Siraitia grosvenorii, also known as monk fruit, monkfruit, luó hàn guǒ, or Swingle fruit, is a herbaceous perennial vine of the gourd family, Cucurbitaceae. It is native to southern China. The plant is cultivated for its fruit extract containing mogrosides. Mogroside extract has been used as a low-calorie sweetener for drinks and in traditional Chinese medicine. One mogroside, mogroside V, creates a sweetness sensation 250 times stronger than sucrose.[2]
| Siraitia grosvenorii | |
|---|---|
| |
| Siraitia grosvenorii (luohan guo) fruits | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Cucurbitales |
| Family: | Cucurbitaceae |
| Genus: | Siraitia |
| Species: | S. grosvenorii
|
| Binomial name | |
| Siraitia grosvenorii | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
|
Momordica grosvenorii Swingle | |
| Siraitia grosvenorii (monkfruit) | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 羅漢果 | ||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 罗汉果 | ||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | "arhat fruit" | ||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
The scientific species name honors Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor, who, as president of the National Geographic Society, helped to fund an expedition in the 1930s to find the living plant in China where it was already being cultivated.[3]
Etymology and regional names
editMonkfruit was first mentioned in the records of 13th-century Chinese monks in Guangxi in the region of Guilin.[4] The difficulty of cultivation meant the fruit did not become part of the Chinese herbal tradition which depended on more readily available products.
Luóhàn (羅漢) is a shortened form of āluóhàn (Chinese: 阿羅漢), which is an old transliteration of the Indian Sanskrit word arhat (prakrit: arahant). In early Buddhist traditions, a monk who becomes enlightened is called an arhat who attains the "fruition of arhatship" (Sanskrit: arhattaphala).[4] This was rendered in Chinese as luóhàn guǒ (羅漢果 literally "arhat fruit") which later became the Chinese and Western commercial designation for this type of sweet fruit.[5]
It may also be called la han qua (from Vietnamese la hán quả, which also means Arhat fruit), or longevity fruit (also used for other fruits).[5]
History and distribution
editThe first report in England on the herb was found in an unpublished manuscript written in 1938 by G. Weidman Groff and Hoh Hin Cheung.[4] The report stated the fruits were often used as the main ingredients of "cooling drinks" as remedies for hot weather, fever, or other dysfunctions traditionally associated with warmth or heat (e.g., inflammation).[4]
The fruit was taken to the United States in the early 20th century. Groff mentioned that, during a visit to the American ministry of agriculture in 1917, the botanist Frederick Coville showed him a luo han guo fruit bought in a Chinese shop in Washington, DC. Seeds of the fruit, which had been bought in a Chinese shop in San Francisco, were entered into the botanic description of the species in 1941.[4]
The first research into the sweet component of luo han guo is attributed to C. H. Lee, who wrote an English report on it in 1975, and also to Tsunematsu Takemoto, who worked on it the early 1980s in Japan (later Takemoto decided to concentrate on the similar sweet plant, jiaogulan).
The development of luo han guo products in China has continued ever since, focusing in particular on the development of concentrated extracts.[4]
Description
editThe vine attains a length of 3 to 5 m, climbing over other plants by means of tendrils which twine around anything they touch. The narrow, heart-shaped leaves are 10–20 cm long. The fruit is round or oblong, 4–8 cm in diameter, smooth and yellow-brown in color.[6] The inside of the fruit contains an edible pulp. When dried, it forms a thin, light brown, brittle shell about 1 mm in thickness. The seeds are pale yellow and broadly ovate.[6]
The interior fruit is eaten fresh, and the rind is used to make tea.
The monk fruit is notable for its sweetness, which can be concentrated from its juice. The fruit contains 25 to 38% of various carbohydrates, mainly fructose and glucose. The sweetness of the fruit is increased by the mogrosides, a group of triterpene glycosides (saponins). The five different mogrosides are numbered from I to V; the main component is mogroside V, which is also known as esgoside.[4]
Mogroside biosynthesis
editOne analysis of 200 candidate genes of Siraitia grosvenorii revealed five enzyme families involved in the synthesis of mogroside V: squalene epoxidases, triterpenoid synthases, epoxide hydrolases, cytochrome P450s, and UDP-glucosyltransferases.[2] The metabolic pathway for mogroside biosynthesis involves an initial stage of fruit development when squalene is metabolized to di-glucosylated, tetra-hydroxycucurbitadienols, then during fruit maturation, branched glucosyl groups are added and catalyzed, leading to the sweet M4, M5, and M6 mogrosides.[2]
Cultivation
editGermination of seeds is slow and may take several months. It is grown primarily in the far southern Chinese province of Guangxi (mostly in the mountains near Guilin), as well as in Guangdong, Guizhou, Hunan, and Jiangxi.[4] These mountains lend the plants shade and often are surrounded by mists which protect the plants from the sun. Nonetheless, the climate in this southern province is warm. The plant is rarely found in the wild, so it has been cultivated for hundreds of years.[4]
Records as early as 1813 mention the cultivation of this plant in the Guangxi province. Most of the plantations are located in Yongfu County and Lingui County.
Longjiang Town in Yongfu County has acquired the name "home of the Chinese luohanguo fruit"; a number of companies specialised in making luohanguo extracts and finished products have been set up in the area. The Yongfu Pharmaceutical Factory is the oldest of these.
Traditional processing
edit
Luohan guo is harvested in the form of a round, green fruit, which becomes brown on drying.[4] It is rarely used in its fresh form, as it is hard to store when fresh.
Thus, the fruits are usually dried before further use and are sold in this fashion in Chinese herbal shops. The fruits are dried slowly in ovens, preserving them and removing most of the unwanted aromas. However, this technique also leads to the formation of several bitter and astringent flavors. This limits the use of the dried fruits and extracts to the preparation of diluted tea, soup, and as a sweetener for products that would usually have sugar or honey added to them.[7]
Commercial manufacturing
editThe process for the manufacture of a useful sweetener from luo han guo was patented in 1995 by Procter & Gamble.[8] The patent states that luo han guo has many interfering flavors, which render it useless for general applications, and describes a process to remove them. The offending compounds are sulfur-containing volatile substances such as hydrogen disulfide, methional, methionol, dimethylsulfide, and methylmercaptan, which are formed from amino acids that contain sulfur, such as methionine, S-methylmethionine, cystine, and cysteine.[8]
Sweetening agent
editThe sweet taste of the fruit comes mainly from mogrosides,[2] a group of triterpene glycosides that make up about 1% of the flesh of the fresh fruit.[4] Through solvent extraction, a powder containing 80% mogrosides can be obtained, the main one being mogroside-5 (esgoside).[4] Other similar agents in the fruit are siamenoside and neomogroside.[4]
In this process, the peel and seeds are removed, and the pulped fruit is made into a fruit concentrate or puree.[8] Additional juice may be extracted from the remaining pulp with hot water. The juice is homogenized, acidified slightly to prevent gelling and improve the flavor, then treated with pectinase or other enzymes to break down the pectin. Most of the off-flavor agents are then removed with ion-exchange resins, such as sulfonated polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymer or polyacrylic acid. Alternatively, the off-flavors can be adsorbed by agents like charcoal or bentonite, which are removed by filtration; or precipitated with gelatin or other gelling agents. Most of the remaining sulfurous volatiles are then removed by low-pressure evaporation.[8] The juice is then pasteurized to inactivate remaining natural enzymes and kill micro-organisms. The process is claimed to preserve a substantial fraction of the mogrosides present in the fruit,[8] with the resulting sweetness at a level about 250 times stronger than sucrose.[2]
Safety
editAt least one generally recognized as safe (GRAS) notice has been received by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.[9] The FDA granted GRAS certification to Siraitia grosvenorii extracts/processed products in 2011.[10]
In Europe, it is classified as an unapproved Novel Food (not used in the food system before May 1997) which means that it may be marketed as a food or food ingredient only after a safety assessment and approval by the European Commission. In 2019, the EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF) was asked by the European Commission to provide its scientific opinion on the safety of Monk fruit extract as a food additive. The panel concluded that the current body of research was insufficient.[11] As of 2023, Siraitia grosvenorii was not listed among approved Novel Foods in the EU.[12][13]
Traditional uses
editThe plant is most prized for its sweet fruits as a sweetener.[14] In traditional Chinese medicine, it is used for cough and sore throat.[4][5] The fruits are generally sold in dried form, and used in herbal tea or soup.
Research
editExperiments in mice and rats have shown hypoglycemic effects of mogrosides from Siraitia grosvenorii.[15][10] Experiments in mice and guinea pigs have shown anti-tussive effects,[10] matching its use in traditional Chinese medicine.
Culture mediums rich in mogrosides have been shown to markedly inhibit the proliferation of the bacterium Streptococcus mutans, a significant contributor to tooth decay.[10] Rat studies have confirmed reduced dental caries in the teeth of rats given concentrated mogrosides from Siraitia grosvenorii. [10]
References
edit- ^ "The Plant List".
- ^ a b c d e Itkin, M.; Davidovich-Rikanati, R.; Cohen, S.; et al. (2016). "The biosynthetic pathway of the nonsugar, high-intensity sweetener mogroside V from Siraitia grosvenorii". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (47): E7619–E7628. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113E7619I. doi:10.1073/pnas.1604828113. PMC 5127336. PMID 27821754.
- ^ Walter T. Swingle (1941). "Momordica grosvenori sp. nov.: The source of the Chinese Lo Han Kuo". Journal of the Arnold Arboretum. 22 (2): 197–203. doi:10.5962/p.183529. S2CID 90949182.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Dharmananda S (2004). "Luo han guo: Sweet fruit used as sugar substitute and medicinal herb". Institute for Traditional Medicine Online. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
- ^ a b c Ling Yeouruenn, A New Compendium of Materia Medica, 1995 Science Press, Beijing
- ^ a b "Siraitia grosvenorii in Flora of China @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
- ^ Hsu HY, et al., Oriental Materia Medica, 1986 Oriental Healing Arts Institute, Long Beach, California
- ^ a b c d e Downton GE; et al. (2 May 1995). "Process and composition for sweet juice from cucurbitaceae fruit, patent number US 5411755 A". US Patent and Trademark Office; assignee: The Procter & Gamble Co.
- ^ GRAS Notification (GRN) 522 for the use of (Siraitia grosvenori) Luo Han Guo fruit extract, 2014
- ^ a b c d e Huang H, Peng Z, Wang W (2024). "A comprehensive review of Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) C. Jeffrey: chemical composition, pharmacology, toxicology, status of resources development, and applications". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 15: 1388747. doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1388747. PMC 11024725. PMID 38638866.
- ^ Younes, Maged; Aquilina, Gabriele; Engel, Karl-Heinz; Fowler, Paul; Frutos Fernandez, Maria Jose; Fürst, Peter; Gürtler, Rainer; Gundert-Remy, Ursula; Husøy, Trine; Mennes, Wim; Moldeus, Peter; Oskarsson, Agneta; Shah, Romina; Waalkens-Berendsen, Ine; Wölfle, Detlef; Degen, Gisela; Herman, Lieve; Gott, David; Leblanc, Jean-Charles; Giarola, Alessandra; Rincon, Ana Maria; Tard, Alexandra; Castle, Laurence; Castle, L. (19 December 2019). "Safety of use of Monk fruit extract as a food additive in different food categories". EFSA Journal. 17 (12): e05921. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5921. PMC 7008860. PMID 32626208.
- ^ "Search; Siraitia grosvenorii". Novel Food Catalogue, European Commission. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
- ^ "Notification 2022.6769 - Novel Food ingredient Monkfruit (Luo Han Guo, Siraitia grosvenorii) in food supplement". webgate.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
- ^ Kinghorn AD, Soejarto DD (2002). "Discovery of terpenoid and phenolic sweeteners from plants". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 74 (7): 1169–1179. doi:10.1351/pac200274071169. S2CID 85880304.
- ^ Gong X, Chen N, Li M (2019). "The Fruits of Siraitia grosvenorii: A Review of a Chinese Food-Medicine". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 10: 1400. doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.01400. PMC 6903776. PMID 31849659.
External links
edit
Data related to Siraitia grosvenorii at Wikispecies
Media related to Siraitia grosvenorii at Wikimedia Commons
