MRE11A

Double-strand break repair protein MRE11 (Meiotic recombination 11) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MRE11 gene. The gene has been designated MRE11A to distinguish it from the pseudogene MRE11B that is nowadays named MRE11P1.

MRE11
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 3T1I
Identifiers
Aliases	MRE11, ATLD, HNGS1, MRE11B, MRE11A, MRE11 homolog A, double strand break repair nuclease, MRE11 homolog, double strand break repair nuclease
External IDs	OMIM: 600814; MGI: 1100512; HomoloGene: 4083; GeneCards: MRE11; OMA:MRE11 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 11 (human) Band 11q21 Start 94,415,570 bp End 94,493,885 bp
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 9 (mouse) Band 9|9 A2 Start 14,695,950 bp End 14,748,419 bp
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in Achilles tendon oocyte secondary oocyte testicle sural nerve gonad epithelium of colon monocyte rectum ventricular zone Top expressed in ectoderm otic vesicle otic placode spermatid spermatocyte saccule epiblast tail of embryo primitive streak genital tubercle More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function DNA binding manganese ion binding DNA helicase activity single-stranded DNA endodeoxyribonuclease activity protein C-terminus binding protein binding 3'-5' exonuclease activity nuclease activity endonuclease activity double-stranded DNA binding endodeoxyribonuclease activity exonuclease activity hydrolase activity cadherin binding identical protein binding 3'-5'-exodeoxyribonuclease activity 5'-3' exonuclease activity Cellular component site of double-strand break cytosol PML body nucleus cytoplasm nucleoplasm telomere chromosome Mre11 complex replication fork Biological process reciprocal meiotic recombination DNA recombination telomere maintenance via telomerase positive regulation of kinase activity mitotic intra-S DNA damage checkpoint signaling telomeric 3' overhang formation negative regulation of apoptotic process chromosome organization sister chromatid cohesion cellular response to DNA damage stimulus positive regulation of telomere maintenance DNA duplex unwinding homologous chromosome pairing at meiosis negative regulation of DNA endoreduplication double-strand break repair meiosis double-strand break repair via homologous recombination positive regulation of protein autophosphorylation cell population proliferation mitotic G2 DNA damage checkpoint signaling viral process double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining positive regulation of type I interferon production regulation of mitotic recombination DNA repair nucleic acid phosphodiester bond hydrolysis DNA double-strand break processing strand displacement DNA replication DNA synthesis involved in DNA repair regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator telomere maintenance meiotic DNA double-strand break formation mitochondrial double-strand break repair via homologous recombination DNA strand resection involved in replication fork processing Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 4361 17535 Ensembl ENSG00000020922 ENSMUSG00000031928 UniProt P49959 Q61216 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_005590 NM_005591 NM_001330347 NM_018736 NM_001310728 RefSeq (protein) NP_001317276 NP_005581 NP_005582 NP_001297657 NP_061206 Location (UCSC) Chr 11: 94.42 – 94.49 Mb Chr 9: 14.7 – 14.75 Mb PubMed search
Wikidata
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Function

This gene encodes a nuclear protein involved in homologous recombination, telomere length maintenance, and DNA double-strand break repair. By itself, the protein has 3' to 5' exonuclease activity and endonuclease activity. The protein forms a complex with the RAD50 homolog; this complex is required for nonhomologous joining of DNA ends and possesses increased single-stranded DNA endonuclease and 3' to 5' exonuclease activities. In conjunction with a DNA ligase, this protein promotes the joining of noncomplementary ends in vitro using short homologies near the ends of the DNA fragments. This gene has a pseudogene on chromosome 3. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants encoding different isoforms.

Orthologs

Mre11, an ortholog of human MRE11, occurs in the prokaryote archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. In this organism the Mre11 protein interacts with the Rad50 protein and appears to have an active role in the repair of DNA damages experimentally introduced by gamma radiation. Similarly, during meiosis in the eukaryotic protist Tetrahymena Mre11 is required for repair of DNA damages, in this case double-strand breaks, by a process that likely involves homologous recombination. These observations suggest that human MRE11 is descended from prokaryotic and protist ancestral Mre11 proteins that served a role in early processes for repairing DNA damage.

Overexpression in cancer

MRE11 has a role in microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ) repair of double strand breaks. It is one of 6 enzymes required for this error prone DNA repair pathway. MRE11 is over-expressed in breast cancers.

Cancers are very often deficient in expression of one or more DNA repair genes, but over-expression of a DNA repair gene is less usual in cancer. For instance, at least 36 DNA repair enzymes, when mutationally defective in germ line cells, cause increased risk of cancer (hereditary cancer syndromes). (Also see DNA repair-deficiency disorder.) Similarly, at least 12 DNA repair genes have frequently been found to be epigenetically repressed in one or more cancers. (See also Epigenetically reduced DNA repair and cancer.) Ordinarily, deficient expression of a DNA repair enzyme results in increased un-repaired DNA damages which, through replication errors (translesion synthesis), lead to mutations and cancer. However, MRE11 mediated MMEJ repair is highly inaccurate, so in this case, over-expression, rather than under-expression, apparently leads to cancer.

Interactions

MRE11 has been shown to interact with:

• ATM,
• BRCA1,
• Ku70,
• MDC1,
• NBN,
• Rad50, and
• TERF2.

See also

• Homologous recombination

Further reading

• Dolganov GM, Maser RS, Novikov A, Tosto L, Chong S, Bressan DA, Petrini JH (September 1996). "Human Rad50 is physically associated with human Mre11: identification of a conserved multiprotein complex implicated in recombinational DNA repair". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 16 (9): 4832–41. doi:10.1128/MCB.16.9.4832. PMC 231485. PMID 8756642.
• Carney JP, Maser RS, Olivares H, Davis EM, Le Beau M, Yates JR, et al. (May 1998). "The hMre11/hRad50 protein complex and Nijmegen breakage syndrome: linkage of double-strand break repair to the cellular DNA damage response". Cell. 93 (3): 477–86. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81175-7. PMID 9590181. S2CID 14548642.
• Paull TT, Gellert M (June 1998). "The 3' to 5' exonuclease activity of Mre 11 facilitates repair of DNA double-strand breaks". Molecular Cell. 1 (7): 969–79. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80097-0. PMID 9651580.
• Trujillo KM, Yuan SS, Lee EY, Sung P (August 1998). "Nuclease activities in a complex of human recombination and DNA repair factors Rad50, Mre11, and p95". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (34): 21447–50. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.34.21447. PMID 9705271.
• Chamankhah M, Wei YF, Xiao W (December 1998). "Isolation of hMRE11B: failure to complement yeast mre11 defects due to species-specific protein interactions". Gene. 225 (1–2): 107–16. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(98)00530-7. PMID 9931460.
• Zhong Q, Chen CF, Li S, Chen Y, Wang CC, Xiao J, et al. (July 1999). "Association of BRCA1 with the hRad50-hMre11-p95 complex and the DNA damage response". Science. 285 (5428): 747–50. doi:10.1126/science.285.5428.747. PMID 10426999.
• Goedecke W, Eijpe M, Offenberg HH, van Aalderen M, Heyting C (October 1999). "Mre11 and Ku70 interact in somatic cells, but are differentially expressed in early meiosis". Nature Genetics. 23 (2): 194–8. doi:10.1038/13821. PMID 10508516. S2CID 13443404.
• Kim ST, Lim DS, Canman CE, Kastan MB (December 1999). "Substrate specificities and identification of putative substrates of ATM kinase family members". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (53): 37538–43. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.53.37538. PMID 10608806.
• Stewart GS, Maser RS, Stankovic T, Bressan DA, Kaplan MI, Jaspers NG, et al. (December 1999). "The DNA double-strand break repair gene hMRE11 is mutated in individuals with an ataxia-telangiectasia-like disorder". Cell. 99 (6): 577–87. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81547-0. PMID 10612394. S2CID 14434655.
• Wang Y, Cortez D, Yazdi P, Neff N, Elledge SJ, Qin J (April 2000). "BASC, a super complex of BRCA1-associated proteins involved in the recognition and repair of aberrant DNA structures". Genes & Development. 14 (8): 927–39. doi:10.1101/gad.14.8.927. PMC 316544. PMID 10783165.
• Gatei M, Young D, Cerosaletti KM, Desai-Mehta A, Spring K, Kozlov S, et al. (May 2000). "ATM-dependent phosphorylation of nibrin in response to radiation exposure". Nature Genetics. 25 (1): 115–9. doi:10.1038/75508. PMID 10802669. S2CID 23521589.
• Zhu XD, Küster B, Mann M, Petrini JH, de Lange T (July 2000). "Cell-cycle-regulated association of RAD50/MRE11/NBS1 with TRF2 and human telomeres". Nature Genetics. 25 (3): 347–52. doi:10.1038/77139. PMID 10888888. S2CID 6689794.
• de Vries H, Rüegsegger U, Hübner W, Friedlein A, Langen H, Keller W (November 2000). "Human pre-mRNA cleavage factor II(m) contains homologs of yeast proteins and bridges two other cleavage factors". The EMBO Journal. 19 (21): 5895–904. doi:10.1093/emboj/19.21.5895. PMC 305781. PMID 11060040.
• Fukuda T, Sumiyoshi T, Takahashi M, Kataoka T, Asahara T, Inui H, et al. (January 2001). "Alterations of the double-strand break repair gene MRE11 in cancer". Cancer Research. 61 (1): 23–6. PMID 11196167.
• Desai-Mehta A, Cerosaletti KM, Concannon P (March 2001). "Distinct functional domains of nibrin mediate Mre11 binding, focus formation, and nuclear localization". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 21 (6): 2184–91. doi:10.1128/MCB.21.6.2184-2191.2001. PMC 86852. PMID 11238951.
• Paull TT, Cortez D, Bowers B, Elledge SJ, Gellert M (May 2001). "Direct DNA binding by Brca1". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (11): 6086–91. doi:10.1073/pnas.111125998. PMC 33426. PMID 11353843.
• Hopfner KP, Karcher A, Craig L, Woo TT, Carney JP, Tainer JA (May 2001). "Structural biochemistry and interaction architecture of the DNA double-strand break repair Mre11 nuclease and Rad50-ATPase". Cell. 105 (4): 473–85. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00335-X. PMID 11371344. S2CID 15913630.
• Pitts SA, Kullar HS, Stankovic T, Stewart GS, Last JI, Bedenham T, et al. (May 2001). "hMRE11: genomic structure and a null mutation identified in a transcript protected from nonsense-mediated mRNA decay". Human Molecular Genetics. 10 (11): 1155–62. doi:10.1093/hmg/10.11.1155. PMID 11371508.
• Chiba N, Parvin JD (October 2001). "Redistribution of BRCA1 among four different protein complexes following replication blockage". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (42): 38549–54. doi:10.1074/jbc.M105227200. PMID 11504724.
• Beikzadeh M, Latham MP (October 2020). "The dynamic nature of the Mre11-Rad50 DNA break repair complex". Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 163: 14–22. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2020.10.007. PMC 8065065. PMID 33121960.