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Lynndie England

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Lynndie Rana England (born November 8, 1982)[1] is a former United States Army Reserve soldier who was prosecuted for mistreating detainees during the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse that occurred at the Abu Ghraib prison in Baghdad during the Iraq War.[2] She was one of 11 military personnel from the 372nd Military Police Company who were convicted in 2005 for war crimes. After being sentenced to three years in prison and a dishonorable discharge, England was incarcerated from September 27, 2005, to March 1, 2007, when she was released on parole.

Lynndie England
Official portrait, c. 2000
Born
Lynndie Rana England

(1982-11-08) November 8, 1982 (age 41)
Ashland, Kentucky, U.S.
EducationFrankfort High School
Years active1999–2008
Children1 (with Charles Graner)
Conviction(s)Maltreating detainees
Conspiracy to maltreat detainees
Committing an indecent act
Criminal penaltyThree years imprisonment, dishonorable discharge
Military career
Allegiance United States
Service / branch Army
Years of service1999–2008
RankPrivate
Unit372nd Military Police Company
Battles / wars

Early life

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Born in Ashland, Kentucky,[3] England moved with her family to Fort Ashby, West Virginia, when she was two years old. She was raised by her mother, Terrie Bowling England, and her father Kenneth R. England Jr., a railroad worker, who worked at a station in Cumberland, Maryland. She aspired to be a storm chaser.[2] As a young child, England was diagnosed with selective mutism, a form of an anxiety disorder.[4]

England joined the United States Army Reserve in Cumberland in 1999 while she was a junior at Frankfort High School near Short Gap. England worked as a cashier in an IGA store during her junior year of high school and married a co-worker in 2002, but they later divorced.[5] England also wished to earn money for college, so that she could become a storm chaser. She was also a member of the Future Farmers of America. After graduating from Frankfort High School in 2001, she worked a night job in a chicken-processing factory in Moorefield.[6] She was deployed to Iraq in June 2003.[7]

England was engaged to fellow reservist and Abu Ghraib prison guard Charles Graner. In 2004, she gave birth to a son fathered by him[2][8] at Womack Army Medical Center at Fort Bragg, now renamed Fort Liberty.[9]

Involvement in prisoner abuse

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Main article: Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse

England mobilized with her Army Reserve unit and was stationed in Baghdad at the Abu Ghraib prison in March 2003 to perform guard duties. Along with other soldiers, she was investigated in late 2003 for mistreatment of Iraqi prisoners of war involving the infliction of sexual, physical and psychological abuse after photographs came to light showing prisoners being abused.

While formal charges were being prepared for general court-martial, England was transferred to the U.S. military installation at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, on March 18, 2004, because of her pregnancy. Her court-martial was scheduled for September 2005 on charges of conspiracy to maltreat prisoners and assault consummated by battery.[2]

On April 30, 2005, England agreed to plead guilty to four counts of maltreating prisoners, two counts of conspiracy, and one count of dereliction of duty. In exchange, prosecutors would have dropped two other charges, committing indecent acts and failure to obey a lawful order. This plea deal would have reduced her maximum sentence from 16 years to 11 years had it been accepted by the military judge. In May 2005, however, Military Judge Colonel James Pohl declared a mistrial on the grounds that he could not accept England's plea of guilty to a charge of conspiring with Graner to maltreat detainees because Graner had testified that he believed that, in placing a tether around a naked detainee's neck and asking England to pose for a photograph with him, he was documenting a legitimate use of force. Graner was convicted on all charges and sentenced to 10 years in prison.[2] At her retrial, England was convicted on September 26, 2005, of one count of conspiracy, four counts of maltreating detainees and one count of committing an indecent act.[2] She was acquitted on a second conspiracy count. The next day, England was sentenced to a three-year prison term and a dishonorable discharge.[2]

Members of the United States Senate have reportedly reviewed additional photographs supplied by the Department of Defense that have not been publicly released. There has been considerable speculation as to the contents of these photos. In a March 2008 interview, England stated in response to a question about these unreleased pictures, "You see the dogs biting the prisoners. Or you see bite marks from the dogs. You can see MPs holding down a prisoner so a medic can give him a shot."[9]

England was incarcerated at Naval Consolidated Brig, Miramar.[10] She was paroled on March 1, 2007, after serving 521 days, less than 17 months.[10] She remained on parole through September 2008 until her three-year sentence was complete, whereupon she was discharged.[2]

In a May 11, 2004, interview with the Denver CBS owned-and-operated television station KCNC-TV, England reportedly said that she had been "instructed by persons in higher ranks" to commit acts of abuse as a form of psychological operations, and that she should keep doing it, because it worked as intended. England noted that she felt "weird" when a commanding officer asked her to do such things as "stand there, give the thumbs up, and smile." However, England felt that she was doing "nothing out of the ordinary."[11][12][13][14]

Later life

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After serving her sentence, England returned to Fort Ashby, West Virginia, and stayed with friends and family.[2]

On July 9, 2007, England was appointed to the Keyser, West Virginia volunteer recreation board.[15] In July 2009, England released Tortured: Lynndie England, Abu Ghraib and the Photographs that Shocked the World, a biography that was set with a book tour that she hoped would rehabilitate her public image.[2] As of 2009, England was on antidepressant medication[4] and also had post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety.[2] As of 2013, she had found seasonal employment as a secretary.[8]

In March 2008, England told the German magazine Stern that the media was to blame for the consequences of the Abu Ghraib scandal:

If the media hadn't exposed the pictures to that extent, then thousands of lives would have been saved ... Yeah, I took the photos but I didn't make it worldwide.[9][16]

Asked about the picture of her posing with Graner in front of a pyramid of naked men, she said:

At the time I thought, I love this man [Graner], I trust this man with my life, okay, then he's saying, well, there's seven of them and it's such an enclosed area and it'll keep them together and contained because they have to concentrate on staying up on the pyramid instead of doing something to us.[9]

Asked about the picture showing her pointing at a man forced to masturbate, she again referred to her feelings for Graner at the time:

Graner and Frederick tried to convince me to get into the picture with this guy. I didn't want to, but they were really persistent about it. At the time I didn't think that it was something that needed to be documented but I followed Graner. I did everything he wanted me to do. I didn't want to lose him.[9]

In a 16 January 2009 interview with The Guardian, England reiterated:

... that she was goaded into posing for the photographs by her then lover and more senior fellow soldier, Charles Graner. 'They said in the trial that authority figures really intimidate me. I always aim to please.'[17]

In 2012, following her release, she stated that she did not regret her actions. "Their (Iraqis') lives are better. They got the better end of the deal," she said. "They weren't innocent. They're trying to kill us, and you want me to apologize to them? It's like saying sorry to the enemy."[18]

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    England forcing an inmate, known to the guards as "Gus", to crawl and bark like a dog on a leash.
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    Detainees were placed into a human pyramid. England and Graner posed for the picture.
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    England poses in front of a detainee being forced to masturbate.
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    England after she was sentenced to three years for prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib.
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    Naval Consolidated Brig, Miramar, where England was imprisoned.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ The Errol Morris film Standard Operating Procedure includes an interview in which England confirms that several of the infamous pictures were taken "after midnight", meaning on her 21st birthday (01:14:58 to 01:15:20), and images putting the pictures at 23:16 on 7 November (01:16:15 to 01:16:40). Although there is disparity as to date, this appears to indicate 08 November.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Dickerscheid, P.J. (29 June 2009). "Abu Ghraib scandal haunts W.Va. reservist". The Independent.
  3. ^ "Profile: Lynndie England". BBC News. September 27, 2005. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
  4. ^ a b Emma Brockes (3 January 2009). "Interview: She's home from jail, but Lynndie England can't escape Abu Ghraib". The Guardian. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
  5. ^ "Is Lynndie England a Victim or Victimizer?". ABC News. May 2, 2005. Retrieved August 25, 2015.
  6. ^ McKelvey, Tara (May 18, 2009). "A Soldier's Tale: Lynndie England". Marie Claire. Retrieved July 14, 2007.
  7. ^ Nestel, M.L. (19 March 2012). "Abu Ghraib's Grasp". The Daily.
  8. ^ a b "Iraq War 10 Years Later: Where Are They Now? Lynndie England (Abu Ghraib)". NBC News. March 19, 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
  9. ^ a b c d e "English-language transcript of March 2008 interview with Lynndie England". Stern magazine. March 17, 2008. Retrieved March 25, 2008.
  10. ^ a b Beavers, Liz (March 25, 2007). "England back in Mineral County: Army reservist, notorious face of Abu Ghraib scandal, out of prison". Cumberland Times-News. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Friday, England family attorney Roy T. Hardy of Keyser confirmed England had been paroled March 1 after serving approximately half of her sentence at a military prison located near San Diego.
  11. ^ "Private In Prison Abuse Photos Shares Her Story". KCNC-TV. May 11, 2004. Archived from the original on January 19, 2008.
  12. ^ Tompkins, Al (May 15, 2004). "The Story Behind the Lynndie England Interview". Poynter. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
  13. ^ Woodruff, Bob (May 2, 2005). "Is Lynndie England a Victim or Victimizer?". ABC News. Retrieved April 29, 2023.
  14. ^ Ronson, Jon (2004). "The Dark Side". The Men Who Stare at Goats. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 151–158. ISBN 0-7432-4192-4.
  15. ^ "Lynndie England gets spot on town board in W.Va". Army Times. Associated Press. July 14, 2007. Retrieved July 14, 2007.
  16. ^ "Lynndie England Blames Media for Photos". Associated Press. March 19, 2008. Archived from the original on March 21, 2008. Retrieved March 20, 2008.
  17. ^ "none". The Guardian Weekend. January 16, 2009. p. 16.
  18. ^ "Iraq War 10 Years Later: Where Are They Now? Lynndie England (Abu Ghraib) - World News". NBC News. March 19, 2013. Archived from the original on August 31, 2015. Retrieved August 25, 2015.

Further reading

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