Lottie (Holman) O'Neill (November 7, 1878 – February 17, 1967) was an American politician from Illinois who was the first woman elected to the Illinois General Assembly.[4] First elected in 1922, O'Neill served 40 years in the Assembly, the longest-serving female elected official in the United States at the time.[5]
Lottie Holman O'Neill | |
|---|---|
 Lottie Holman O'Neill, from a 1923 newsletter | |
| Member of the Illinois Senate from the 41st district | |
| In office 1951–1963 | |
| Preceded by | Richard J. Barr |
| Succeeded by | Harris W. Fawell |
| Member of the Illinois House of Representatives from the 41st district | |
| In office 1933–1951 | |
| Preceded by | Otto A. Buck[1] |
| Succeeded by | John M. King |
| In office 1923–1931 | |
| Preceded by | William R. McCabe[2] |
| Succeeded by | Otto A. Buck[3] |
| Personal details | |
| Born | November 7, 1878 Barry, Illinois |
| Died | February 17, 1967 (aged 88) Downers Grove, Illinois |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | William J. O'Neill |
| Children | Two sons |
| Residence | Downers Grove, Illinois |
| Profession | Politician |
O'Neill's record as the longest-serving female legislator in Illinois history for her service during 19 General Assemblies was surpassed when Barbara Flynn Currie was reelected to a twentieth term.[6]
Biography
editShe was born November 7, 1878, in Barry, Illinois.[7] She attended the common schools.[4]
She earned a business degree, and then moved to Chicago. In 1904 she married Irish Australian immigrant William O'Neill, with whom she had two sons. The family moved to Downers Grove, Illinois, in 1908. O'Neill became an activist for equal voting rights, working with the League of Women Voters.[7][8]
Political career
editO'Neill was inspired by the political success of Jeannette Rankin of Montana, who in 1916 was the first woman elected to the United States House of Representatives.[7]
In 1920, women in Illinois gained the right to vote. In the next election cycle, O'Neill was encouraged by her husband to run for the legislature. She ran as a Republican and won one of the 41st district's three seats. At the beginning of her legislative career, she was frustrated when out of her thirteen proposed bills only three were able to pass the Illinois House. During her early career, she focused on equal rights for women, introducing the eight-hour work day[9] and improving state assistance for disabled children.[7][10]
In 1930, O'Neill ran against incumbent Richard J. Barr in the 41st district Republican primary for the Illinois Senate.[11] She lost the Republican primary, but entered that year's United States Senate election as an independent candidate with the backing of the Illinois chapter of the Anti-Saloon League.[12] O'Neill ran an aggressive campaign accusing Republican Ruth Hanna McCormick of corruption and attacking McCormick's inconsistent stance on prohibition. McCormick, who defeated Charles S. Deneen in the Republican primary, lost the election to Democrat J. Hamilton Lewis with O'Neill finishing a distant third.[13]
She returned to the Illinois House in 1933. In 1935, a Democratic lawmaker called for O'Neill to be expelled from the House after she and a colleague introduced a resolution critical of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Governor Henry Horner. The matter was settled after the offending resolution was withdrawn.[14] Holman O'Neill was the chief sponsor of the bill that allowed women to serve on juries in Illinois. The bill passed in 1939, decades after Alta Hulett became the first woman admitted to the Illinois bar.[15]
During her second House tenure O'Neill grew more conservative, a trend that would continue for the rest of her political career. She opposed federal income tax, growing state budgets, and "excessive regulations."[7] Prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor, she was a supporter of the America First Committee and the Ludlow Amendment.[16][17] After the war was declared, she remained a critic of the Roosevelt administration's wartime conduct and decisions.[18]
Her isolationist tendencies would continue after World War II. She was a supporter of the Bricker Amendment and an opponent of American membership in the United Nations. In 1946, she successfully prevented National Federation of Republican Women from endorsing the proposed United Nations. Her opposition to the UN was so strong she even wished to see a ban on public buildings in Illinois flying the flag of the United Nations.[5]
In 1950, O'Neill ran for the Illinois Senate in the 41st again. This time she faced James M. Barr, the nephew of retiring Senator Richard Barr, in the Republican primary. She won the Republican nomination by over 1,000 votes. In the general election, she easily defeated Democratic candidate and former state legislator Joseph Sam Perry of Glen Ellyn. In the Illinois House, she was succeeded by John M. King who at 23 was the youngest person elected to said body since Stephen A. Douglas.[19]
O'Neill defeated the party's preferred slate of delegates to the 1956 Republican National Convention, which re-nominated Dwight Eisenhower. Prior to Eisenhower's nomination, she pressed the RNC on whether or not Eisenhower had adequately recovered from his heart attack, embarrassing the party.[7] In 1958, 29 year old DuPage County Assistant State's Attorney, Harris Fawell challenged O'Neill in the 41st district Republican primary for the Illinois Senate.[20] She defeated Fawell and was reelected to her sixth term.[7]
In 1960, she founded the Northern Illinois Conservatives with the hopes of creating a voting bloc that would move the Republican Party further right. The organization lobbied delegates at the 1960 Republican National Convention to take up their positions including fiscally conservative stances against taxation and spending and opposition to the 1960 Democratic National Convention's platform in favor of civil rights for African Americans.[21][22] O'Neill would blame Nixon's loss on his stances as a Rockefeller Republican.[23]
She announced her retirement from the legislature January 8, 1962.[24] She was succeeded in the Illinois Senate by her 1958 primary opponent Harris Fawell. In the 1964 presidential election, O'Neill was a staunch supporter of Barry Goldwater.[25]
She was described as strong willed and independent, and was referred to by her colleagues as the "conscience of the Senate".[7]
Later life
editO'Neill retired from politics in 1963 at age 84. She died in Downers Grove, Illinois, on February 17, 1967, at age 88.[5][8]
Legacy
editO'Neill Middle School in Downers Grove, Illinois, is named in her honor.[7] A statue in the rotunda of the Illinois State Capitol was erected in 1976 to commemorate O'Neill.[26]
Sources
edit- ^ Buck is the only 41st district representative who appears in Illinois Blue Book 1931-1932, but not in the next session's Illinois Blue Book 1933-1934
- ^ McCabe is the only 41st district representative who appears in Illinois Blue Book 1921-1922, but not in the first session in which O'Neill served as seen in 1929-1930
- ^ Representative Buck is the only 41st district representative who appears in Illinois Blue Book 1931-1932, but not in the previous session's Illinois Blue Book 1929-1930
- ^ a b "Illinois Blue Book". 1925.
- ^ a b c "Lottie O'Neill, A Pioneer in Politics, Dies: Was First Woman in State Senate". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. February 18, 1967. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
- ^ Musser, Ashley; Dutton, Julie (February 11, 2016). "Illinois Women in Congress and General Assembly" (PDF). Springfield, Illinois: Illinois Legislative Research Unit. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Moran, Margaret Mary (April 1994). "Lottie Holman O'Neill". Illinois History: A Magazine for Young People. Vol. 48, no. 1. pp. 70–71. ISSN 0019-2058. Archived from the original on June 1, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
- ^ a b Emery, Tom (December 26, 2016). "Illinois History: Lottie Holman O'Neill was Illinois' first female state legislator". Breeze Courier. Taylorville, Illinois. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
- ^ Collins, David R.; Witter, Evelyn (1976). Illinois Women Born to Serve. United States: Illinois Federation of Women's Clubs. p. 108.
- ^ Lee, John (April 1998). "Lottie Holman O'Neill". Illinois History: A Magazine for Young People. Vol. 52, no. 1. p. 49. ISSN 0019-2058. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
- ^ "Lottie O'Neill to Seek G.O.P. Seat in Senate". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. November 30, 1949. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
- ^ Strickland, Arvah E. (Autumn 1995). "The Lady Candidate': Ruth Hanna McCormick and the Senatorial Election of 1930". Illinois Historical Journal. 88 (3): 189–202. JSTOR 40192957.
- ^ Miller, Kristie (Autumn 1988). "Ruth Hanna McCormick and the Senatorial Election of 1930". Illinois Historical Journal. 81 (3): 191–210. JSTOR 40192065.
- ^ Long, Ray (August 16, 2012). "For first time in 107 years, Illinois House prepares to expel a lawmaker". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
- ^ Sorenson, Mark W. (March 2004). "Ahead of Their Time: A Brief History of Woman Suffrage in Illinois". Illinois Heritage Magazine. Vol. 7, no. 2. pp. 6–10. ISSN 1094-0596. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
- ^ "Lottie H. O'Neill Will Fight to Let People Vote on Wars". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. April 15, 1941. p. 4.
- ^ "Representative O'Neill Will Address America First". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. September 7, 1941. p. W1.
- ^ "'Tell War Aims,' DuPage Women of G.O.P. Demand". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. December 10, 1944. p. W3.
- ^ Howard, Robert (October 15, 1950). "Mrs. O'Neill Favored for State Senate: Fights Hard to Take Barr's Seat". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois.
- ^ "Lottie O'Neill Raps Moves To Drop Primary". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. March 26, 1958. p. 45. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
- ^ "Conservative Bloc Set Up By Lottie O'Neill". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. June 10, 1960. p. D1.
- ^ "O'Neill Group Endorses Dixie on Civil Rights: Conservatives Plan G.O.P. Drive". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. July 14, 1960. p. S9.
- ^ O'Neill, Lottie (November 23, 1960). "1960 United States presidential election". Letter to Voice of the People. Chicago Tribune – via ProQuest.
- ^ "Lottie O'Neill Will Quit Political Life". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. January 8, 1962. p. 22. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
- ^ Tagge, Robert (January 18, 1964). "Political Lookout 01/18/1964". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. p. W11.
- ^ Volkmann, Carl; Volkmann, Roberta (January 30, 2008). Springfield's Sculptures, Monuments, and Plaques. Mount Pleasant, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. p. 22. ISBN 978-0738551654.