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Cath Maige Tuired

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Cath Maige Tuired (modern spelling: Cath Maighe Tuireadh; transl. "The Battle of Magh Tuireadh") is the name of two saga texts of the Mythological Cycle of Irish mythology. It refers to two separate battles in Connacht: the first in the territory of Conmhaícne Cúile Tuireadh near Cong, County Mayo,[1] the second near Lough Arrow in County Sligo. The two texts tell of battles fought by the Tuatha Dé Danann, the first against the Fir Bolg, and the second against the Fomorians.

Ambassadors of the Fir Bolg and Tuath Dé meeting before the Battle of Moytura, an illustration by Stephen Reid in T. W. Rolleston's Myths & Legends of the Celtic Race, 1911

Maigh Tuireadh is typically anglicised as Moytura or Moytirra.

Etymology

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The word cath is an Old Irish word meaning "battle, combat".[2] Mag is an earlier spelling of maigh, meaning "plain". Ellis suggests that tuired (tuireadh in modern spelling) means "pillars" or "towers",[3] but the Royal Irish Academy's Dictionary of the Irish Language translates tuiredh as "a lament".[4]

The First Battle of Mag Tuired

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The first text, sometimes called Cét-chath Maige Tuired ("The First Battle of Mag Tuired") or Cath Maighe Tuireadh Cunga ("The Battle of Mag Tuired Conga") or Cath Maighe Tuireadh Theas ("The Battle of Southern Mag Tuired"),[5] relates how the Tuatha Dé Danann took Ireland from the Fir Bolg, who then inhabited the island. It begins with the children of Nemed, an earlier group of inhabitants of Ireland, leaving for Greece to escape their oppression by the Fomorians. A group of Nemed's descendants, the Fir Bolg, return to Ireland and conquer it, occupying it for thirty years until the coming of the Tuatha Dé Danann, another group of Nemed's descendants.

The Tuatha Dé Danann, led by their king, Nuada, come to Ireland in three hundred ships from the islands of the north. Their arrival is foreseen in a dream by the Fir Bolg king, Eochaid mac Eirc. When they land, they burn their ships. Negotiations begin between Sreng, the champion of the Fir Bolg, and Bres of the Tuatha Dé Danann, and Bres demands that the Fir Bolg either give battle or cede half of Ireland to them. The Fir Bolg choose battle. After a delay to prepare weapons, they met at the Pass of Balgatan, and the battle rages for four days. Nuada encounters Sreng, and with one swing of his sword Sreng cuts off Nuada's right hand.[3] However, the Tuatha Dé Danann gain the ascendancy. A truce is called, and the Fir Bolg are given three options: leave Ireland, share the land with the Tuatha Dé Danann, or continue the battle. They choose to fight. Sreng challenges Nuada to single combat. Nuada accepts on the condition that Sreng ties up one arm to make the combat fair, but Sreng rejects this condition. The Tuatha Dé Danann then decide to offer the Fir Bolg one of the provinces of Ireland. Sreng chooses Cóiced Ol nEchmacht, and the two sides make peace.

Dian Cecht, the god of physicians, made an artificial hand of silver for Nuada, and Nuada was named Nuada Airgetlám (Nuada of the Silver Hand). However, the goddess Brigid had told the Tuatha Dé Danann that no-one with a blemish can rule them, and, having lost a hand, the Tuatha Dé Danann had to choose another king. They chose Bres, son of Elatha, king of the Fomorians or the Children of Domnu.[3] Seven years later Bres dies after taking a drink while hunting, and Nuada, having had his arm replaced, is restored.[6]

The First Battle is distinguished from the Second as the Battle of Muigh Tuiredh Conga or the Battle of Southern Moytura.[7]

The Second Battle of Mag Tuired

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The second text of this name, also known as Cath Dédenach Maige Tuired ("The Last Battle of Mag Tuired"), Cath Tánaiste Maige Tuired ("The Second Battle of Mag Tuired"), and Cath Maighe Tuireadh Thúaidh ("The Battle of Northern Mag Tuired"), tells how the Tuatha Dé Danann, having conquered Ireland, fall under the oppression of the Fomorians, and then fight a battle to free themselves from this oppression. It expands on references to the battle in Lebor Gabála Érenn and the Irish Annals, and is one of the richest sources of tales of the former Irish gods. It is found in a 16th-century manuscript, but is believed to be a composite work compiled in the 12th century from 9th century material.[5]

It begins with a brief account of the first battle, the loss of Nuada's arm, and his replacement as king by Bres, and then tells how Bres was conceived from a union between Ériu of the Tuatha Dé Danann and Elatha of the Fomorians. Because of his ancestry Bres oppressed the Tuatha Dé Danann, making the noblest of them do menial work, imposing heavy tribute, and failing to show the level of hospitality expected of a king. He is deposed as king, and Nuada, who has had his arm replaced with one of silver by the physician Dian Cecht (whose son Miach caused flesh to grow over it), is restored. Bres appeals for assistance from the Fomorians to take back the kingship, and although his father Elatha refuses, another Fomorian leader, Balor of the Evil Eye, agrees to help him and raises a huge army. Meanwhile, Lugh, another product of a Tuatha Dé Danann and Fomorian union, arrives at Nuada's court, and, after impressing the king with his many talents, is given command of the Tuatha Dé Danann. Nuada is killed by Balor in the battle, but Lugh, Balor's grandson, kills the Fomorian leader with his sling, smashing his deadly eye through the back of his head where it wreaks havoc on the Fomorian ranks. Bres is found alive in the aftermath of the battle, and is spared on the condition that he teach the Tuatha Dé Danann how to plough, sow and reap. Finally, Lugh, the Dagda and Ogma rescue the Dagda's harp, Uaithne, which had been captured by the retreating Fomorians.[8]

Adaptations

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References

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  1. ^ Walsh 1940, p. 7.
  2. ^ Pronk, Tijmen (2 December 2019). "Proto-Indo-European *a". Indo-European Linguistics. 7 (1): 122–163. doi:10.1163/22125892-00701002. hdl:1887/3201519. Retrieved 27 October 2022 – via brill.com.
  3. ^ a b c Ellis, Peter Berresford, The Mammoth Book of Celtic Myths and Legends, 2002, pp 28
  4. ^ "eDIL - Irish Language Dictionary". edil.qub.ac.uk. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
  5. ^ a b Gerard Murphy, Saga and Myth in Ancient Ireland, 1961, pp. 17–24
  6. ^ J. Fraser (ed. & trans.), "The First Battle of Moytura" Archived 4 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Ériu 8, 1915, pp. 1–63
  7. ^ Fraser 1916, p. 1.
  8. ^ Whitley Stokes (ed. & trans.), "The Second Battle of Moytura", Revue Celtique 12, 1891, pp. 52–130, 306–308; Elizabeth A. Gray (ed. & trans.), Cath Maige Tuired: The Second Battle of Mag Tuired, section 167, 1982
  9. ^ Colum, Padraic (1963). Moytura: A Play for Dancers. Dublin: The Dolmen Press. Retrieved on 12 August 2016.
  10. ^ Moytura, by Padraic Colum. Review at the Dublin Theatre Festival Archives (24 September–6 October), published at the Dublin Theatre Festival website. Retrieved on 12 August 2016.

Secondary references

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  • Mac Neill, Eoin (1932). "The Vita Tripartita of St. Patrick". Ériu. Ériu, vol. 11: 1–41. JSTOR 30008085.
  • Walsh, Paul (1940). "Connacht in the Book of Rights". Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society. XIX, Nos. i & ii, 19 (1/2). Galway Archaeological & Historical Society: 1–15. JSTOR 25535199.
  • Fraser, J (1916). "The First Battle of Moytura". Ériu. 8: 1–63. JSTOR 30005394.
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