Wikipedia

Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar

(Redirected from Lockheed C-56B)

The Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar is an American passenger transport aircraft of the World War II era, developed as part of the Model 10 Electra family, specifically from the Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra.

Model 18 Lodestar
C-56 / C-57 / C-60 / R5O
Lockheed Lodestar flying skydivers at Goderich, 1977
General information
TypePassenger transport
National originUnited States
ManufacturerLockheed
Primary userUnited States Army Air Corps
Number built625[1]
History
Introduction date30 March 1940
First flight21 September 1939
Developed fromLockheed Model 14 Super Electra
VariantsLockheed Ventura

Design and development

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Sales of the 10–14 passenger Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra, which first flew in 1937, had proved disappointing, despite the aircraft's excellent performance, as it was more expensive to operate than the larger Douglas DC-3, already in widespread use.[2] In order to improve the type's economics, Lockheed decided to stretch the aircraft's fuselage by 5 feet 6 inches (1.68 m), allowing an extra two rows of seats to be fitted.[3]

The prototype for the revised airliner, designated Model 18 by Lockheed, was converted from the fourth Model 14, one of a batch which had been returned to the manufacturer by Northwest Airlines after a series of crashes. The modified aircraft first flew in this form on 21 September 1939, another two prototypes being converted from Model 14s, with the first newly built Model 18 flying on 2 February 1940.[4]

A total of 625 Lodestars of all variants were built.

Operational history

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Lockheed Lodestar
 
Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar over Houston, 1947 or 1948

The Lodestar received its Type certificate on 30 March 1940, allowing it to enter service with the first customer, Mid-Continent Airlines that month.[5] As hoped, the extra seats greatly improved the Model 18's economics, reducing its seat-mile costs to a similar level to that of the DC-3, while retaining superior performance. Despite this, sales to US domestic customers were relatively slow as most US airlines were already committed to the DC-3, with only 31 Lodestars going to US airlines.[6] Overseas sales were a little better, with the biggest airline customers being South African Airways (21), New Zealand National Airways Corporation (13), Trans-Canada Air Lines (12) and BOAC (9); another 29 were bought by the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force. Various Pratt & Whitney and Wright Cyclone powerplants were installed.

When the United States started to build up its military air strength in 1940–41, many American-operated Lodestars were impressed as the C-56. This was followed by the construction of many new-build Lodestars which were flown by the U.S. Army Air Forces as the C-60 and by the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps as the R5O. Lend-lease aircraft were used by the RNZAF as transports.

One was purchased in 1942 to serve as Brazilian President Getúlio Vargas' personal aircraft. This aircraft was specially designed for that purpose and had 11 seats.

 
Howard 250 Lodestar conversion fitted with tri-gear. At Opa Locka Airport near Miami in 1981

After the war many Lodestars were overhauled and returned to civilian service, mostly as executive transports such as Dallas Aero Service's DAS Dalaero conversion, Bill Lear's Learstar (produced by PacAero), and Howard Aero's Howard 250.[7][8] A few of the latter were converted to tricycle landing gear.

While the surviving New Zealand NZNAC aircraft were sold back overseas in 1951/52, six more were later imported and converted for aerial topdressing.

A single Lodestar served with the Israeli Air Force during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.

A number of skydiving operations in the United States used Lodestars during the 1970s and 1980s.

Variants

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18-07
Powered by two 875 hp Pratt & Whitney Hornet S1E2-G engines; 25 built plus two prototypes.[9]
18-08
Powered by two 1,200 hp Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp S1C3-G engines; 33 built.[10]
18-10
Powered by two 1,200 hp Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp S1C3-G engines; 39 built.[11]
18-14
Powered by two 1,200 hp Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp S4C4-G engines; four built.[9]
18-40
Powered by two 1,200 hp Wright Cyclone G-1820-G104A engines; 26 built.[9]
18-50
Powered by two 1,200hp Wright Cyclone G-1820-G202A engines; 13 built.[11]
18-56
Powered by two 1,200hp Wright Cyclone GR-1820-G205A, R-1820-40 or R-1820-87 engines.[5][12]

US Army Lodestars

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C-56
Powered by 1,200 hp Wright 1820-89 engines, one Model 18-50 for evaluation.[13]
C-56A
One impressed Model 18-07 with two Pratt & Whitney R-1690-54 engines.[13]
C-56B
Thirteen impressed Model 18-40s with two Wright 1820-97 engines.[13]
C-56C
Twelve impressed Model 18-07.[13]
C-56D
Seven impressed Model 18-08.[13]
C-56E
Two Model 18-40s impressed in 1943.[13]
C-57
As Model 18-14 powered by two 1,200 hp Pratt & Whitney R-1830-53 engines.[13]
C-57A
Allocated for impressed aircraft, not used.[13]
C-57B
Based on Model 18-08 fitted for trooping; seven aircraft built.[13]
C-57C
Repowered C-60A with Pratt & Whitney R-1830-51 engines; three aircraft converted.[13]
C-57D
Repowered C-57C with Pratt & Whitney R-1830-92 engines; one aircraft converted.[13]
C-59
Based on Model 18-07 powered by Pratt & Whitney R-1690-25 Hornet engines; 10 aircraft built, transferred to Royal Air Force as Lodestar IA.
C-60
Model 18-56 powered by Wright R-1820-87 engines; 36 aircraft built, some transferred to RAF as Lodestar II.
C-60A
As the C-60 but fitted out as a paratroop transport powered by Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp engines; 325 aircraft built.[13]
XC-60B
One C-60A fitted with experimental de-icing equipment.[13]
C-60C
Proposed 21-seat troop transport aircraft, never built.
C-66
Powered by Wright R-1820-87 engines; one aircraft built, 11-passenger interior for transfer to the Brazilian Air Force.[13]
C-104
Original designation for C-60C

US Navy Lodestars

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XR5O-1
One Model 18-07 acquired for evaluation powered by 1,200 hp (895 kW) Wright R-1820-40 engines.[13]
R5O-1
Staff transport powered by 1,200 hp (895 kW) Wright R-1820-97 engines; three aircraft built, two for the USN and one for the United States Coast Guard.
R5O-2
Navy version of the C-59 powered by 850 hp (634 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-1690-25 engines; one aircraft built.
R5O-3
Powered by 1,200 hp (895 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-1830-34A engines. Originally 4-seater VIP transports; three aircraft built.
R5O-4
Powered by 1,200 hp (895 kW) Wright R-1820-40 engines. Impressed. 7-seater staff transports; 12 aircraft built.
R5O-5
Navy version of the C-60 powered by 1,200 hp (895 kW) Wright R-1820-40 engines. Similar to the R5O-4 but had 14-seats; 38 aircraft built and three former NEIAF aircraft.[13]
R5O-6
Navy version of the C-60A for the US Marine Corps, equipped with 18 paratroop seats; 35 built.[13]

Operators

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A Lodestar of National Airways Corporation in 1947.

Civil operators

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  Australia
  Belgium
  Bolivia
  Brazil
  Canada
  Chile
  Finland
  France
  Honduras
  Kenya,   Tanganyika,   Uganda and   Zanzibar
  New Zealand
  Portugal
 
BOAC Lockheed 18, Ankara, ca. 1942
  Puerto Rico
  South Africa
  Sweden
  Trinidad and Tobago
  United Kingdom
  • BOAC (British Overseas Airways Corporation) - Purchased nine, new-build, Model 18-07s supplemented by 29 second hand aircraft (Model 18-07, 18–10, 18–40, 18-50 C-59, C60 and C60A).[18])
  United States
 
National Airlines Lockheed 18
  Venezuela

Military operators

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  Australia
  Brazil
  Canada
  Colombia
  Haiti
  Israel
  Mexico
 
SAAF Lodestar 18 ambulance aircraft, at Catania, Sicily circa 1944
  Netherlands
  New Zealand
  Norway
  South Africa
 
Lockheed R5O-1, staff transport for the Secretary of the Navy. At San Francisco on August 4, 1941.
  United Kingdom
  United States

Accidents and incidents

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Main article: Panair do Brasil § Accidents

Between 1941 and 1944, the Panair do Brasil airline suffered 4 accidents involving the Lodestar which resulted in a total of 57 fatalities.[20][21][22][23][24][25][26]

In January 1943, Lockheed Lodestar Mk.II EW986,[27] c/n 2154, in the service of the Royal Air Force, overshot and crashed 3 km south of Heliopolis, Egypt. At least 12 crew members and passengers died in the crash.[27] A cause of the accident was not determined. Among those killed were Air Vice-Marshal Wilfred Ashton McClaughry, CB, DSO, MC, DFC and Lady Rosalinde Tedder née MacLardy, wife of Marshal of the Royal Air Force Arthur William Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder, GCB.[27]

Main article: 1949 Queensland Airlines Lockheed Lodestar crash

In 1949, a Lockheed Lodestar in airline service in Australia crashed immediately after takeoff. All 21 occupants died in the crash or the ensuing conflagration. The cause of the accident was determined to be that the center of gravity was behind the rear limit. It is also likely the elevator trim tab was set for landing rather than takeoff.[28]

On 20 December 1956, Alden G. Roach, president of the Consolidated Western Steel and the Columbia-Geneva-Steel Divisions of U.S. Steel, pilot and co-pilot crash near Tyrone, Pennsylvania, Model 18-56, N 1245V, U.S. Steel owned company plane. Causes unknown.[29]

On 22 March 1958, Mike Todd's private plane Lucky Liz, named after his wife Elizabeth Taylor, crashed near Grants, New Mexico. The plane, a twin-engine Lockheed Lodestar, suffered engine failure while being flown overloaded, in icing conditions at too-high an altitude for the loading. The plane went out of control and crashed, killing all four on board.[citation needed]

On 4 September 1962, a Lockheed 18-56-24 Lodestar operated by the Ashland Oil and Refining Company crashed near Lake Milton, Ohio. The flight was in-route to Ashland Regional Airport (KDWU) from Buffalo Airport, NY. Eleven passengers and two crew-members were killed. Investigation determined the crash a result of a malfunction of the electric elevator trim tab, which caused the loss of the plane's right wing during flight.[30]

On 21 August 1983, a Lockheed L-18 LEARStar operated by Landry Aviation, Inc. crashed near Silvana, Washington. The flight was a planned parachute drop carrying two pilots and 22 parachutists. Nine parachutists and two crew-members were killed while 13 were able to parachute to safety after the pilots lost control and entered a vertical descent from 12,500 feet. Investigation determined the crash a result of a failure of the operator and pilot-in-command to assure proper load distribution during the parachute drop.[31]

Surviving aircraft

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Brazil

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Canada

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Finland

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New Zealand

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  • c/n 18-2020 – C-60 on static display at the Museum of Transport & Technology, Auckland. It was built for United Airlines in October 1940 and registered as NC25630. It was impressed into United States Army Air Forces with the serial number 42-53504. In September 1941 it was transferred to the Royal Air Force as AX756. Next, it was operated as G-AGCN by the British Overseas Airways Corporation in East Africa. After serving with the Spanish Air Force, it was sold back to the United States where it was registered as N9933F. Sold again to FieldAir in either 1957 or 1958 it was converted to an aerial topdresser and given the registration ZK-BVE. It was damaged in a wheels up landing in 1969.[42][43][44]
  • c/n 18-2152 – C-60 under restoration with the Gisborne Aviation Preservation Society in Gisborne. It was previously operated by the Royal Air Force as EW984 and Spanish Air Force. Sold to civilian ownership, it was first registered in the United States as N9930F in 1955. It was converted to an aerial topdresser by Fieldair in 1957 and registered as ZK-BUV. It was a gate guardian at Gisborne Airport from 1973 to 1998.[45][46][44]
  • c/n 18-2388 – L18-56 on static display at the National Transport & Toy Museum in Wānaka.[47][44][48]

Norway

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South Africa

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Sweden

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United States

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Uruguay

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Specifications (C-60A-5)

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3-view line drawing of the Lockheed R5O-3 Lodestar

Data from Lockheed Aircraft since 1913.[81]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 3
  • Capacity: 18 passengers
  • Length: 49 ft 10 in (15.19 m)
  • Wingspan: 65 ft 6 in (19.96 m)
  • Height: 11 ft 10 in (3.61 m)
  • Wing area: 551 sq ft (51.2 m2)
  • Empty weight: 12,500 lb (5,670 kg)
  • Gross weight: 17,500 lb (7,938 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 21,000 lb (9,525 kg)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Wright R-1820-87 nine-cylinder air-cooled radial engines, 1,200 hp (890 kW) each

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 266 mph (428 km/h, 231 kn) at 1,750 ft (530 m)
  • Cruise speed: 200 mph (320 km/h, 170 kn)
  • Range: 2,500 mi (4,000 km, 2,200 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 30,100 ft (9,200 m)
  • Climb to 10,000 ft (3,000 m): 6.6 minutes

See also

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Related development

Related lists

Notes

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  1. ^ Francillon 1982, p. 488.
  2. ^ Francillon 1982, p. 135.
  3. ^ Francillon 1982, pp. 185–86.
  4. ^ Francillon 1982, pp. 1398, 186.
  5. ^ a b Francillon 1982, p. 186.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Francillon 1982, p. 187.
  7. ^ Taylor 1965, p. 244.
  8. ^ "Have You Seen? Twin Feathers". Flying. Vol. 54, no. 1. January 1954. p. 40.
  9. ^ a b c Francillon 1982, pp. 186, 488.
  10. ^ Francillon 1982, pp. 185, 488.
  11. ^ a b Francillon 1982, pp. 186, 488–489.
  12. ^ "Lockheed 18 Lodestar specs". Aviation Safety Network. 8 August 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Andrade 1979, pp. 77–78.
  14. ^ Francillon 1982, pp. 187, 488.
  15. ^ a b Francillon 1982, p. 188.
  16. ^ Francillon 1982, p. 191.
  17. ^ Francillon 1982, pp. 187–188.
  18. ^ Francillon 1982, pp. 187, 191.
  19. ^ a b Francillon 1982, p. 193.
  20. ^ Pereira, Aldo (1987). Breve História da Aviação Comercial Brasileira (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Europa. p. 338.
  21. ^ Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Serra da Cantareira". O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928-1996 (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 37–41. ISBN 978-85-7430-760-2.
  22. ^ Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Uma desgraça nunca vem só". O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928-1996 (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 49–53. ISBN 978-85-7430-760-2.
  23. ^ "Accident description PP-PBI". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  24. ^ Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Alternativa derradeira". O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928-1996 (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 66–68. ISBN 978-85-7430-760-2.
  25. ^ "Accident description PP-PBH". Aviation Safety Network. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  26. ^ Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Mais um Lodestar". O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928-1996 (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 69–72. ISBN 978-85-7430-760-2.
  27. ^ a b c Record for EW986 on lostaircraft.com
  28. ^ Job, Macarthur. "Horror at Coolangatta." Archived 2012-03-26 at the Wayback Machine Flight Safety Australia, via casa.gov.au, November–December 1999, p. 47. Retrieved: 5 December 2011.
  29. ^ https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/33566/dot_33566_DS1.pdf? [bare URL]
  30. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Lockheed 18-56-24 Lodestar N1000F Lake Milton, OH". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  31. ^ https://ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR8406.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  32. ^ "LOCKHEED 18 (C-60A) - LODESTAR | LOCKHEED AIRCRAFT CORPORATION". Museu Aeroespacial. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  33. ^ "Airframe Dossier - Lockheed C-60A Lodestar, s/n 2006 FABr, c/n 18-2368". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  34. ^ "Lockheed Lodestar". Canadian Museum of Flight. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  35. ^ May, Bill. "Lockheed Lodestar 18-08 CF-TCY". Canadian Museum of Flight. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  36. ^ "Museum of Flight says 'thanks' to UFV for plane restoration project". BC Association of Institutes & Universities. BCAIU. 13 January 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  37. ^ Tenby, Henry (1 February 2015). "Trans Canada Airlines Lockheed Lodestar CF-TCY Restoration". Henry Tenby. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  38. ^ "Aircraft CF-TCY Data". Airport-Data.com. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  39. ^ "Aviation". Reynolds Museum. Government of Alberta. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  40. ^ "LOCKHEED 18-07 LODESTAR". Ilmailumuseo Flygmuseum (in Finnish). Suomen ilmailumuseo. 22 May 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  41. ^ "Lockheed L-18-56 Lodestar". Ilmailumuseot.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  42. ^ "AVIATION". Museum of Transport and Technology. MOTAT. Archived from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  43. ^ Wesley, Richard (23 December 2007). "Lockheed 19 Lodestar". MOTAT Aircraft Collection. Blogger. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  44. ^ a b c Treweek, Phillip (19 September 1998). "Lockheed (Model 18) C-60 Lodestar". Kiwi Aircraft Images. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  45. ^ "[Data Sheet]". Gisborne Aviation Preservation Society. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  46. ^ "Airframe Dossier - Lockheed C-59 Lodestar, s/n EW984 RAF, c/n 18-2152, c/r ZK-BUV". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  47. ^ "Aircraft". National Transport and Toy Museum. Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  48. ^ Livingstone, Bob (1992). "Guest Gallery (2)". Kiwi Aircraft Images. Phillip Treweek. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  49. ^ "Lockheed C-60A Lodestar". www.flysam.no. Flysamlingen Forsvarets Museer. Retrieved 6 April 2019.[permanent dead link‍]
  50. ^ "Andries Pretorius". SAA Museum Society. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  51. ^ "SE-BZE. LOCKHEED 18-56 LODESTAR". Flygsamlingar Arlanda. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  52. ^ "Airframe Dossier - Lockheed C-60A-5-LO Lodestar, s/n 2593 RNoAF, c/n 18-0056, c/r SE-BZE". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  53. ^ "AIRCRAFT ON DISPLAY". Castle Air Museum. Archived from the original on 14 November 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  54. ^ "Airframe Dossier - Lockheed XC-60B Lodestar, s/n 1373 SAAF, c/n 18-2035, c/r N102V". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  55. ^ "Airframe Dossier - Lockheed R5O-5 Lodestar, s/n 12474 USN, c/n 18-2404, c/r N631LS". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  56. ^ "FAA REGISTRY [N631LS]". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved 1 January 2020.[permanent dead link‍]
  57. ^ "Lockheed Lodestar - N31G". 1940 Air Terminal Museum. Houston Aeronautical Heritage Society. Archived from the original on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  58. ^ "Airframe Dossier - Lockheed C-60 Lodestar, c/n 18-2347, c/r N442D". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  59. ^ Arrington, C. W. (2017). Bowman Field. Arcadia Publishing.
  60. ^ "1941 LOCKHEED HUDSON/L-18 LODESTAR N41CW S/N 6124". Courtesy Aircraft Sales. Archived from the original on 4 April 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
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  62. ^ "FAA REGISTRY [N41CW]". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on 4 April 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  63. ^ Veronico, Nick. "Outdoor Exhibits - C-56 "Lodestar"". Travis Air Force Base Heritage Center. Travis Heritage Center. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  64. ^ "Airframe Dossier - Lockheed C-56 Lodestar, s/n 41-19729 USAAF, c/n 18-2089, c/r N2333". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  65. ^ a b "Flying & Static Aircraft". Planes of Fame Air Museum. Archived from the original on 20 May 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
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  67. ^ "Airframe Dossier - Lockheed C-60A-1-LO Lodestar, s/n 42-55884 USAAF, c/n 18-2274, c/r N30N". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  68. ^ "FAA REGISTRY [N30N]". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved 12 December 2016.[permanent dead link‍]
  69. ^ "C-60 Lodestar". Commemorative Air Force Houston Wing. Commemorative Air Force, Inc. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
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  71. ^ "FAA REGISTRY [N60JT]". Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  72. ^ "N1940S" (PDF). Mid America Flight Museum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
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  74. ^ "Lockheed C-60A Lodestar". National Museum of the US Air Force. 10 April 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  75. ^ "Airframe Dossier - Lockheed C-60A-5-LO Lodestar, s/n 43-16462 USAAF, c/n 18-2622, c/r N1000B". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  76. ^ "R50-5 Lodestar". March Field Air Museum. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  77. ^ "LODESTAR". Pima Air & Space Museum. Pimaair.org. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  78. ^ "Museo Aeronáutico". Arte Mercosur (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  79. ^ Romero, Álvaro (23 March 2015). "Visitamos el nuevo Museo Aeronáutico del Uruguay". ModoCharlie (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  80. ^ "Airframe Dossier - Lockheed C-60 Lodestar, s/n 42-32215 USAAF, c/n 18-2349, c/r N69415". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  81. ^ Francillon 1982, pp. 190, 194.

Bibliography

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  • Andrade, John. U.S. Military Aircraft Designations and Serial, since 1909. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland Counties Publications, 1979. ISBN 0-904597-22-9.
  • Francillon, René J. (1982). Lockheed Aircraft since 1913. London: Putnam & Company. ISBN 0-370-30329-6..
  • Stanaway, John C. Vega Ventura: The Operational Story of Lockheed's Lucky Star. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, 2000. ISBN 0-7643-0087-3.
  • Stitt, Robert M. (July–August 2002). "Round-out". Air Enthusiast. No. 100. p. 75. ISSN 0143-5450.
  • Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1965-66. London: Sampson Low, Marston, 1965.
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