-daikon (貝割れ大根, literally "open-clam-like daikon")) are used raw for salad or garnishing sashimi. Daikon leaves are frequently eaten as a green vegetable. They are thorny when raw, so softening methods such as pickling and stir frying are common. The daikon leaf is one of the Festival of Seven Herbs, where it is called suzushiro.

China

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In Chinese cuisine, turnip cake and chai tow kway are made with daikon. The variety called mooli has a high water content, and some cookbooks recommend salting (or sweetening, depending on the region and context) and draining it before it is cooked. Sometimes, mooli is used as a medium for elaborately carved garnishes.[20] More commonly, daikon is referred as bailuobo (白蘿蔔) in Mandarin or lobak in Cantonese. Bailuobo is used in various dishes for its unique and mild flavour after being boiled and cooked. For soups, bailuobo can be seen in daikon and pork rib soup (白蘿蔔排骨湯), daikon and tomato soup (白蘿蔔番茄湯), daikon and tofu soup (白蘿蔔豆腐湯), etc.[21] Delicacies such as "shredded daikon" (白蘿蔔絲) and "cut daikon" (白蘿蔔塊) are popular domestic dishes too. Similar to Japanese cuisine, there are many types of pickles (in Mandarin Chinese: 咸菜 xiáncài / 榨菜 zhàcài) made with daikon, for example, "sour-sweet cut daikon" (酸甜白蘿蔔塊), "spicy daikon" (麻辣白蘿蔔), daikon zhacai (白蘿蔔榨菜), etc.

India

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In North India, daikon is a popular ingredient used to make sabzi, stuffed paranthas, pakodas, salads, pickles, and as garnish. The plant's leaves are used to make dal and kadhi, among other dishes. In South India, daikon is the principal ingredient in a variety of sambar, in which roundels of the radish are boiled with onions, tamarind pulp, lentils, and a special spice powder.[22] When cooked, it can release a very strong odor. This soup, called mullangi sambar (Tamil: முள்ளங்கி சாம்பார், Kannada: ಮುಲ್ಲಂಗಿ ಸಾಂಬಾರ್; literally, "radish sambar") is very popular and is often mixed with rice.

Vietnam

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In Vietnamese cuisine, sweet and sour pickled daikon and carrots (củ cải cà rốt chua or đồ chua) are a common condiment in bánh mì sandwiches.[23]

Philippines

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In the Philippines, the sour stew sinigang may include daikon. Daikon is known locally as labanos.

Pakistan

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In Pakistani cuisine, the young leaves of the daikon plant are boiled and flash-fried with a mixture of heated oil, garlic, ginger, red chili, and various spices. The radish is eaten as a fresh salad, often seasoned with either salt and pepper or chaat masala. In Punjab province, daikon is used to stuff pan-fried breads known as paratha. Daikon's seed pods called moongray in local languages, are also eaten as a stir-fried dish across the country.

Bangladesh

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In Bangladesh, fresh daikon is often finely grated and mixed with fresh chili, coriander, flaked steamed fish, lime juice, and salt. This light, refreshing preparation served alongside meals is known as mulo bhorta.

Taiwan

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In Taiwanese cuisine, both the root and the stems/leaves of the daikon are consumed.[24]

South Korea

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In South Korea, daikon radish is often used in kimchi, a traditional fermented dish. Kimchi is most commonly eaten as a side dish with rice, among other dishes. It is most commonly made with daikon radish, carrots, scallions, and other easily fermented vegetables.

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    Chai tow kway, stir-fried cubes of radish cake
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    Japanese mizuna and daikon salad
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    Mohn la jin, Burmese pickled radish
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    Buri daikon, Japan
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    Daikon oden in Kyoto, Japan

Nutrition

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Radishes, Oriental, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy76 kJ (18 kcal)
4.1 g
Sugars2.5
Dietary fiber1.6 g
0.1 g
0.6 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Thiamine (B1)
2%
0.02 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
2%
0.02 mg
Niacin (B3)
1%
0.2 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
3%
0.138 mg
Vitamin B6
3%
0.046 mg
Folate (B9)
7%
28 μg
Vitamin C
24%
22 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
2%
27 mg
Iron
2%
0.4 mg
Magnesium
4%
16 mg
Manganese
2%
0.038 mg
Phosphorus
2%
23 mg
Potassium
8%
227 mg
Sodium
1%
21 mg
Zinc
1%
0.15 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water94.6 g
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[25] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[26]

Raw daikon is 95% water, 4% carbohydrates, and less than 1% each of protein and fat (table). In a reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz), raw daikon supplies 18 calories and is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin C (27% DV), with no other micronutrients in significant content (table).

Agricultural use

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Tillage radish leaves behind a cavity in the soil when the large taproot decays, making it easier for the following year's crops, such as potatoes, to bore deeper into the soil. Potatoes grown in a rotation with tillage radish do not experience growth restrictions associated with having a shallow hardpan soil, as the tillage radish can break the hardpan, making the transfer of water and other important nutrients much easier for the root system.[27]

Nutrient retention is another important feature of tillage radish. The large taproot is used to retain macro- and micro-nutrients that would otherwise have the potential to be lost to leaching during the time when the field would otherwise be left empty. The nutrients from the root become readily available for the following year's crop upon the decay of the radish, which can boost yields and reduce fertilizer costs.[27]

Daikons are also used as a forage worldwide. As a forage, they also have the side benefit of weed suppression. Although used elsewhere for much longer, daikon as a forage is a recent introduction in Massachusetts field practice.[28]

Other use

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Daikon is used in preparing metal surfaces for chemical patination, for example, under the Rokushō process.[29]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Collins, Theophilos; Goodwin, Katie (1997). "Radish" (PDF). Hamilton College: Food for Thought: 1.
  2. ^ "daikon". Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Retrieved 2021-07-28.
  3. ^ "mooli". Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Retrieved 2021-07-28.
  4. ^ a b Larkcom, Joy; Douglass, Elizabeth (1994). Oriental Vegetables: The Complete Guide for the Gardening Cook. Oxford University Press US. pp. 114–115. ISBN 1-56836-017-7.
  5. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. "mooli", n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2002.
  6. ^ The Oxford English Dictionary, for instance, provides an entry for mooli, and only mentions daikon as its synonym in Japanese contexts.[5]
  7. ^ "Mooli". Cambridge Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2015-09-11. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  8. ^ Larkcom and Douglass divide the term "oriental radish" into two categories, which they label "white mooli types" and "coloured types."[4]
  9. ^ a b Robert Bailey Thomas. The Old Farmer's Almanac. p. 28.
  10. ^ "Raphanus sativus L. (Longipinnatus Group)". Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database.
  11. ^ Ruth Wan; Roger Hiew (2010). There's No Carrot in Carrot Cake: 101 Hawker Dishes Singaporeans Love. Epigram Books. ISBN 978-981-08-2865-3. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  12. ^ a b Natural Resources Conservation Service. Plants Database. "Plant Fact Sheet: Oilseed Radish, Raphanus sativus L.". United States Dep't of Agriculture, 2012. Accessed 22 June 2014.
  13. ^ Natural Resources Conservation Service. Plants Database. "Plant Guide: Oilseed Radish, Raphanus sativus L.". United States Dep't of Agriculture, 2012. Accessed 22 June 2014.
  14. ^ Cummings, Patrick J., and Hans-Georg Wolf. A Dictionary of Hong Kong English: Words from the Fragrant Harbor (p. 178). 1st ed., Hong Kong University Press, 2011.
  15. ^ Grubben, G.J.H. (2004). Vegetables. PROTA. p. 444. ISBN 978-90-5782-147-9. mooli africa growing.
  16. ^ a b c d Itoh, Makiko (2015-12-18). "Daikon: The great radish of Japan". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2021-02-01.
  17. ^ Gordenker, Alice (2015-11-28). "Why do we need a little bit on the side?". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
  18. ^ Example photograph of the technique: "The Art of Katsura-muki with the versatile Japanese Daikon Radish". ikisho blog. 2018-09-03. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
  19. ^ "Recipe – momiji-oroshi" レシピ 基本技法 日本料理 もみじおろし [Recipes – Basic – Skills – Japanese cuisine – Momiji-oroshi]. Tsujicho recipes (in Japanese). The Tsuji Group. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
  20. ^ Doeser, Linda (2010). The Ultimate Chinese Cookbook. Hermes House. p. 9. ISBN 978-1843093428.
  21. ^ "5 Easy Mooli Recipes & Daikon Health Benefits". Honest Food Talks. 2020-01-22. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
  22. ^ "errorpage". www.sanjeevkapoor.com. Archived from the original on 2011-08-08. Retrieved 2011-08-07.
  23. ^ "Gia Chanh". www.chanphuocliem.com.
  24. ^ Tchea, Michelle. "From stir-fries and pies to pickles: White radish has you covered". sbs.com.au. SBS. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  25. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  26. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
  27. ^ a b "Tillage radish cover crop - tips to maximize its benefits". deltafarmpress.com. 15 September 2015. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
  28. ^ Jahanzad, E.; Barker, A. V.; Hashemi, M.; Eaton, T.; Sadeghpour, A.; Weis, S. A. (2016). "Nitrogen Release Dynamics and Decomposition of Buried and Surface Cover Crop Residues". Agronomy Journal. 108 (4). American Society of Agronomy (Wiley): 1735–1741. Bibcode:2016AgrJ..108.1735J. doi:10.2134/agronj2016.01.0001. ISSN 0002-1962. S2CID 88990719.
  29. ^ Sugimoro, Eitoku (2004). "The Foundation of Japanese Patinas". Ganoksin. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
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