Machlomovirus is a genus of plant viruses, in the family Tombusviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There is only one species in this genus: Maize chlorotic mottle virus[1][2] (MCMV), which causes significant losses in maize production worldwide.[3] MCMV was first identified in the U.S. state of Kansas causing maize lethal necrosis disease/MLN/corn lethal necrosis, a severe disease that negatively affects all stages of development for maize plants.[4]
| Machlomovirus | |
|---|---|
Virus classification 
| |
| (unranked): | Virus |
| Realm: | Riboviria |
| Kingdom: | Orthornavirae |
| Phylum: | Kitrinoviricota |
| Class: | Tolucaviricetes |
| Order: | Tolivirales |
| Family: | Tombusviridae |
| Subfamily: | Procedovirinae |
| Genus: | Machlomovirus |
Structure
editViruses in Machlomovirus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and spherical geometries, and T=3 symmetry. The diameter is around 28-34 nm. Genomes are linear, around 4–5.4kb in length.[1][5]
| Genus | Structure | Symmetry | Capsid | Genomic arrangement | Genomic segmentation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Machlomovirus | Icosahedral | T=3 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Life cycle
editViral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription, using the premature termination model of subgenomic RNA transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leaky scanning, and suppression of termination. The virus exits the host cell by tubule-guided viral movement. Plants serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are mechanical, seed borne, and contact.[1] Even a small incidence of seed transmission is problematic: Although Kimani et al. 2021 finds MCMV to be almost incapable of successfully making the jump from contaminated seed to infecting a seedling, even a small infected proportion of a field will infect the entire field (via vector) unless quickly removed.[6]
| Genus | Host details | Tissue tropism | Entry details | Release details | Replication site | Assembly site | Transmission |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Machlomovirus | Plants | None | Viral movement; mechanical inoculation | Viral movement | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Mechanical: contact; seed |
This virus can be transmitted by six species of leaf beetle: cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus), the red-headed flea beetle (Systena frontalis), corn flea beetle (Chaetocnema pulicaria), southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata), northern corn rootworm (D. longicornis) and western corn rootworm (D. virgifera virgifera). It can also be transmitted by the corn thrips, Frankliniella williamsi.[7]
References
edit- ^ a b c "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ^ "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
- ^ Wu, J. X.; Wang, Q; Liu, H; Qian, Y. J.; Xie, Y; Zhou, X. P. (2013). "Monoclonal antibody-based serological methods for maize chlorotic mottle virus detection in China". Journal of Zhejiang University Science B. 14 (7): 555–62. doi:10.1631/jzus.B1200275. PMC 3709059. PMID 23825140.
- ^ Niblett, C. L.; Claflin, L. E. (1978). "Corn lethal necrosis - a new virus disease of corn in Kansas". Plant Disease Reporter. 62 (1): 15–19.
- ^ Nutter, R. C.; Scheets, K; Panganiban, L. C.; Lommel, S. A. (1989). "The complete nucleotide sequence of the maize chlorotic mottle virus genome". Nucleic Acids Research. 17 (8): 3163–77. doi:10.1093/nar/17.8.3163. PMC 317721. PMID 2726455.
- ^ Prasanna, B. M., ed. (2021). Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN): A Technical Manual for Disease Management. CDMX: CIMMYT.
- ^ Scheets, K (7 January 2022). Maize chlorotic mottle virus (Report). doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.32129.
External links
edit- Viralzone: Machlomovirus
- ICTV
- Dahm, Madeline (27 October 2021). "MLN Diseases portal". CIMMYT. Retrieved 26 November 2021.