Lyktos (Greek: Λύκτος or Λύττος), was a city in ancient Crete. During the Classical and Roman periods, it was one of the major settlements on the island. Its ruins are located near the modern-day village of Lyttos in the municipality of Minoa Pediada, Heraklion Regional Unit.
Lyktos in mythology
editLyktos appears in the Homeric catalogue.[1] According to Hesiod, Theogony (477-484), Rhea gave birth to Zeus in Lyktos and hid him in a cave of Mount Aegaeon. The inhabitants of this ancient Doric city called themselves colonists of Sparta,[2] and the worship of Apollo appears to have prevailed there.[3]
History
edit
The name "Lyktos" seems to originate in the Bronze Age, appearing in Linear B texts as ru-ki-to and as rkt (ry-kꜣ-tı͗) in an Egyptian list of Aegean place names from the Mortuary Temple of Amenhotep III.[4][5][6]
In 344 BC, Phalaecus the Phocis assisted the Knossians against their neighbors the Lyktians, and took the city of Lyktos, from which he was driven out by Archidamus, king of Sparta.[7] The Lyktians, at a still later period, were engaged in frequent hostilities with Knossos, and succeeded in creating a formidable party in the island against that city. During the Lyttian War in 220 BC the Knossians, taking advantage of their absence on a distant expedition, surprised Lyktos, and utterly destroyed it. The citizens, on their return, abandoned it, and found refuge at Lappa. Polybius,[8] on this occasion, bears testimony to the high character of the Lyktians, as compared with their countrymen. They afterwards recovered their city by the aid of the Gortynians, who gave them a place called Diatonium, which they had taken from the Knossians.[citation needed]
Lyktos was sacked by the Roman general Metellus,[9] but was existing in the time of Strabo[10] at a distance of 80 stadia (15 km) from the Libyan Sea.[11] The site still bears the name of Lytto, where ancient remains are now found.[12]
In the 16th century, Venetian manuscripts[13] describe the walls of the ancient city, with circular bastions, and other fortifications, as existing upon a lofty mountain, nearly in the centre of the island. Numerous vestiges of ancient structures, tombs, and broken marbles, are seen, as well as an immense arch of an aqueduct,[14] by which the water was carried across a deep valley by means of a large marble channel.
The harbor of Chersonesos served as the port for Lyktos trade.
The town of Arsinoe belonged to Lyktos during the Hellenistic period, according to Stephanus of Byzantium, although its location is far from certain. Some scholars locate this Arsinoe (Crete) at the site of the older city of Rhithymna (although it is rather far from Lyktos). Others place it near the village of Malia, at Chersonesos above, or elsewhere in the territory of Lyktos.[15]
The decoration of the coins issued at Lyktos is usually an eagle flying, with the inscription "ΛΥΤΤΙΩΝ" ("of the Lyttians").[16]
Modern history
editBefore unearthing Knossos, Arthur Evans intended to excavate Lyktos but did not succeed in obtaining the necessary permits. As of 2022, only a small part of the site has been systematically excavated. A new five-year research program commenced in 2021, whose first year yielded significant findings the most important of which was a headless marble statue of Hadrian.[17]
References
edit- ^ The Iliad ii. 647, xvii. 611.
- ^ Aristotle Pol. ii. 7.
- ^ Callimachus Hymn to Apollo 33; comp. Müller, Dorians, vol. i. pp. 141, 227, trans.
- ^ Elmar Edel; Manfred Görg (2005), Die Ortsnamenlisten im nördlichen Säulenhof des Totentempels Amenophis III (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, ISBN 3-4470-5219-8
- ^ Cline, Eric; Stannish, Steven (2011). "Sailing the Great Green Sea? Amenhotep III's "Aegean List" from Kom el-Hetan, Once More". Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections. 3 (2): 6–16. doi:10.2458/azu_jaei_v03i2_cline.
- ^ Ventris, Michael; Chadwick, John (1973). Documents in Mycenaean Greek (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-08558-8.
- ^ Diodorus xvi. 62.
- ^ iv. 53, 54.
- ^ Livy Epit. xcix.; Florus iii. 7.
- ^ x. p. 479.
- ^ Strabo p. 476; comp. Stephanus of Byzantium s. v.; Scylax p. 18; Pliny iv. 12; Aesych. s. v. Καρνησσόπολις; Hierocles.
- ^ Robert Pashley, Trav. vol. i. p. 269.
- ^ Mus. Class. Ant. vol. ii. p. 274.
- ^ Kelly, A. 2018 A Roman Aqueduct through the Cretan Highlands - securing the water supply for elevated Lyttos. In G.A. Aristodemou and Th.P. Tassios (ed.) Great Waterworks in Roman Greece. Aqueducts and Monumental Fountain Structures: Function in Context. Archaeopress Roman Archaeology 35, 147-169
- ^ Getzel M. Cohen, The Hellenistic Settlements in Europe, the Islands, and Asia Minor (Volume 17 of Hellenistic culture and society). University of California Press, 1995 ISBN 0520914082 p132
- ^ Eckhel, vol. ii. p.316; Töck, Kreta, vol. i. pp. 13, 408, vol. ii. pp. 431, 446, vol. iii. pp. 430, 465, 508.
- ^ Ένας μήνας ανασκαφών έδωσε πληροφορίες για… 17 αιώνες!, Πατρίς onLine, 3 Αυγούστου 2021
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty|title=(help)
External links
edit- "Lyktos Archaeological Project". 24 July 2023.