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Mowag Piranha

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The Mowag Piranha is a family of armoured fighting vehicles designed by the Swiss company Mowag (since 2010 General Dynamics European Land Systems – Mowag GmbH).

Mowag Piranha
Irish Army Piranha IIIH MRV armed with a 30 mm autocannon
TypeArmoured fighting vehicle
Place of originSwitzerland
Service history
Used bysee Operators
Production history
DesignerMOWAG Motor Car Factory, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
ManufacturerMOWAG
Produced1972–present
VariantsTank destroyer, C3 Command Vehicle, Medevac, APC, police vehicle, pioneer & construction vehicle
Specifications
MassFrom 9,300 kg (20,500 lb)
Length6.25 to 7.45 m (20 ft 6 in to 24 ft 5 in)
Width2.5 to 2.66 m (8 ft 2 in to 8 ft 9 in)
Height1.8 to 1.98 m (5 ft 11 in to 6 ft 6 in)
Crew3+5; driver, commander, gunner + 5 passengers[1]
Armorquick-mount selection, including defense against RPG, IED, NBC
Main
armament
1 × 12.7 mm MG turret, or MOWAG apex mount, grenade launcher, or TOW anti-tank missile.
Enginediesel engine
202 kW 275hp
TransmissionAllison MT-653 automatic 6-speed planetary gearbox
Suspensionhydropneumatic 6×6, 8×8, or 10x10 wheeled
Fuel capacity300 L (66 imp gal; 79 US gal)
Operational
range
780 km (485 mi)
Maximum speed 100 km/h (62 mph) road
10 km/h (6 mph) water

Five generations of vehicles have been produced, manufactured by Mowag or under licence by other companies such as the LAV, and variants are in service with military forces throughout the world.

Variants

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Piranhas are available in 4×4, 6×6, 8×8, and 10×10 wheel versions. There are several variants within these versions, giving different degrees of armour protection and several kinds of turret, for use in a variety of roles. Piranha derivatives have been assigned roles as troop transports, command vehicles, fire support vehicles, tank trainers, and police vehicles.

Piranhas are used by the Swiss Army. Swiss-built Piranha derivatives have been exported to Ireland, Romania, Spain, and Belgium. The Romanian and Belgian armies have selected the Piranha IIIC 8×8. Belgium converted to an all-wheeled force, and replaced all their M113 armoured personnel carriers, AIFVs and Leopard 1 tanks with 268 Piranha IIIC in 7 variants.[2][3]

Piranha derivatives have been manufactured under license by General Dynamics (Canada), BAE Systems Land Systems (UK), Cardoen and FAMAE (Chile), and in the USA.

A new Piranha V version, weighing between 25 and 30 tons, was announced as the provisional winner of the British Army's Future Rapid Effect System (FRES) program in May 2008,[4] but this selection was reversed seven months later and bidding started again.[citation needed]

General Dynamics European Land Systems launched their new Piranha Class 5 at Eurosatory 2010 on 15 June and it was reported that the British MoD were showing renewed interest, but struggling with budget constraints.[5]

Piranha 4×4 IB

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MOWAG Piranha IB 4×4
 
MOWAG Piranha IB 4×4
TypeArmoured personnel carrier
Place of originSwitzerland
Production history
DesignerMOWAG Motor Car Factory, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
ManufacturerMOWAG
Produced1974–present
VariantsArmt, recon
Specifications
Mass6,300 kg (13,900 lb)
Length5.40 m (17 ft 9 in)
Width2.5 m (8 ft 2 in)
Height1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)
Crew7: driver, commander, gunner + 4 more people
Main
armament
1× 12.7 mm MG in the turret or Wildcat AAA with 2×30mm gun, or TSE 5000 Crotale, or ADATS, or Rheinmetall 105 mm Cannon
EngineChrysler V8 6.78 L gasoline engine
125 kW
TransmissionNP 540 Chrysler mechanics transmission, 5 forward gears, 1 reverse gear
Suspension4×4 wheeled
Fuel capacity200 l
Operational
range
700 km (41l/100km)
Maximum speed 100 km/h (62 mph) road
10 km/h (6 mph) water

The MOWAG Piranha 4×4 IB was an armored personnel carrier.

To complete the Piranha I Family of 1974, the Piranha 4×4 IB was designed as a light rapid reconnaissance and attack vehicle. It could take part in amphibious operations thanks to twin propellers and could operate in NBC-contaminated areas. The Piranha 4×4 was also designed to meet police needs. The MOWAG Grenadier and Mowag Spy sub-versions were also developed. The prototype of the Piranha 4×4 IB went through numerous tests and received different equipment and different engines. Due to rapid technological development and adjustments to requirements for military vehicles, no Piranha with gasoline engine was sold. The prototype is now in the Schweizerisches Militärmuseum Full.

Piranha IB 6×6

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MOWAG Piranha IB 6×6
 
MOWAG Piranha IB 6×6 Swiss Army
TypeArmoured fighting vehicle
Place of originSwitzerland
Service history
Used bySwitzerland, Canada, United Nations
Production history
DesignerMOWAG Motor Car Factory
ManufacturerMOWAG
Produced1972–present
VariantsTank Destroyer, C3 Command Vehicle Medevac, APC, Police vehicle
Specifications
Mass9,300 kg (20,500 lb)
Length6.25m
Width2.66m
Height1.985m / 2.17m
Crew7: driver, commander, gunner + 4 more people
Main
armament
1× 12.7 mm MG turret or MOWAG apex mount, or grenade launcher, TOW anti-tank missile, or Mephisto ATM.
EngineChrysler V8 petrol engine HT 413 Displacement 6,780 cm3
147 kW
TransmissionAllison MT-40 Automatic 6-speed planetary gearbox
Suspension6×6 wheeled
Fuel capacity200 l
Operational
range
500 km (41l/100km)
Maximum speed 100 km/h (62 mph)
10 km/h (6 mph) water

The first Piranha prototype ever built was the 6×6 IB in 1972. It can be seen as a milestone for the Piranha series due to various technical innovation like (at the time) modern designed drive with independent suspension, compact power unit in the right front and (as an amphibian drive) being powered by two propellers. This prototype was demonstrated with different engines and features for potential customers such as the Canadian Army who locally produced them as the AVGP. Switzerland sold a license to manufacture this machine to Chile in 1983. In the Swiss Army, the Piranha 6×6 is used as an ambulance, C3 command vehicle and, together with the BGM-71 TOW anti-tank missile, as a "tank destroyer". The prototype is along with an ambulance Piranha 6×6 on display in the Schweizerisches Militärmuseum Full.

MOWAG Piranha IIIC 10×10

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Piranha IIIC 10×10
 
MOWAG Piranha IIIC 10×10 at Military Museum Full
TypeArmoured car
Place of originSwitzerland
Service history
Used bySweden
Production history
DesignerMOWAG Motor Car Factory
ManufacturerMOWAG
Produced1994
VariantsTank, C3 Command Vehicle.
Specifications
Mass18,000 kg (40,000 lb)
Length7.45m
Width2.66m
Height1.98m / 2.17m
Crew3: driver, commander, gunner
Main
armament
turret Oerlikon GDD BOE with 35 mm automatic cannon KDE
Secondary
armament
7.62 mm coaxial MG FN MAG and 6 × Nebelwurfbecher 76mm
EngineDetroit Diesel V6, V6 53TA
350 hp
TransmissionAllison MD 3560 P-automatic transmission, 6 forward gears, 1 reverse
Suspension10×10 wheeled
Maximum speed 100 km/h (62 mph)

With the continuous evolution of the Piranha family due to increasing demands, and the projected development of the Mowag Shark as a heavy weapons carrier, the Piranha design reached the limit of its payload capacity. The Piranha 10×10 (built in 1994), was an attempt to expand the payload, using a 5th axle of the same type as used in the smaller Piranha models. The Piranha 10×10 was designed as a heavy weapons carrier, but only a small number were built for Sweden as the LIRKA command tank and Kapris radar carrier. The Piranha IIIC 10×10 marked an important development from the Piranha IIIC 8×8. The Piranha IIIC 10×10 prototype was used in various tests, including in Sweden, and now stands in the Schweizerisches Militärmuseum Full.

Family tree

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MOWAG Piranha IIIC ambulance of the Spanish Marines

Operators

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Piranha I

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  Chilean army – 225 Piraña I 6×6 and 30 Piraña I 8×8 [6]

  • including 50 120 mm mortar carriers
  • 20 FSV 90 mm version

  Ghana Army – 10 Piranha I 4x4, 44 Piranha I 6×6 and 3 Piranha I 8×8 [6][7][8]

  Nigerian Army – 110 delivered in the 1980s[9]

  Boko Haram - at least two, captured from the Nigerian army[9][10]

  Swiss Army – 314 Piranha II 6x6

  • 4 driving school "Pzj TOW Fahrschule" [11]
  • 310 tank hunter "Pzj TOW", fitted with NM142 turret[12] and a Detroit Diesel 6V-53T (265-300 hp) diesel engine.[12]
    • 40 were transformed into ambulance (Armament Program 2005, delivered in 2006–2007), "San Fz" [13][14]
    • 160 converted in command vehicle "Kdo Pz" with M153 Protector (Armament Program 2006, delivered in 2008–2010) [15][16]
    • 110 remained as a tank hunter TOW variant

Piranha II

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  Royal Army of Oman – 174 Piranha II in seven versions.[7]

  Qatar Armed Forces – 40 Piranha II 8×8 built under licence by former British firm Alvis PLC. (36 CCTS-90 tank hunter with a Belgian Cockerill 90 mm gun[17] and 4 ARVs-recovery).[citation needed] Used during the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.[18]

  Saudi Arabian National Guard – 1,117 LAV/Piranha II in 10 versions; another 132 ordered.[7]

  Swedish Army – 54 Piranha II

  • 27 10x10 Armoured Sensor Vehicle (protection against 14.5mm)
  • 17 10x10 Armoured Command Vehicle (protection against 7.62mm)
  • 10 8×8 Armoured Escort Vehicle ordered in 1997

  Swiss Army – 528 Piranha IIC (APC93 8×8):

  • 8 military police "Spz Pz 93 Militärpolizei" [20]
  • 5 driving school "Spz 93 Fahrschule" [21]
  • 515 "Char de grenadiers à roues 93" equipped with turrets KUKA Wehrtechnik Type 606 A1 (which became Rheinmetall),[22][12] made of the subvariants:
    • 282 Infantry APC variant "Spz 93" [23]
      • tranche 1, 117 ordered in 1993
      • tranche 2, 117 ordered in 1996
      • tranche 3, 48 ordered in 1999
    • 92 command variant "Kdo Pz 93" [24]
      • tranche 1, 28 ordered in 1993
      • tranche 2, 29 ordered in 1996
      • tranche 3, 35 ordered in 1999
    • 141 anti-tank variant "PAL Pz 93", (2 crew + 8 passengers, 8 Dragon anti-tank missiles embarked) [25]
      • tranche 1, 60 ordered in 1993
      • tranche 2, 59 ordered in 1996
      • tranche 3, 22 ordered in 1999

  Geneva Cantonal police – 1 Piranha IIC used by the tactical unit, BI (Brigade d'Intervention)[26]

Piranha III

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  Belgian Army – 242 Piranha IIIC 8×8, selected in 2006, ordered in 2 batches, delivery 2008 - 2015. Variants purchased:

  Botswana Defence Force – 90 Piranha III

  • 45 Piranha IIIC ordered in 2002, delivered from 2003 to 2004 (APC variant).[7]
  • 45 Piranha ordered in 2016, delivered from 2019 to 2022 (IFV variant, equipped with HITFIST turret).[6]

  Brazilian Marine Corps – 30 Piranha IIIC [6][34]

  • 25 APC
  • 2 ARV
  • 2 command post
  • 1 ambulance

  Danish Army – 113 Piranha III [6][35]

  • 22 Piranha IIIH (MTU 6V183TE22 (400 hp) diesel engine)[12] (delivery 1999-2000, $30million [36])
  • 91 Piranha IIIC
    • 60 command post, reconnaissance + APC [37]
    • C2 Command and Control variant [38]
    • Tactical Air Control Party TACP [39]
    • Danish Communications and Informations Systems (CIS) Piranha [40]
    • 11 Ambulance [41]

  Moldovan Ground Forces – 19 Piranha IIIH, supplied by Germany (Due to Swiss veto Danish request to re-export Piranha 3 armoured vehicles to Ukraine) as overhauled former Danish Army vehicles, first 3 vehicles delivered on 11.01.2023[7]

  Irish Army – 80 Piranha IIIH [6] (40 ordered in 1999, 25 in 2003, 15 ordered in 2005) (in 2019-2020, 62 Protector RWS turret were ordered for all the vehicles not initially equipped with it)[19]

  • 45 APC
  • 18 Cavalry Reconnaissance Vehicle equipped with Protector RWS (12.7 mm or 40 mm grenade launcher)
  • 8 command post
  • 6 Medium Reconnaissance Vehicle equipped with HITFIST 30 turrets [42]
  • 2 ambulance
  • 1 ARV

  Romanian Land Forces – 43 Piranha IIIC (amphibious).[43]

  Spanish Navy Marines – 39 Piranha IIIC (18 ordered in 2001, 21 ordered in 2008)[7]

  • 26 Armoured fighting vehicles (12.7 mm KMW RWS or 40 mm grenade launcher with AN/TVS-5 night vision)
  • 4 IFV / Reconnaissance vehicles (Lance turret with 30mm Mauser canon)
  • 4 sapper / engineering vehicles
  • 2 command post
  • 1 electronic warfare
  • 1 ambulance
  • 1 ARV[19]

  Swedish Amphibious Corps –13 Piranha IIIC

  • 7 "LIRKA" Armoured Command Vehicle (ACV) 10x10 [6][45]
  • 6 "KAPRIS" coastal artillery Armoured Sensor Vehicle (ASV) 10x10 with Giraffe radar[6][45]
  • 1 8x8 AEV prototype (armoured escort vehicle) supplied in 2002, 18 were initially planned, later cancelled.
  • 1 piranha III 8x8 Armoured Sensor Vehicle swedish navy (artillery fire sensor)

  Swiss Army – 88 Piranha IIIC [46]

  • 36 Piranha IIIC "Radio Access Point Pz", ordered in 2002, in service since 2005 (12.7mm M2 Browning)[47]
  • 6 Piranha IIIC command vehicle "FHR Pz FIS/HE INTAFF", ordered in 2007, in service since 2011 (M2 Browning) [48]
  • 6 Piranha IIIC command vehicles "FHR Pz", ordered in 2002, in service since 2005 (12.7mm M2 Browning)[49]
  • 8 Piranha IIIC "Mzs Pz SE-630" (IFASS multi-use emitter), ordered in 2007, in service since 2012 (M2 Browning) [50]
  • 12 Piranha IIIC electronic warfare "KOMPAK Pz", ordered in 2007, in service since 2014 [51]
  • 8 Piranha IIIC "KOMM Pz" command vehicles, , ordered in 2007, in service since 2010 (M2 Browning) [52]
  • 12 Piranha IIIC CBRN "ABC Aufkl FZ" exploration in service since 2015 (Kongsberg Protector with M2 Browning) [12][53]

Piranha IV

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Main article: Mowag Piranha IV

  Swiss Army – 132 Piranha IV on order

  • 84 engineering / sapper vehicles (PI PZ 21 - "Pionier Panzerfahrzeug 21"),[54] to be delivered from 2025 [55]
  • 48 mortar carriers ("12 cm Mörser 16"), 32 to be delivered between 2024 and 2025, 16 after 2026 [56]

Piranha V

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Main article: Mowag Piranha V

  Danish Army – 309 Piranha V
The first were produced in Switzerland and delivered in May 2017, and all were delivered by end 2023 [57][58]

  • APC
  • Command
  • Ambulance
  • Engineer
  • Mortar Carriers
  • Repair
  • Additional order possible for a SHORAD system with the Skyranger 30[59]

  Monégasque Carabiniers – 2 Piranha V

  Romanian Land Forces – 227 Piranha V in production.

The first batch of 36 vehicles produced in Switzerland, arrived in October 2020. Another 58 vehicles assembled in Romania were received by the end of 2022. All other units will be produced in Romania, at the Bucharest Mechanical Factory.[62] A further 150 Piranhas are to be acquired.[63]

  • IFV
  • Command
  • Ambulance
  • CBRN
  • Mortar
  • Recovery

  Spanish Army – 348 ordered, total expected 998 [64][65]

  • Phase 1, 348, delivery 2023-2027
    • 219 VCR (an IFV variant)
    • 58 VEC (reconnaissance)
    • 14 VCR-PC (company command post)
    • 8 VCOAV" (artillery advanced observant)
    • 39 "VCR-ZAP" (sapper / engineering, delivery started in 2022)
  • Phase 2, 365 (2027-2030)
  • Phase 3, 285 (2031-2035)
  • 348 units on order, to be delivered by 2027. Five units were delivered in 2018 as prototypes for the VBMR program. Another seven vehicles were received in 2022. The Spanish variant is called the Dragón, and is produced by TESS Defence, an association between Santa Bárbara Sistemas, and three other companies.

Former operators of the Piranha family

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  Armed Forces of Liberia – 10 Piranha I 4×4.[66] Saw service during the Second Liberian Civil War.[67]

  Sierra Leone Army – about 10 Piranha I 6×6[citation needed] (Non operational)

Derivatives of the Piranha

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ASLAV (Australian Light Armoured Vehicle)

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Main article: ASLAV

  Australian Army

The ASLAV is an eight-wheeled amphibious armoured reconnaissance vehicle of the LAV II family used by the Australian Army, built by GDLS Canada and GDLS Australia.[68] Land 112 Phase 1, 15 LAV-25 leased from the USMC; Land 112 Phase 2, 113 ASLAV ordered, delivery from 1995 to 1997; Land 112 Phase 3, 144 ASLAV ordered, all delivered by 2004.[69]

  • ASLAV – 257 [70]
    • ASLAV Type I, derivative of the USMC LAV-25
    • ASLAV Type II, derivative of the Canadian Army Bison
      • ASLAV-PC (APC) [71]
      • ASLAV-C (Command Post)
      • ASLAV-S (Surveillance)
      • ASLAV-A (Ambulance)
    • ASLAV Type III
      • 11 ASLAV-F (Fitter, a maintenance support vehicle)
      • 11 ASLAV-R (Recovery, an ARV)

LAV (Light Armoured Vehicles, made in Canada)

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Main article: General Motors LAV

  Canadian Army

  • LAV III, derived from Piranha III – 651
    • 494 Infantry Fighting Vehicle - Standard model with turret and 25 mm gun
    • 71 TOW Under Armour - Anti-tank variant equipped with two TOW missile launchers on a specialized turret
    • 39 armoured engineering vehicles
    • 47 artillery fire control
  • Modernisation of 616 LAV III to standard LAV 6.0[72][73][74]
    • 278 ISC (Infantry Section Carrier)
    • 181 CPV (Command Post)
    • 47 OPV (Observation Post Vehicle for artillery) [75]
    • 44 ELAV (Engineer)
    • 66 RECCE (long range reconnaissance) [76]
  • NEW LAV 6.0 ACSV , derived from Piranha V – 360 [77]
    • Type 2 variants (high roof) [78]
      • 41 Troop/Cargo Vehicle (TCV)
      • 49 Ambulance
      • 97 Command Post
      • 18 Electronic Warfare
      • 18 Engineer
    • Type 3 (low roof) [78]
      • 13 Fitter / Cargo Vehicle (FCV)
      • 54 Maintenance and Recovery
      • 70 Mobile Repair Team
    • (note, among the 360, 39 were donated to Ukraine, and compensated by a complementary order) [79]

  Chilean Navy

Purchased second hand from New Zealand [80]

  • LAV III, known as the NZLAV – 22
    • 22 IMV (Infantry Mobility Vehicles)

  Colombian Army

  New Zealand Army

105 LAV III purchased, with 73 remaining in service. Among the 32 not in service, 22 were sold to the Chilean Navy, 1 lost after damage in Afghanistan, 1 used in Canada as test vehicle, and 8 available for sale.[80]

  • LAV III, known as the NZLAV – 105
    • 95 IMV (Infantry Mobility Vehicles)
    • 7 LOB (standard IMV with Light Obstacle Blade)
    • 3 LAV-R (Recovery)

  Saudi Arabian Army

  • LAV 700 – 742 [84][85]
    • 385 LAV -700 (APC)
    • 119 LAV-700 AT (Anti Tank Missiles)
    • 119 LAV-700 FSV (Fire Support Vehicle), Cockerill-3105 105mm
    • 119 LAV-700 IFV (Infantry Fighting Vehicles), Cockerill Medium Caliber Turret (CMCT

  Ukrainian Ground Forces

  • LAV 6.0 – 39
    • 39 ACSV donated by the Canadian Army [79]
    • 50 ACSV ordered by Canada, to be delivered to Ukraine, the first batch of 10 to be delivered in summer 2024, after training in Germany.[86]

  Uruguayan Army

Stryker

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Main article: Stryker

Retired derivatives of the Piranha family

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  Canadian Army

See also

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Comparable vehicles

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Notes

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  1. ^
    Chilean built 4×4, 6×6 and 8×8 in different configurations for the Chilean Army.

References

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Bibliography

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