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Louis II's campaign against Bari (866–871)

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The Frankish emperor Louis II campaigned against the Emirate of Bari continuously from 866 until 871. Louis was allied with the Lombard principalities of southern Italy from the start, but an attempt at joint action with the Byzantine Empire failed in 869. In the final siege of the city of Bari in 871, Louis was assisted by a Slavic fleet from across the Adriatic.

Capture of Bari

Louis at the capture of Bari in 871
(19th-century lithograph)
Date866–871
Location
southern Italy
Result

Frankish victory

Belligerents

Frankish Empire
Supported by:

Emirate of Bari
Supported by:

Commanders and leaders
Louis II Sawdān (POW)

The city fell and the emir was taken captive, bringing the emirate to an end, but a Saracen presence remained at Taranto. Louis himself was betrayed by his Lombard allies six months after his victory and had to leave southern Italy.

Military actions of 866–867

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Louis II was sent by his father, Lothair I, to southern Italy to counteract Saracen raids in 848–849.[1] He launched an unsuccessful attack on Bari in 852,[1] and again in 855 and 857.[2] In 865, he began planning a campaign to completely oust the Saracens from southern Italy. In that year he issued a capitulary[a] in northern Italy summoning an army to gather at Lucera in the spring of 866.[4] The capitulary calls for more than an offensive action, it also ordered the construction of castles (castella) with palisades, outworks, moats and ramparts. These were places for the people to take refuge and it was probably hoped that they would deter raids.[2]

No source describes the campaign, if any, that the army that gathered at Lucera undertook. In June 866, Louis II deposed the bishop and count of Capua, Landulf II, and imposed his own representative on the city, Duke Lambert I of Spoleto. This probably required the use of the army, but for the next six months Louis peacefully toured the Lombard principalities of the Campania, assuring himself of their loyalty prior to his next move against Bari. According to Erchempert, a contemporary witness, the princes of Benevento, Salerno and Capua all urged the emperor to attack Bari.[4]

Louis spent the winter of 866–867 in Benevento. Marching from there in the spring, he captured Matera and Oria, towns that lay between Bari and Taranto. Matera he razed, and he may have cut off or severely impeded communication between Bari and Taranto.[5] The different treatment of Oria and Matera may be due to the strategic position of Matera, requiring that it be denied to the enemy in the future, or perhaps to the assistance of the inhabitants of Oria, which is implied by the 11th-century chronicler Ahimaaz ben Paltiel to have suffered a decline under Saracen rule.[6] Louis also established a garrison in Canosa, a town on the Lombard–Saracen frontier. It is unlikely that Louis used the army summoned for 866 in this campaign, since the capitulary had specified only one year of service.[5]

Failed joint attack of 869

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In March 868, Louis was at Benevento. According to the Chronicle of Salerno, written about a century later, he sought naval assistance from the new Byzantine emperor, Basil I. As part of these negotiations, a marriage may have been proposed between Louis's daughter, Ermengard, and Basil's eldest son, Constantine.[7] According to a later Byzantine source, On Administering the Empire, it was Basil who first contacted Louis. He had a claim to the city of Bari and also a strategic interest in the defeat of the emirate, which menaced Byzantine Dalmatia on the other side of the Adriatic Sea. A joint attack on Bari seems to have been set for late in the summer of 869.[8]

Louis was in Benevento, preparing for the attack, in June 869.[b] According to a northern source, the Annals of Saint-Bertin, a Byzantine fleet of 400 ships arrived off Bari later in the year.[8] Other sources put the number of ships much lower.[8] This was probably the fleet that had just relieved the Saracen siege of Ragusa (867),[9][1] which was possibly the same fleet that also relieved Saracen pressure on Syracuse (868).[10] The Byzantine commander, Niketas Ooryphas, expected to take custody of Louis's daughter, and sailed away when this was refused.[c] In a subsequent letter to Basil I,[d] Louis II accuses Niketas of arrogant and insulting behaviour. The exact cause of the failed joint action of 869 is unknown, but probably involved misunderstandings on both sides. According to Niketas, he had found Louis's army small, ill-disciplined and in no condition to fight. Louis argued in his letter that he had in fact already disbanded his main force for the winter because Niketas' fleet arrived so late in the year.[11]

Successful siege of 870–871

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In 869, according to the Annals of Saint-Bertin, after the departure of the Byzantine fleet, the emir of Bari sent raiders into the Gargano. The shrine of Saint Michael the Archangel was plundered. In response, in 870 Louis raided deep into Apulia. Several towns were taken.[13] Following this successful raid, Louis invested Bari itself, with an army containing both Franks and Lombards.[13] He had naval assistance, certainly a Croatian fleet[e] and possibly a Byzantine one.[2][13] The Chronicle of Salerno mentions neither, while On Administering the Empire mentions a Byzantine fleet. There is no other evidence for Byzantine involvement in the campaign of 870–871.[12] Two Byzantine sources, On Administering the Empire and the Life of Basil the Emperor, refer to a Slavic contingent brought to the siege by the fleet of Ragusa.[14]

According to Andrew of Bergamo, the people of Calabria sent envoys to Louis during the siege, offering allegiance and tribute in exchange for protection from the Saracens. Louis sent a detachment to Calabria, where it defeated a Saracen army near Amantea. This provoked a reaction from Aghlabid Sicily. Sicilian Muslim reinforcements were dispatched to Bari, but Louis intercepted and defeated them.[15] The city surrendered in February 871. Emir Sawdān was led back as a captive to Benevento.[13] Louis immediately began preparations to besiege Taranto.[15] He placed a Lombard gastald in charge of Bari.[16]

Aftermath

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Louis II's letter to Basil I was composed between February and August 871, probably with the help of Anastasius Bibliothecarius.[17] It is chiefly concerned with defending Louis's use of the title "emperor of the Romans", since a dispute over this title may have played a role in the failure of Franco-Byzantine cooperation in 869.[18] Louis also mentions the arrival of enemy reinforcements from Sicily and Africa, apparently responding to the threat to Taranto, and he accuses Duke Sergius II of Naples of conspiring with the Aghlabids. These troops did not move to retake Bari, however, but besieged Salerno in an effort to strengthen their position in Calabria and parts of the Italian peninsula nearer to Sicily.[19]

The conflict between Louis II and Sawdān did not end with the fall of Bari and the latter's captivity. All the sources present the captive emir as being popular in Benevento and receiving many visitors. Louis's continued presence in Benevento became an irritation to the Lombards, however, and on 13 August 871 he, his wife Engelberga and his daughter Ermengard were arrested by Prince Adelchis. According to the Chronicle of Salerno, the prince had consulted Sawdān on his plan beforehand. The Annals of Saint-Bertin record that Louis had been planning to send Adelchis into exile, and On Administering the Empire adds that this was a rumour spread by Sawdān.[20] A contemporary poem, On the Captivity of the Emperor Louis, calls the imprisoned emir a "cunning assailant [or instigator]" (kalidus ille temtator).[21]

The arrest appears to have been accompanied by some violence.[20] Rumours of Louis's death spread north of the Alps. His uncle, Charles the Bald, set out to claim Italy before he learned of the falsity of the rumours.[22] Louis and his family were freed on 17 September through the intervention of the bishop of Benevento. The only condition was that he swear an oath never to return to Benevento.[f] Sawdān remained a prisoner of the Beneventans until Louis's death in 875, when he was freed and joined the Saracens of Taranto. According to the contemporary chronicler John the Deacon, Duke Sergius II of Naples and Prince Guaifer of Salerno had connived with Adelchis in Louis's imprisonment. Rumours of Byzantine involvement, however, seem to have been false.[20] Duke Lambert of Spoleto had also joined the conspiracy. Louis had him deposed and installed Suppo as duke in his stead.[23]

Following Louis's death, the Byzantines occupied Bari, establishing the theme of Longobardia.[1]

Notes

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  1. ^ The capitulary, titled Constitutio de expeditione Beneventana, is dated to 866 in the Chronicles of Saint Benedict of Monte Cassino, but this source contains numerous errors of dating.[3]
  2. ^ Evidence for his preoccupation with Bari is found in the fact that his brother, Lothair II, had to come to Benevento to confer with him and Louis's wife, Engelberga, rather than Louis accompanied Lothair to his meeting with the pope.[8]
  3. ^ Anastasius Bibliothecarius, who attended the Fourth Council of Constantinople in late 869, apparently attempted while in Constantinople to re-open marriage negotiations between Louis and Basil, but without success.[11]
  4. ^ This letter survives only because it was copied into the Chronicle of Salerno.[12]
  5. ^ Louis in his letter refers to "our Sclaveni with their ships".[12] Pryor and Jeffreys place a Byzantine fleet at Bari in 869, but only a Croatian fleet there in 871.[1]
  6. ^ He in fact returned in 872.[23]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Pryor & Jeffreys 2006, p. 49.
  2. ^ a b c Purton 2009, p. 99.
  3. ^ Kreutz 1996, p. 171.
  4. ^ a b Kreutz 1996, p. 40.
  5. ^ a b Kreutz 1996, p. 41.
  6. ^ Kreutz 1996, p. 172.
  7. ^ Kreutz 1996, p. 42.
  8. ^ a b c d Kreutz 1996, p. 43.
  9. ^ Curta 2010, p. 276.
  10. ^ Pryor & Jeffreys 2006, p. 64.
  11. ^ a b Kreutz 1996, p. 44.
  12. ^ a b c Kreutz 1996, p. 173.
  13. ^ a b c d Kreutz 1996, p. 45.
  14. ^ Stevović 2001, p. 169.
  15. ^ a b Bondioli 2018, p. 487.
  16. ^ Kreutz 1996, p. 57.
  17. ^ Kreutz 1996, pp. 45–46.
  18. ^ Fanning 1994, p. 6.
  19. ^ Bondioli 2018, p. 488.
  20. ^ a b c Kreutz 1996, pp. 46–47, 174n.
  21. ^ Heath 2015, pp. 36–37.
  22. ^ Musca 1964, p. 127.
  23. ^ a b Wickham 1981, pp. 62–63.

Bibliography

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  • Bondioli, Lorenzo M. (2018). "Islamic Bari between the Aghlabids and the Two Empires". In Glaire D. Anderson; Corisande Fenwick; Mariam Rosser-Owen (eds.). The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa. Brill. pp. 470–490.
  • Curta, Florin (2010). "A Note on Trade and Trade Centers in the Eastern and Northern Adriatic Region Between the Eighth and the Ninth Century" (PDF). Hortus Artium Medievalium. 16: 267–276. doi:10.1484/J.HAM.3.22.[dead link]
  • Fanning, Steven (1994). "Imperial Diplomacy Between Francia and Byzantium: The Letter of Louis II to Basil I in 871". Cithara. 34 (1): 3–17.
  • Gay, Jules (1904). L'Italie méridionale et l'empire byzantin depuis l'avènement de Basile Ier jusqu'à la prise de Bari par les Normands (867–1071). Albert Fontemoing.
  • Granier, Thomas (2007). "La captivité de l'empereur Louis II à Bénévent (13 août–17 septembre 871) dans les sources des IXe–Xe siècles: l'écriture de l'histoire, de la fausse nouvelle au récit exemplaire". Faire l'événement au Moyen Âge. Presses universitaires de Provence. pp. 13–39. doi:10.4000/books.pup.5703. ISBN 978-2-85399-672-3.
  • Heath, Christopher (2015). "Third/Ninth-Century Violence: 'Saracens' and Sawdān in Erchempert's Historia". Al-Masāq. 27 (1): 24–40. doi:10.1080/09503110.2015.1002231.
  • Kislinger, Ewald (2013). "Erster und zweiter Sieger. Zum byzantinisch-karolingischem Bündnis bezüglich Bari 870–871" [First and second victor: On the Byzantine–Carolingian alliance regarding Bari, 870–871]. Зборник радова Византолошког института (in German). L (50–1): 245–258. doi:10.2298/ZRVI1350245K.
  • Kreutz, Barbara (1996). Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries. University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Moravscik, Gyula; Jenkins, R. J. H., eds. (1967). Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio. Dumbarton Oaks.
  • Musca, Giosuè (1964). L'emirato di Bari, 847–871. Edizioni Dedalo.
  • Pryor, John H.; Jeffreys, Elizabeth M. (2006). The Age of the Δρομων: The Byzantine Navy, ca 500–1204. Brill.
  • Purton, Peter Fraser (2009). A History of the Early Medieval Siege, c. 450–1220. Boydell Press.
  • Stevović, Ivan D. (2001). "Byzantium, Byzantine Italy and Cities on the Eastern Coast of the Adriatic: The Case of Kotor and Dubrovnik" (PDF). Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta. 39 (39): 165–182. doi:10.2298/ZRVI0239165S.
  • Wickham, Chris (1981). Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society, 400–1000. Macmillan.
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