Louis Clément François Breguet (22 December 1804 – 27 October 1883)[1] was a French physicist and watchmaker,[2] noted for his work in the early days of telegraphy.
Educated in Switzerland, Breguet was the grandson of Abraham-Louis Breguet, founder of the watch manufacturing company Breguet. He became manager of Breguet et Fils watchmakers in 1833 after his father Louis Antoine Breguet retired.
Between 1835 and 1840 he standardized the company product line of watches, then making 350 watches per year, and diversified into scientific instruments, electrical devices, recording instruments, an electric thermometer, telegraph instruments and electrically synchronized clocks. With Alphonse Foy, in 1842 he developed the Foy-Breguet telegraph, an electrical needle telegraph to replace the optical telegraph system then in use.[3] and a later step-by-step telegraph system (1847) was applied to French railways and exported to Japan. He observed in 1847 that small wires could be used to protect telegraph installations from lightning, the ancestor of the fuse.
In 1850 he manufactured a rotating mirror used by Hippolyte Fizeau to measure the relative speed of light in air and water.[4]: 129 In 1856 he designed a public network of synchronized electric clocks for the center of Lyon. In 1866 he patented an electric clock controlled by a 100 Hz tuning fork.[5]
In 1870 he transferred the leadership of the company to Edward Brown. Breguet then focused entirely on the telegraph and the nascent field of telecommunications. He collaborated in the development of an induction coil, later improved by Heinrich Ruhmkorff.
In terms of honors, in 1843 he was appointed to the Bureau of Longitudes. In 1845 Breguet was awarded the Legion d'Honneur. He was made a member of the French Academy of Sciences in 1874,[6] and was elevated to Officer of the Legion d'Honneur in 1877.[7] He is one of the 72 French scientists whose names are written around the base of the Eiffel Tower.[8]
Breguet was married and had one son Antoine (1851–1882) who also joined the family electrical business.[9] With his son, he met Alexander Graham Bell and obtained a license to manufacture Bell telephones for the French market.[10] He was the grandfather of Louis Charles Breguet and the uncle of Sophie Berthelot.
References
edit- ^ Nature July 15, 1886, volume 34, page 259
- ^ Carl W. Hall A biographical dictionary of people in engineering, Purdue University Press, 2008 ISBN 1-55753-459-4, p. 26
- ^ Huurdeman page 73
- ^ Tobin, William John (2003). The Life and Science of Leon Foucault: The Man Who Proved the Earth Rotates. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521808552. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
- ^ http://www.crazywatches.pl/tuning-fork retrieved 2010 09 10
- ^ Maurice Crosland Science Under Control: The French Academy of Sciences 1795-1914 Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-521-52475-X p.140
- ^ Scientific American: Supplement, Volume 22, September 18, 1886, page 8929
- ^ Hubert Chanson, Hydraulic Engineering Legends Listed on the Eiffel Tower, in Jerry R. Rogers (ed) Great rivers history: proceedings and invited papers for the EWRI Congress and History Symposium, ASCE Publications, 2009 , ISBN 0-7844-1032-1 , page 6
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) retrieved 2010 09 10 - ^ Anton A. Huurdeman The worldwide history of telecommunications page 168