Te Kotahitanga

Māori Parliament Movement

Te Kotahitanga
Māori Parliament Movement ; Te Kotahitanga
	Flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand
Type
Type	Bicameral
Houses	Te Whare Ariki (Upper House); Te Whare o Raro (Lower House)
History
Founded	14 June 1892
Disbanded	21 March 1902
Succeeded by	Māori councils
Leadership
Chairman	Hoani Te Whatahoro Jury (1892); Hone Taare Tikao (1893); Te Keepa Te Rangi-pūawhe (1896)
Speaker	Henare Tomoana(1892-1894); Mohi Te Atahikoia; (1895)
Premier	Hamiora Mangakahia (1892, 1897, 1898); Hoani Te Whatahoro Jury (1893, 1894)
Seats	140 (1892); 44 (Whare Ariki); 96 (Whare o Raro)
Meeting place
	Waipatu (1892, 1893), Pākirikiri (1894), Rotorua (1895), Taupō (1896), Pāpāwai (1897, 1898), Rotorua (1900, 1901), Waiōmatatini (1902)

The Kotahitanga movement was an autonomous Māori parliament convened annually in New Zealand from 1892 until 1902. Though not recognised by the New Zealand Government, the Māori Parliament was an influential body while it lasted. By 1902 its role was largely superseded by the Māori councils established by James Carroll and Hōne Heke Ngāpua through the Māori Councils Act 1900. As a result, Kotahitanga members unanimously voted for its dissolution at the 10th Parliament at Waiōmatatini in 1902.

Te Kotahitanga was distinct from Te Kauhanganui, the Māori parliament established by the Kingitanga movement in the late 1880s, because it called for the union of all Māori tribes, whereas Te Kauhanganui was convened by and for the hapū of the Waikato-Tainui region. In 1895 the two movements considered merging, but this ultimately failed.

Sessions

Waipatu 1892

The first formal session of Te Kotahitanga was held in June 1892 at Waipatu in Heretaunga. It was hosted by the former Member of Parliament for the Eastern Maori electorate, Henare Tomoana. 96 representatives sat in the Whare o Raro and 44 chiefs sat in the Whare Ariki. Tomoana was elected Speaker of the House because his tenure in parliament gave him the experience necessary to guide debates and maintain order. Hoani Te Whatahoro Jury was elected chairman, the formal head of the Whare o Raro, and Hamiora Mangakahia was elected premier, a position that made him the chief spokesperson for the movement.

Pāpāwai House in 1897, built to host the 6th and 7th sittings of the Kotahitanga Parliament.

The 6th sitting of the ''Kotahitanga'' Parliament at Pāpāwai in 1897, with Prime Minister of New Zealand Richard Seddon in attendance.

Waipatu 1893

In 1893 the second session of Te Kotahitanga was also convened at Waipatu, though this session was poorly attended. Only 58 representatives sat in the Whare o Raro. At that time, Mangakahia had fallen out of favour with many of the movement's representatives and was not returned as premier. Hoani Te Whatahoro Jury was elected in his place.

Pakirikiri 1894

The 1894 session took place at Pakirikiri, near Gisborne. The session, hosted by local chief Otene Pitau, was well attended and lasted for over a month.

Rotorua 1895

The 1895 session of Te Kotahitanga was convened at Ohinemutu in Rotorua. Hamiora Mangakahia was re-elected for a second term as premier, and the role of speaker was given to Mohi Te Ātahīkoia of Ngāti Kahungunu. In the course of this session, Henare Tomoana accused Mangakahia of financial mismanagement of Te Kotahitanga during his first term as premier, and attempted to force his resignation. But Mangakahia was able to demonstrate in rebuttal that the mismanagement of Kotahitanga funds had actually developed during the term of his successor, Hoani Te Whatahoro Jury.^[3] The session is also notable as the setting for a potential merger of Te Kotahitanga with the Kingitanga movement. Mahuta Tāwhiao, the new King of the Waikato-Tainui tribes, was visited by representatives from the 1895 sitting of Te Kotahitanga, who invited him to sign the Kotahitanga deed of union, calling for the political union of all Māori tribes. Mahuta appointed a committee to consider the proposal, but was undermined by Waikato chief Tupu Atanatiu Taingakawa Te Waharoa, who circulated a rival deed of union calling for all Māori tribes to unite under the Kingitanga.

Hoani Te Whatahoro Jury, elected first Chairman of Te Kotahitanga and later premier.

Henare Tomoana, formerly a member of the New Zealand Parliament for Eastern Maori, served as Speaker of Te Kotahitanga.

Membership

The lower house, or Whare o Raro, had 96 members, elected at large from electorates defined according to tribal affiliation. The upper house, or Whare Ariki, was composed of 44 paramount chiefs elected by the members of the Whare o Raro. 127 representatives filled the 140 positions in both houses at the parliament's first sitting at Waipatu Marae in 1892, as 13 chiefs were elected to both houses.

Whare o Raro members (1892)

^{[citation needed]}

Constituency	Member	Iwi affiliation	Member's origin	Position
Ngāpuhi	Wikiriwhi Hemana	Ngāti Whatua	Kaipara
	Muriwai Hepehi	Ngāpuhi, Te Rarawa	Whangaroa
	Kaipo Hotereni	Ngāpuhi, Te Rarawa	Waihou ki te Kauru
	Miti Kakau	Te Rarawa	Hokianga
	Wi Katene	Ngāpuhi	Ōhaeawai, Tautoro
	Maihi Kawiti	Ngāpuhi	Waiomio, Taumarere
	Pomare Kingi	Ngāpuhi	Whatitiri
	Karena Kiwa	Ngāpuhi	Whangaroa
	Taniora Moto	Te Rarawa	Mangamuka
	Eramiha Paikea	Ngāti Whatua	Kaipara
	Ngakuru Pana	Ngāpuhi, Te Rarawa	Waimamaku
	Kereama Papaka	Ngāpuhi	Waikara
	Peri Paraihe	Te Rarawa	Hokianga
	Hemi Parata	Ngāti Whatua	Te Awaroa, Kaipara
	Netana Patuawa	Ngāti Whatua	Opanaki, Maunganui
	Te Kaka Porowini	Ngāpuhi	Te Karetu, Pewhairangi
	Timoti Puhipi	Te Rarawa	Ahipara, Kaitara, Te Awanui
	Pere Riwhi	Ngāpuhi	Whirinaki
	Riwi Taikawa	Ngāpuhi	Whangārei, Kaihou
	Pene Taui	Ngāpuhi	Oromahoe, Waimate
	Heremia Te Wake	Te Rarawa	Hokianga
	Re Te Tai Maunga	Te Rarawa	Hokianga
	Wiki Te Pirihi	Ngāpuhi	Whangārei, Kaihou
	Mitai Titore	Ngāpuhi	Mangakāhia, Ahuahu
	Hemi Tupe	Ngāpuhi	Whangaroa
	Raniera Wharerau	Ngāpuhi	Waima
	Te Paki Wihongi	Ngāpuhi	Kaikohe
	Mohi Wikitahi	Ngāpuhi	Waima
Te Tai Hauāuru	Hoani Amorangi	Ngāti Raukawa, Muaupoko
	Reha Aperahama	Ngāti Maru	Te Aroha
	Hoani Wiremu Hipango	Ngāti Hau	Whanganui
	Hamiora Mangakahia	Ngāti Whanaua, Ngāti Pare	Whitianga	Premier
	Wiremu Ngapaki	Ngāti Ruanui	Hāwera, Patea
	Ngarangikatitia-Tutae	Ngāti Ruanui
	Manahi Paewai	Rangitane	Manawatu
	Te Aohau Pungarehu	Ngāti Raukawa	Waikato
	Ropiha Rangihaukori		Ōpunake
	Hamapiri Te Arahori	Ngāti Maniapoto	Ōtorohanga, Te Kūiti
	Wi Te Kākākura	Ngāti Awa	Waitotara, Mokau
	Wiari Te Kuri	Ngāti Maniapoto	Ōtorohanga, Te Kūiti
	Te Manaotawhaki	Ngāti Apa	Manawatu
	Rore Te Rangiheuea	Rangitane	Warupere
	Te Keepa Te Rangihiwinui	Ngāti Awa	Hāwera, Taranaki
	E.H. Te Taitea	Ngāti Awa	Te Whanganui-a-Tara
	E.H. Te Taitea	Ngāti Toa	Porirua, Waikanae
	Kipa Te Whatanui	Ngāti Raukawa, Muaupoko	Otaki
	Hamiora Tupaea	Ngai Te Rangi	Tauranga
Te Tai Rawhiti	Kipa Anaru	Ngāti Kahungunu	Mohaka
	Te Makiri Hona	Te Urewera Katoa	Te Waimana
	Hoani Kehua	Ngāti Kahungunu	Wairoa
	Hoani Kerei	Te Whanau-a-Apanui	Whangaparaoa
	Akuhata Kiharoa	Te Arawa	Wairakei, Rotorua
	Wiremu Kupa	Ngāti Kahungunu	Mohaka
	Nepia Mahuika	Ngāti Porou	Waiapu
	Hori Mania	Ngāti Kahungunu	Wairoa
	Tuta Nihoniho	Ngāti Porou	Waiapu
	Wi Pakai	Ngāti Hineuru
	Eruini Paranihi	Ngāti Tuwharetoa	Taupō-nui-a-tia
	Wiremu Potae	Te Aitanga-a-Hauiti	Tolaga Bay
	Timi Rimene	Te Arawa, Ngāti Pikiao	Maketu
	H. Ropiha	Ngāti Kahungunu	Ahuriri, Heretaunga
	Hoani Ruru	Ngāti Kahungunu	Gisborne ki Paritu
	H. M. Tamahau	Ngāti Kahungunu	Wairarapa
	Karaitiana Te Amaru	Te Aitanga-a-Hauiti	Tolaga Bay
	Mohi Te Atahikoia	Ngāti Kahungunu	Wairarapa
	H. Te Aweawe	Ngāti Kahungunu	Ahuriri, Heretaunga
	Apiata Te Hame	Te Aitanga-a-Hauiti	Tolaga Bay
	Hami Te Heru	Ngāti Kahungunu	Te Paritu ki te Kaha-a-Tureia
	Tureiti Te Heuheu Tukino V	Ngāti Tuwharetoa	Taupō-nui-a-tia
	Wi Te Houkamau	Ngāti Porou	Whangaparaoa
	Anaru Te Kakahi	Ngāti Porou	Waiapu
	Aperahama Te Kume	Ngāti Tuwharetoa	Taupō-nui-a-tia
	Maraku Te Rangihirawea	Ngāti Tuwharetoa	Taupō-nui-a-tia
	H. Te Rango	Ngāti Kahungunu	Ahuriri, Heretaunga
	Hoani Te Rohurohu	Ngāti Kahungunu	Gisborne ki Paritu
	Nikora Te Wakaunua	Manawa	Tarawera, Rangitaiki
	Hoani Te Whatahoro Jury	Ngāti Kahungunu	Ahuriri, Heretaunga	Chairman
	Rewi Toheriri	Ngāti Kahungunu	Te Paritu ki te Kaha-a-Tureia
	Henare Tomoana	Ngāti Kahungunu	Ahuriri, Heretaunga	Speaker of the House
	Hoani Paraone Tunuiarangi	Ngāti Kahungunu	Wairarapa
	Hapimana Tunupaura	Ngāti Kahungunu	Wairoa
	Raniera Turoa	Ngāti Kahungunu	Gisborne ki Paritu
	Hemi Waeka	Ngāti Kahungunu	Gisborne ki Paritu
	Tupara	Te Arawa	Wairakei, Rotorua
	Toha	Ngāti Kahungunu	Wairoa
	Rahurahu	Ngāti Kahungunu	Wairoa
	Netane	Te Urewera Katoa	Ruatoki
Te Waipounamu	Raniera Erihana	Ngāi Tahu	Waikouaiti
	Taituha Hape	Ngāi Tahu	Kaiapoi
	Hoani Maaka	Ngāi Tahu	Kaiapoi
	Wiwi Tairoa	Ngāi Tahu	Arahura, Hauauru
	Timoti Te Whiu	Ngāi Tahu	Wairewa
	Hone Taare Tikao	Ngāi Tahu	Wairewa
	Pita Tipa	Ngāi Tahu	Moerangi
	Paratenei Tunuiarangi	Ngāi Tahu	Kaiapoi
	Taniora Rau	Rangitane, Ngāti Toa	Arapawa

Whare Ariki Members (1892)

Member	Iwi affiliation
Te Keepa Te Rangihiwinui	Ngāti Awa
Takarangi Mete Kingi	Ngāti Awa
Ropata Te Ao	Ngāti Raukawa
Kipa Te Whatanui	Ngāti Raukawa
Himona Papaka	Ngāti Tuwharetoa
Paora Ngawaha	Ngāti Tuwharetoa
Hoani Nahe	Ngāti Maru
Pita Tipa	Ngāi Tahu
Taiuru	Ngāti Taurawhiti
Kingi Te Herekiekie	Ngāti Tuwharetoa
Tuakau	Ngāti Tuwharetoa
Raihania Takapa	Ngāti Awa
Akapita Te We	Ngāi Tūhoe
Wi Katene	Ngāpuhi
Paratene Tunuiarangi	Ngāi Tahu
Hemi Tupe	Ngāpuhi
Pomare Kingi	Ngāpuhi
Maihi Kawiti	Ngāpuhi
Eramiha Paikea	Ngāti Whatua
Mitikakau	Te Rarawa
Re Te Tai Maunga	Te Rarawa
Akuhata Kiharoa	Te Arawa
Timoti Puhipi	Te Rarawa
Wi Te Houkamau	Ngāti Porou
Wiremu Potae	Ngāti Porou
Nepia Mahuika	Ngāti Porou
Ropata Wahawaha	Ngāti Porou
Wi Pere	Ngāti Kahungunu
Henare Matua	Ngāti Kahungunu
Kerei Te Ota	Ngāti Kahungunu
Hami Te Hau	Ngāti Kahungunu
Hirini Te Kani	Ngāti Kahungunu
Puhara Hawaikirangi	Ngāti Kahungunu
Teira Tiakitai	Ngāti Kahungunu
Ekengarangi Hapuku	Ngāti Kahungunu
Hapuku Te Nahu	Ngāti Kahungunu
Paora Ropiha	Ngāti Kahungunu
Peni Te Uamairangi	Ngāti Kahungunu
Wiremu M. Porotene	Ngāti Kahungunu
Wiki Moa Ngamanako	Ngāti Hineuru
Ngawaka te Wharehina	Ngāti Hine
Piripi Te Maari	Ngāti Kahungunu
Tamati M. Te Apatu	Ngāti Kahungunu
Hori H. Te Huki	Ngāti Kahungunu

References

^ Ballara, Angela. "Tomoana, Henare". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
^ Ballara, Angela. "Te Atahikoia, Mohi". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
^ Ballara, Angela. "Hamiora Mangakahia". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 27 November 2015.

[DNZB_Tomoana-1] Ballara, Angela. "Tomoana, Henare". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 10 September 2014.

[DNZB_Mohi_Te_Atahikoia-2] Ballara, Angela. "Te Atahikoia, Mohi". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 27 November 2015.

[DNZB_Mangakahia-3] Ballara, Angela. "Hamiora Mangakahia". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 27 November 2015.

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