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Dover Motor Speedway

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Dover Motor Speedway (formerly known as the Dover International Speedway from 2002 to 2021 and as the Dover Downs International Speedway from 1969 to 2001) is a 1.000 mi (1.609 km) oval track in Dover, Delaware, hosting major events since 1969, including NASCAR and IndyCar races. It has a 54,000-seat capacity as of 2022. Adjacent to Bally's Dover, which owns the surrounding property, the speedway itself is owned by Speedway Motorsports (SMI) and managed by Mike Tatoian.

Dover Motor Speedway
The Monster Mile

Oval (1969–present)
Location1131 North Dupont Highway,
Dover, Delaware, 19901
Time zoneUTC−5 (UTC−4 DST)
Coordinates39°11′22.56″N 75°31′49.12″W / 39.1896000°N 75.5303111°W / 39.1896000; -75.5303111
Capacity54,000
OwnerSpeedway Motorsports (November 2021–present)
Dover Motorsports (April 2002–October 2021)
Dover Downs Entertainment (October 1969–April 2002)
Broke groundOctober 1967; 57 years ago (1967-10)
Opened8 March 1969; 55 years ago (1969-03-08)
Construction costUS$5.2 million
Former namesDover Downs International Speedway
(1969–2002)
Dover International Speedway
(2002–2021)
Major eventsCurrent:
NASCAR Cup Series
Würth 400 (1969–present)
Dover 400 (1971–2020)
NASCAR Xfinity Series
BetRivers 200 (1982–present)
Drydene 200 (1986–2020) Former:
NASCAR Camping World Truck Series
KDI Office Technology 200 (2000–2020)
Indy Racing League (1998–1999)
USAC Championship Car (1969)
Websitedovermotorspeedway.com
Oval
SurfaceConcrete (1995–present)
Asphalt (1969–1994)
Length1.000 miles (1.609 km)
Turns4
BankingTurns: 24°
Straights: 9°
Race lap record0:19.622 (183.468 mph (295.263 km/h)) (United States Greg Ray, Dallara IR-7, 1998, IRL)

The track opened in 1969 as a combined horse and auto racing facility under the control of David P. Buckson, then-Attorney General of Delaware. The facility, particularly its horse racing endeavors, quickly faced financial troubles but was sustained by its NASCAR events and financial support from then-owner John W. Rollins. Expansion took place in the 1980s and 1990s, spurred by the rise in popularity of NASCAR in the 1980s and the legalization of slot machines in Delaware in the mid-1990s. In 2002, ownership was split, with Dover Motorsports taking over the auto racing oval. Following the Great Recession in the late 2000s, the track downsized. In 2021, SMI acquired Dover Motorsports.

Description

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Configuration

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See also: Bally's Dover
 
An overhead photo of Dover Motor Speedway and Bally's Dover in 2017.

Dover Motor Speedway (DMS) in its current form is measured at 1-mile (1.6 km), with 24° of banking in the turns and 9° of banking on the track's straightaways.[1] Located within the Dover Motor Speedway a 5⁄8-mile (1.0 km) horse racing track[2] that is currently part of Bally's Dover, which is not owned by Speedway Motorsports; it is instead owned by Gaming and Leisure Properties and operated by the Bally's Corporation.[3][4]

Amenities

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Dover Motor Speedway is located in Dover, Delaware, and is served by U.S. Route 13 and Delaware Route 1.[5] As of 2022, the track has a permanent seating capacity of 54,000 according to The News Journal.[6] In addition to seating, approximately 3,000 spots dedicated to camping are also available according to a 2023 Delaware Business Times report.[7] At its peak, DMS had a capacity of 140,000 according to a 2005 News Journal article.[8]

Miles the Monster

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Miles the Monster has served as DMS' official mascot since 2000. The description of Miles the Monster has drawn comparisons by Roadside America to The Thing and the Hulk, and was inspired by the "theme of concrete" according to Joe Heller, a former DMS PR worker.[9] Miles was first introduced in 1993 as a tyrannosaurus rex,[10] and was later re-introduced in 2000 in its current form.[9] In 2008, the Monster Monument, a 46-foot (14 m) statue of Miles the Monster, was erected to honor past winners at DMS.[11]

Track history

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Planning and construction

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David P. Buckson (pictured in 1969), then-Attorney General of Delaware, announced the construction Dover Downs in 1967. He eventually become the track's first president.

On June 18, 1967, David P. Buckson, the Attorney General of Delaware, announced intentions of building a 5⁄8 mile (1.0 km) horse racing facility near U.S. Route 13 named Delaware Downs. In initial plans, the track had a projected cost of $1.5 million (adjusted for inflation, $13,706,587), with amenities including 10,000 seats and a clubhouse, with room to expand to include a future convention center.[12] The plan received mostly positive reception from the Delaware General Assembly, with local lawmakers favoring changing laws in order to legally build the track.[13] After Buckson's bill, known as Senate Bill 201, initially experienced a delay in consideration,[14] S.B. 201 was passed through both branches of the General Assembly on July 18[15] and signed into law by Delaware Governor Charles L. Terry Jr. eight days later.[16] By September, Buckson was able to purchase just under $2 million worth of land to acquire approximately 600 acres (240 ha) of land to construct the facility.[17]

Construction of the facility began in October, with plans expanded to include a 1-mile (1.6 km) auto racing oval around the horse racing track.[18] However, a steel truckers' strike and picketing delayed the grandstand construction. Originally set to open on March 1, 1968, the facility's debut was postponed to March 14 at the request of Buckson, who wanted to avoid competing with Georgetown Raceway.[19][20][18] Although the facility was initially set to open on March 1, 1968,[18] Further delays came in the following year February, with the opening rescheduled to early April due to the ongoing strike and a winter storm.[21]

By April, construction completion was moved to August,[22] and in June, multiple liens totaling at least $286,500 were filed against Dover Downs.[23] To address these financial issues, Buckson partnered with John W. Rollins and Melvin J. Joseph to secure a $3 million financing plan, with Rollins as the primary backer and Joseph overseeing construction. This allowed the group to pay off the liens by July,[24][25] and the opening was finally rescheduled for March 8, 1969.[26][27] In February, Dover Downs received its horse racing license from the Delaware Racing Commission.[28]

Early years and financial troubles

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NASCAR driver Richard Petty (pictured in 2016) won the first major auto race at Dover Downs' auto racing oval on July 6, 1969.

After a year of construction delays, the $5.2 million facility held its first horse races on March 8, 1969, with Pinehurst and jockey Fred Kratz winning the first ever horse race at the Dover Downs Raceway (DDR).[29][30] The following month, Dover Downs was able to secure its first auto racing dates, with the NASCAR Grand National Series scheduling a 300-mile (480 km) race on July 6.[31] By the end of its first horse racing season in May, the facility received mixed reception from local press; in responding to rumors that track leaders would abandon horse racing, Buckson stated to The Morning News that they were "ridiculous. We'll be back here next year ready to go again."[32] The auto racing oval, named Dover Downs International Raceway (DDIS), held its first races as scheduled, with Richard Petty winning the 1969 Mason-Dixon 300;[33] the race oversaw fewer fans and traffic problems than expected.[34] In June 1970, DDIS underwent its first repave at the cost of $50,000 (adjusted for inflation, $392,288).[35]

In its early years, Dover Downs struggled financially.[36][37] By July 1969, liens totaling over $950,000 were filed against the facility. In April 1970, McNutt Electric Company, one of the lienholders, sued Dover Downs for unpaid bills.[38] By August, Dover Downs settled the liens, paying $965,000 in total. In 1973, it faced a near-boycott by the Cloverleaf Standardbred Owners Association, who demanded an 8% purse increase and new paddock facilities.[39] Although track leaders initially refused due to costs, an agreement was eventually reached.[40][41] With attendance below expectations in early 1974, track general manager John Riddle acknowledged the facility's financial difficulties, stating that "I must admit that we are in a serious financial situation... I know we can't continue to operate in a deficit situation."[42] Buckson proposed dog racing and a tax relief bill to improve finances in January 1974;[43][44] although the House approved the bill, it was vetoed by Sherman W. Tribbitt.[45][46] In August, Buckson's salary was cut, and he was reassigned as chairman, with Riddle stepping in as president.[47] In September, Riddle announced Dover Downs was for sale but denied impending bankruptcy.[48] Despite DDR's issues, DDIS remained profitable, with The Morning News noting that auto racing was unaffected by the complex's financial troubles.[49][50]

 
John W. Rollins, former owner of Dover Downs, often provided emergency financial backing to Dover Downs despite its financial troubles, helping the facility continue to operate in the 1970s.

In 1975, a tax break bill passed to assist Dover Downs if it resumed thoroughbred racing, easing some financial pressure.[51][52] However, a year later, auditors found Dover Downs owed $49,000 (adjusted for inflation, $262,365) in unpaid admission taxes.[53] In the winter of 1977, attendance dropped 16% due to new horse racing tracks.[54] Later that year, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) investigated possible race-fixing at the track.[55] After Governor Pete du Pont vetoed an initial tax break bill in October, another bill was proposed, this time with state officials involved.[56] Du Pont agreed to sign it only if he could release Dover Downs' financial records, which the track’s owner, Riddle, had previously refused.[57] In a controversial decision, du Pont approved the $500,000 (adjusted for inflation, $2,335,714) annual tax break on February 21.[58] Despite this, Riddle later admitted the track would still see a small loss.[59] In April 1979, Riddle resigned to join NASCAR as their executive vice president.[60] Riddle maintained that he thought the track was in a stable financial state, proclaiming that "I really believe that this racetrack is solid and will continue to be so for many years".[61] However, owner John W. Rollins said he hadn’t made a profit on the track, noting his financial support had kept it afloat.[62]

Denis McGlynn era, Dover Downs expansion

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DDIS' mass expansion

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In November 1979, director of operations Denis McGlynn was named as Riddle's replacement for president of Dover Downs.[63] Heading into the 1980s, the facility experienced continued financial woes, with McGlynn reporting "significant" losses since 1981 in a March 1983 interview.[64] In September 1982, Rollins offered the city of Dover to purchase the entirety of Dover Downs for $5 million (adjusted for inflation, $15,295,690).[65] Later that year, DDR underwent renovations, adding betting windows and color televisions.[66] In April 1983, McGlynn tried to negotiate with the city to lower the buying cost of Dover Downs to $1.9 million; however, the proposal was rejected.[67] Attendance at DDR also continued to drop with the construction of Rosecroft Raceway in 1984,[68] with the track reporting an over 10% decrease in average attendance from the previous year.[69] Later that year in May, in response to rising attendance and subsequent complaints about a lack of seating at DDIS, McGlynn announced a long-term expansion plan to retain its NASCAR races.[70] Two years later, DDIS underwent a repave after complaints from NASCAR drivers and crew chiefs.[71] The repave process started in May and was completed by September of that year, costing approximately $500,000.[72]

 
NASCAR racing at Dover Motor Speedway's asphalt surface in 1985. In 1995, the track surface changed to concrete, which still remains today.

Starting in the mid-1980s, Dover Downs International Speedway expanded drastically. In 1986 and 1987, 3,200 new seats were added for each year.[73] The following year, 5,100 seats added near Dover Downs International Speedway's main grandstand were added, increasing seating capacity to 41,000.[74] In March 1989, the addition of both of a new media center and 5,100 seats was completed, with a further 3,800 seats being announced.[75] By the end of the decade, renovations were made to victory lane, restrooms, pit road, and the garages.[76] In April 1991, a 5,383-seat grandstand was erected overseeing the track's fourth turn.[77] Further expansions of 5,000, 4,750, 6,650, and 6,950 seats were approved by the Dover Planning Commission in 1991,[78] 1992,[79] 1993,[80] and 1994, respectively, increasing capacity to 73,502.[81] In November 1994, alongside further construction of an additional 7,050 seats, track officials announced a $1.8 million complete repaving of DDIS' track surface, this time replacing the traditional asphalt surface with concrete.[82] Paving started in November and was completed in March 1995.[83] In October 1996, the city of Dover approved a master plan to allow the track to build 73,178 additional seats over the course of seven years, with the plan increasing capacity to 170,000.[84] However, by 2005, only 140,000 seats were installed.[85]

McGlynn's fight for legalization of slot machines in Delaware, subsequent DDR recovery and hotel construction

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In contrast, Dover Downs Raceway, alongside the state of Delawarean horse racing, oversaw heavy turmoil in the late 1980s and most of the 1990s. In 1989, alongside other horse racing tracks in Delaware, McGlynn started to advocate publicly for the legalization of slot machines in the state of Delaware.[86][87] A bill to legalize slot machines in Delaware, H.B. 297, was passed by both chambers of the Delaware Legislature by June 30.[88] However, then-Delaware Governor Mike Castle vetoed the bill in the summer of the same year.[89] Five years later, despite threats of another veto from Castle's successor Tom Carper,[90] another push for legalization was made in early 1994 after the closure of Brandywine Raceway in 1990 and further economic turmoil due to H.B. 297's veto.[91][92] Another bill, H.B. 443, was passed by June 1994 by both chambers[93] but was again vetoed; however, Carper stated that he was open to compromise.[94] A rewritten bill, H.B. 628 that allowed the state to take a bigger share of profits and required slot machines to be relicensed every four years, was passed by both chambers, with Carper allowing the bill to become law without his signature.[95][96]

Although McGlynn initially stating that he would not install slot machines due to a lack of profit for Dover Downs,[96] Rollins was able to convince McGlynn otherwise, with plans to install 500 machines in March 1995.[97] However, the installation was delayed by months,[98][99] with test runs not occurring until December 22[100] and the official opening occurring seven days later.[101] In the first months of slot machines, Dover Downs and Delaware Park Racetrack both oversaw increased profit,[102] with Dover Downs expanding their number of slot machines to 1,000 to accommodate increased demand.[103][104] By November 1996, $800,000 worth of renovations were invested into a reinvigorated and financially stable DDR, with McGlynn praising Rollins in a News Journal interview.[105] In March 1999, a 22,000 square feet (2,000 m2) expansion to increase the amount of slot machines to 1,568 was completed.[106]

Discussions on building a hotel to make Dover Downs an "entertainment destination" were recorded as far back as March 1998, with McGlynn stating that building a hotel "would make sense".[107] On August 25, 1999, the News Journal reported that Dover Downs Entertainment had submitted plans for a 520-room four star hotel to the Dover Planning Commission for approval,[108] with construction taking place in two 260-room phases if approved.[109] The hotel was approved on September 20.[110] The first phase of the hotel was scheduled to open on February 8, 2002; although it did open on time,[111] the opening was affected by a flood on the top floor of the hotel caused by an open pipe.[112]

Post-Dover Downs split

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See also: Speedway Motorsports § Dover Motorsports
 
The Monster Monument (pictured in 2024), featuring a 46-foot (14 m) Miles the Monster. The Monster Monument, built in 2008, was part of a multi-year renovation project aimed at beautifying the facility.

In July 2001, McGlynn stated hopes to separate Dover Downs' auto racing business and its horse racing and casino business as two separate companies, with the casino and horse racing facilities being named under Dover Downs Gaming & Entertainment.[113] The split was completed in April 2002, with the auto racing facility now being owned by Dover Motorsports, Inc.[114] As part of the split, the auto racing facility changed its name to Dover International Speedway (DIS).[115] In 2004, DIS started the process of installing of SAFER barriers to increase track safety.[116] The project was faced with engineering difficulties[117] but was eventually completed in time for the 2005 MBNA RacePoints 400.[118] In May 2006, McGlynn announced a five-year renovation plan for DIS, focused on expanding amenities around the track's property along with expanding the width of DIS' pit road.[119] The project was split into three phases. The first phase of the project was completed in time for the 2007 Autism Speaks 400, with additional parking and luxury seating options being constructed.[120] Phase two was completed by the running of the 2008 Camping World RV 400, which included the construction of a monument honoring past winners at DIS alongside an expanded fan zone.[11][121] Phase three of the project, an extension of the track's pit road, was completed by the 2009 Autism Speaks 400, extending it by 432 feet (132 m).[122][123] In 2014, Mike Tatoian, chief operating officer of Dover Motorsports, was assigned to replace McGlynn as president of DIS, with McGlynn remaining as the president of Dover Motorsports.[124] The following year, track developers spent $2.9 million to install a new, 21-foot (6.4 m) catchfence to replace the track's old 15-foot (4.6 m) catchfence.[125]

Capacity decline, change in ownership

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Starting in the late 2000s, DIS oversaw capacity and economic decline. In May 2009, seating capacity was decreased by approximately 7,000.[126] By 2011, attendance at DIS' NASCAR Cup Series races had dropped to under 90,000, over 50,000 less than what attendance was at its peak; the drop was blamed on economic effects of the Great Recession.[127] In 2012, developers initiated a seat-widening plan, with capacity decreasing from 132,000 to 113,000.[128] By the 2015 FedEx 400, DIS decreased seating capacity to 95,500 in response to further attendance downturn at DIS.[129][130] A further 10,500 seats were torn down in time for the 2017 AAA 400 Drive for Autism, resetting the capacity to 85,000.[131] Two years later, in response to a further decline of demand according to McGlynn, seating capacity was dropped to 54,000.[132]

In May 2019, DIS began work on a $5.5 million project focused on expanding its garage surface area by 20%; the project was completed in time for the 2019 Drydene 400.[133][134] In December 2021, ownership of the track changed hands when Dover Motorsports was bought out by Speedway Motorsports, LLC (SMI) for $131.5 million. As part of the purchase, the track's name changed to Dover Motor Speedway.[135]

Events

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Racing

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NASCAR

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See also: NASCAR Cup Series at Dover Motor Speedway and BetRivers 200
 
NASCAR racing at Dover Motor Speedway in 2012. Since 1969, DMS has held NASCAR Cup Series races at the facility.

As of 2024, DMS holds one annual NASCAR Cup Series race, currently known as the Wurth 400 for sponsorship reasons.[136] For most of its history, DMS held two annual races: one in the spring and one in the fall. The former was first run in 1969 to christen the auto racing oval.[137] The latter was first run in 1971,[138][139] and was run annually until 2021, when its race date was shifted to the Nashville Superspeedway.[140][141] Along with its Cup Series races, DMS also hosts lower-tier NASCAR Xfinity Series races.[142]

Other racing events

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In 1969, DMS ran a one-off United States Auto Club (USAC) open-wheel event, with Art Pollard winning the event.[143] While a 10-year deal was signed with USAC in 1970,[144] the race was cancelled that same year due to complaints from driver Mike Mosley that the track was unsafe after Mosley ran tests at the facility.[145][146]

Starting in 1998, the facility ran Indy Racing League (IRL) races.[147][148] However, after one more iteration in 1999,[149] the race was scrapped heading into the new millennium, with poor attendance being cited as the main reason for the failure to renew.[150]

Non-racing events

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  • Starting in 2012, the Firefly Music Festival was held at DMS.[151][152] With one exception in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic,[153] the event was held annually until 2023, when the event went on hiatus.[154]
  • Since 2022, the facility has hosted Gift of Lights, a drive-thru Christmas lights display that features 3.5 million total Christmas lights during the Christmas season.[155]

Lap records

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As of April 2024, the fastest official race lap records at Dover Motor Speedway are listed as:

Category Time Driver Vehicle Event
Oval: 1.609 km (1969–present)[156]
Indy Racing League 0:19.622[157] Greg Ray Dallara IR-7 1998 Pep Boys 400K
NASCAR Cup 0:22.203[158] Chase Elliott Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 2019 Gander RV 400
ARCA Menards 0:22.846[159] Carson Kvapil Chevrolet Camaro SS 2024 General Tire 150
NASCAR Truck 0:23.230[160] Brett Moffitt Chevrolet Silverado 2019 JEGS 200
NASCAR Xfinity 0:23.261[161] Jesse Love Chevrolet Camaro SS 2024 BetRivers 200

References

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  1. ^ "Dover International Speedway". ESPN. January 4, 2019. Retrieved September 19, 2024.
  2. ^ Nagengast, Larry (May 3, 2019). "The 50-year evolution of Dover International Speedway". WDDE. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
  3. ^ Read, Zoë (July 23, 2018). "Dover Downs to join gambling company with casinos in Rhode Island, Mississippi". WHYY-TV. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
  4. ^ Holveck, Brandon (November 29, 2021). "Dover Downs converting to Bally's Dover Casino Resort as parent company continues to grow". The News Journal. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
  5. ^ "'You Enjoy Myself': Your guide to Phish's Mondegreen in Delaware". WCAU. January 16, 2024. Retrieved September 21, 2024.
  6. ^ Frank, Martin; Mace, Ben (April 28, 2022). "From glorious highs to an uncertain future, can NASCAR recapture glory at Dover?". The News Journal. Archived from the original on April 29, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2024.
  7. ^ Tabeling, Katie (December 7, 2023). "Dover Speedway improves camping lots ahead of 2024 race". Delaware Business Times. Retrieved September 20, 2024.
  8. ^ Finney, Mike (February 9, 2005). "Dover not ready to commit to night race". The News Journal. pp. C1, C6. Retrieved October 15, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.  
  9. ^ a b "Miles the Monster". Roadside America. Retrieved October 16, 2024.
  10. ^ Brooks, Jane (May 30, 1993). "Track's 'Monster Mile' inspires plush souvenir". The News Journal. pp. E1. Retrieved October 16, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.  
  11. ^ a b Finney, Mike (January 27, 2008). "Monster Monument will be new fan attraction at Dover". The News Journal. pp. E1, E8. Retrieved October 15, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.  
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  26. ^ "Nolan new deputy attorney general". The Morning News. September 6, 1968. p. 13. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.  
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  32. ^ Feldner, Karl (May 12, 1969). "Dover Downs ends miracle meet". The Anniston Star. p. 23. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.  
  33. ^ McDermott, Don (July 7, 1969). "Petty wins 300 race by 6 laps". The Morning News. p. 21. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.  
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  41. ^ Schellhammer, Bill (November 12, 1973). "Dover Downs: It's open". The Morning News. p. 26. Retrieved September 22, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.  
  42. ^ Feldner, Karl (February 4, 1974). "Dover Downs Outlook Bleak, Track Boss Says". The News Journal. p. 10. Retrieved September 22, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.  
  43. ^ Martin, Monte (January 6, 1974). "87-date dog racing meet sought in Del". The Morning News. p. 26. Retrieved September 22, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.  
  44. ^ Moyed, Ralph S. (February 14, 1974). "Horse issue rears in Kent vote". The Morning News. p. 14. Retrieved September 22, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.  
  45. ^ Shaw, Eleanor (May 31, 1974). "Controversial race track bill passes House by a nose". The Morning News. p. 4. Retrieved September 22, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.  
  46. ^ Rykiel, Walt (June 29, 1974). "Veto Scratches Aid For Dover Racetrack". The News Journal. pp. 10, 12. Retrieved September 22, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.  
  47. ^ Goldbacher, Ray (August 13, 1974). "Buckson gets 'promotion' – and is $35,000 poorer". The Morning News. p. 11. Retrieved September 22, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.  
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  51. ^ Feldner, Karl (July 4, 1975). "Will Dover Downs race?". The News Journal. pp. 14, 16. Retrieved October 1, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.  
  52. ^ Martin, Monte (October 29, 1975). "Dover Downs Is Back With State as 'Partner'". The News Journal. p. 24. Retrieved October 1, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.  
  53. ^ "Trot Tracks May Owe State $100,000 in Taxes". The News Journal. September 22, 1976. p. 19. Retrieved October 1, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.  
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  74. ^ Brooks, Jane (June 3, 1988). "The NASCAR bonanza rolls in". The Morning News. pp. B8, B7. Retrieved October 14, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.  
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  98. ^ Kesler, Nancy (November 27, 1994). "Slots' debut delayed". The News Journal. pp. B1. Retrieved October 23, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.  
  99. ^ Kesler, Nancy (December 1, 1995). "New target date for racetrack slots: Dec. 11". The News Journal. pp. B1, B5. Retrieved October 23, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.  
  100. ^ Kesle, Susan (December 23, 1995). "Slots operation leaves little to chance". The News Journal. pp. A3. Retrieved October 23, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.  
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  118. ^ Finney, Mike (March 24, 2005). "Dover's SAFER walls will be ready". The News Journal. pp. C3. Retrieved October 15, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.  
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