Mahmud ibn Husayn ibn Muhammad al-Kashgari[a] was an 11th-century Kara-Khanid scholar and lexicographer of the Turkic languages from Kashgar.
Maḥmūd al-Kashgari | |
|---|---|
| محمود الكاشغري | |
 Upal, Mausoleum of Mahmud al-Kashgari | |
| Born | 1005 CE Kashgar, Kara-Khanid Khanate, now China |
| Died | 1102 CE Upal, Kara-Khanid Khanate, now China |
| Nationality | Kara-Khanid |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Linguistics, Lexicography, Turkology |
His father, Husayn, was the mayor of Barsgan, a town in the southeastern part of the lake of Issyk-Kul (nowadays village of Barskoon in Northern Kyrgyzstan's Issyk-Kul Region) and related to the ruling dynasty of Kara-Khanid Khanate. Around 1057 C.E., Mahmud al-Kashgari became a political refugee, before settling down in Baghdad.[1]
Work
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Al-Kashgari studied the Turkic languages of his time and in Baghdad,[2] he compiled the first comprehensive dictionary of Turkic languages, the Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk (English: "Compendium of the languages of the Turks") in 1072–74.[3][4][5][6] It was intended for use by the Abbasid Caliphate, the new Arab allies of the Turks. Mahmud Kashgari's comprehensive dictionary, later edited by the Turkish historian, Ali Amiri,[7] contains specimens of old Turkic poetry in the typical form of quatrains (Persio-Arabic رباعیات, rubā'iyāt; Turkish: dörtlük), representing all the principal genres: epic, pastoral, didactic, lyric and elegiac. His book also included the first known map of the areas inhabited by Turkic peoples. This map is housed at the National Library in Istanbul.[8]
Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk also contains linguistic data about multiple Turkic dialects that may have been gathered from merchants and others involved in trade along routes that travelled through Transoxiana. The origin of the compiled information is not known. Scholars believe it is likely that Kashgari would have gathered most of the content about Oguz-Turkmen from Oguz tribes in Khorasan since he himself was a student in Seljuk Baghdad, but it is possible that some of this material could have come from early Turkmen.[9] Other scholars believe that the compendium was based on the Turkiyya language of the Chigil tribe in the Kara-Khanid confederation.[10] However, scholars have not yet come to a settled conclusion.
Al-Kashgari advocated monolingualism and the linguistic purism of the Turkic languages and held a belief in the superiority of nomadic people (the Turkic tribes had traditionally been nomads) over urban populations. Most of his Turkic-speaking contemporaries were bilingual in New Persian, which was then the urban and literary language of Central Asia.
The most elegant of the dialects belongs to those who know only one language, who do not mix with Persians and who do not customarily settle in other lands. Those who have two languages and who mix with the populace of the cities have a certain slurring in their utterances.[11]
Even so, Kashgari praised the dialect spoken by the bilingual Uyghurs as "pure" and "most correct" on par with those of Turkic monolinguals.[12]
Al-Kashgari cautioned against the assimilation of the nomadic way of life into a sedentary culture. He recorded a Turkic proverb that warned, “Just as the effectiveness of a warrior is diminished when his sword begins to rust, so too does the flesh of a Turk begin to rot when he assumes the lifestyle of an Iranian.” [13][14]
Death
editSome researchers think that Mahmud al-Kashgari died in 1102 at the age of 97 in Upal, a small city southwest of Kashgar and was buried there. There is now a mausoleum erected on his gravesite. But some modern authors reject this assertion, saying that the date of his death is just unknown.[citation needed]
Legacy
editHe is claimed by Uyghur, Kyrgyz and Uzbek nationalists as part of their respective ethnic groups.[15]
An oriental study university, situated in the capital city of Bishkek in post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan, was named after Makhmud Kashghari, in the 1990s.
See also
editNotes
editReferences
edit- ^ "Mahmud Al-Kashgari - Document - Gale In Context: World History". go.gale.com. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- ^ C. Edmund Bosworth (26 December 2007). Historic Cities of the Islamic World. BRILL. pp. 279–. ISBN 978-90-474-2383-6.
- ^ Kemal H. Karpat, Studies on Turkish Politics and Society:Selected Articles and Essays, (Brill, 2004) 441.
- ^ Heming Yong; Jing Peng (14 August 2008). Chinese Lexicography : A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911. OUP Oxford. pp. 379–80. ISBN 978-0-19-156167-2.
- ^ Clauson, Gerard (1961). "The Initial Labial Sounds in the Turkish Languages". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 24 (2): 299. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00091448. JSTOR 610169. S2CID 161263119.
- ^ G.E. Tetley (27 October 2008). The Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks: Poetry as a Source for Iranian History. Routledge. pp. 17–. ISBN 978-1-134-08439-5.
- ^ Ali Amiri, R. Mantran, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. I, ed. H.A.R. Gibb, J.H. Kramers, E. Levi-Provencal and J. Schacht, (E.J. Brill, 1986) 391.
- ^ Roudik, Peter, The History of the Central Asian Republics, (Greenwood Press, 2007) 175.
- ^ Clark, Larry (1998). Turkmen Reference Grammar. Harrassowitz. ISBN 9783447040198.
- ^ "Mahmud Al- Kashgari - Document - Gale In Context: World History". go.gale.com. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- ^ Sengupta, Anita (2003). The Formation of the Uzbek Nation-State: A Study in Transition. Lexington Books. pp. 136–137.
The most elegant of the dialects belongs to those who know only one language, who do not mix with Persians and who do not customarily settle in other lands. Those who have two languages and who mix with the populace of the cities have a certain slurring in their utterances... The most elegant is that of the Khagani kings and those who associate with them.
- ^ Maħmūd al-Kašğari. "Dīwān Luğāt al-Turk". Edited & translated by Robert Dankoff in collaboration with James Kelly. In Sources of Oriental Languages and Literature. (1982) Part I. p. 82-84
- ^ Subtelny, Maria (2007). Timurids in Transition: Turko-Persian Politics and Acculturation in Medieval Iran. BRILL. p. 29.
- ^ al-Kashghari, Mahmud (1982–1985). Compendium of the Turkic dialects (Dīwān lugāt at-Turk) Vol. 2 (out of 3). Cambridge (Robert Dankoff, in collaboration with James Kelly). p. 103.
- ^ But some Uyghur authors consider him a member of their own ethnic group. Makhmud Kashghari himself considered the Uyghurs of his own time as the eastern neighbours of his country (the Qarakhanid khanate). See, for example, Dwyer, Arienne (2005). The Xinjiang Conflict: Uyghur Identity, Language Policy, and Political Discourse (PDF). Political Studies 15. Washington: East-West Center. p. 73. ISBN 1-932728-29-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010.: "the Uzbeks, Uyghurs, and Kyrgyz all claim Mahmud al-Kashgari, the well-known 11th century scholar, as their own."
- ^ UNESCO to name 2008 and 2009 after famous Turks Archived 13 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- Svat Soucek, A History of Inner Asia, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
- Ingeborg Hauenschild (2003). Die Tierbezeichnungen bei Mahmud al-Kaschgari: eine Untersuchung aus sprach- und kulturhistorischer Sicht. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04721-0.
External links
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