The black marlin (Istiompax indica) is a species of marlin found in tropical and subtropical areas of the Indian and Pacific Oceans approximately between 40 degrees North and 45 degrees South, while in some instances venturing into more temperate waters.[2][3] Reaching lengths of over 4.5 m (15 ft),[3] It is one of the largest marlins and also one of the largest bony fish. Marlin are among the fastest fish, but speeds may be exaggerated in popular media, such as reports of 132 km/h (82 mph).[4] A 2016 study estimated maximum swimming speeds from muscle contraction times, which in turn limit the tail-beat frequency; the study suggested a theoretical upper limit for the black marlin's burst speed of 36 kilometres per hour (22 mph).[5] Black marlin are fished commercially and are also a highly prized game fish. Black marlins were known to drag ancient Maldivian fishing boats for very long distances until the marlins tired; it would take many hours for the fishermen to row or sail back home.[6] Due to the common misidentification of large billfish such as the black marlin, as well as its highly migratory habits and the lack of research into the species, much about populations are unknown.[7] The species was first known as Tetrapturus indicus and later was reclassified as Makaira indica before taking on its current scientific name. One of the earliest scientific records of black marlin is its description by French zoologist Georges Cuvier in 1832.[8]
| Black marlin | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Carangiformes |
| Family: | Istiophoridae |
| Genus: | Istiompax Whitley, 1931 |
| Species: | I. indica
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| Binomial name | |
| Istiompax indica (G. Cuvier, 1832)
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| Synonyms | |
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List
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Description
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Compared to striped or white marlins and sailfish, black marlins are more solid than their blue counterparts. They have a shorter, heavier bill and a rounder and lower dorsal fin. Black marlin may be distinguished from all other marlin species by their rigid pectoral fins, which, especially from a weight of around 68 kg (150 lb), are unable to be pressed flat against their sides but can be tilted further backwards for reduced drag.[9] The black marlin showcases an extremely chrome underside and a dark blue-black dorsal side, the two colored layers are often separated by a yellow-ish chrome stripe. The black marlin is the only istiophorid in which the second dorsal fin is anterior to the second anal fin, this feature holds for all sizes.[10] Black marlin are measured like other bill fish from the tip of their lower jaw to the fork of their tail.[11] The black marlin is also the biggest marlin as well as one of the largest bony fishes in the world with females capable of reaching a mass of over 700 kg.[12] The maximum published length is 4.65 m (15 ft 3 in), however the average growth was found to be approximately 6-9ft.[13][14][15] Females tend to be larger than males after about age 5, however before age 5 the females are smaller.[15] The maximum weight is 750 kg (1,650 lb), possibly up to 900 kg (2,000 lb).[13][14] Juveniles are similar in most features except their coloration is lighter, bills are shorter and they are physically smaller.
Key Distinctions From Other Billfishes
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There are 4 types of marlin and the most obvious distinguishing trait of black marlin is their large size and deep body depth, other marlin have a more slender body with less distance from back to stomach. The blue marlin looks very similar to the black marlin but the pectoral fins are angled more laterally whereas the black marlins fins face more ventrally; black marlins are also larger and do not have the faint light blue vertical stripes that are visible on blue marlins. The black marlin could be confused for striped marlin, however a distinct difference between the two are the highly prominent vertical white lines on the striped marlin which the black marlin lacks. White marlins also have defined white stripes that distinguish them from black marlins.[12]
Biology
editDiet
editFrench naturalist Georges Cuvier described the black marlin in 1832 as Tetrapturus indicus. Diet mostly consists of various fish and cephalopods. They may eat tuna, mackerel, snake mackerel, flying fish, squid, crustaceans, octopus, etc, but mackerel scad have been found to be the preferred prey of black marlin.[3][16] Scientists have even found young sharks in the stomachs of some black marlin. When black marlin hunt prey they swallow the prey head first. Prey observed from the stomachs of black marlins often show slashes from the bill of the fish. [17] Because of this, it is believed that these fish utilize their bills when hunting within a school of fish.[16]
Reproduction
editBlack marlin spawn at different times depending on their location. Spawning around southern Asia has been observed in May and June, around Taiwan from March through April as well as from August to October, and around Australia between October and December.[18] Spawning has also been noted from August to November around northern Australia. Black marlin are believed to prefer water temperatures around 27° to 28°C during spawning. Egg counts of ripe roe totaled about 40 million per female.[17]
Habitat Preference
editBlack marlins spend more time closer to the surface than most other billfish, except for sailfish.[17] Scientists found in one population of black marlin that at night the fish would spend up to 87% of their time at depths above 30 meters deep, but during the day less than 60% of their time was spent in the upper 30 meter depths of the sea.[19] Because of this, black marlin distribution is influenced by the surface height of the ocean throughout the time of year.[20] Black Marlin live in temperatures from 15 degrees Celsius to 30 degrees Celsius.[17] Juvenile black marlin around Australia utilize the great barrier reef lagoon as an area to grow and develop due to an abundance of resources. During the younger life stages, black marlin will form seasonal aggregations (aggregation: temporary assemblage of individuals) throughout the great barrier reef lagoon.[12]
Sexual Dimorphism
editFemale black marlin are often larger than males after age 5, they have also been found to live longer than males. In Taiwan, data from studies have provided evidence from population samples that there is likely a larger female to male ratio. [15]
Conservation Status
editThe conservation status of the black marlin is unknown.[2] Due to the migratory nature of these fish and a lack of research, the population size and health cannot be accurately stated. Research into black marlin runs into many complications regarding finding them consistently. One such problem is that they are particularly good at ditching their trackers.[21] The Billfish Conservation Act was passed in 2012 and has been amended as recently as 2018 outlawing the sale of billfish throughout the United States (except swordfish), this act does not outlaw fishing for such fish but only the sale. There are currently no fisheries for black marlin.[22]
Distribution
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The species occurs in the tropical and subtropical Indo-Pacific approximately between 40 degrees North and 45 degrees South, with uncommon movements into temperate waters, and rare reports from the Atlantic.[3] There has been no evidence to suggest that there is a breeding population in the Atlantic. They are found anywhere from surface level down to depths of approximately 500 meters.[2] The relative abundance of black marlin is currently unknown. In Taiwan, data from studies have provided evidence from population samples that there is likely a larger female to male ratio.[15]
Human interaction
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Black marlin are a very popular big game fish. They are commonly fished along the coasts of South America, Southern Asia, and Australia. Recreational angling is a large market throughout the world and the black marlin is a very sought after fish. In August 1953, while fishing off of Cabo Blanco, Peru, Alfred C. Glassell Jr. caught a black marlin weighing 1,560 pounds (710 kg), using a handheld 7 foot (2.1 m) bamboo rod, a Fin-Nor reel and 130-pound-test linen line.[23] As of 2023 this remained a record catch under International Game Fish Association rules.[24] The Black Marlin also appears in literature such as the famous short story The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway. The story follows an old man and his duel with a massive black marlin. Throughout the short story Hemingway highlights the beauty and majesty of the black marlin.[25] The story’s origins come from Ernest Hemingway’s own experience as he had fished for marlin. Later in life when the book was adapted into film Hemingway himself caught a large black marlin off the coast of Peru. The black marlin caught by Hemingway is stuffed and can be viewed in the National History Museum in Washington, D.C.[26]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Collette, B.B.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Juan Jorda, M.; Pohlot, B.; Schratwieser, J.; Graves, J. (2022). "Istiompax indica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T170312A46646193. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T170312A46646193.en. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
- ^ a b c Istiompax indica: Collette, B.B., Di Natale, A., Fox, W., Juan Jorda, M., Pohlot, B., Schratwieser, J. & Graves, J.: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T170312A46646193 (Report). International Union for Conservation of Nature. 1 May 2021. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2022-1.rlts.t170312a46646193.en.
- ^ a b c d Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Istiompax indica". FishBase. April 2013 version.
- ^ BBC Worldwide (27-05-2008). Black marlin - the fastest fish on the planet. Ultimate Killers - BBC wildlife.
- ^ Svendsen, Morten B. S.; Domenici, Paolo; Marras, Stefano; Krause, Jens; Boswell, Kevin M.; Rodriguez-Pinto, Ivan; Wilson, Alexander D. M.; Kurvers, Ralf H. J. M.; Viblanc, Paul E.; Finger, Jean S.; Steffensen, John F. (15 October 2016). "Maximum swimming speeds of sailfish and three other large marine predatory fish species based on muscle contraction time and stride length: a myth revisited". Biology Open. 5 (10): 1415–1419. doi:10.1242/bio.019919. ISSN 2046-6390. PMC 5087677. PMID 27543056.
- ^ Romero-Frías, Xavier (2003). The Maldive Islanders : a study of the popular culture of an ancient ocean kingdom. Nova Ethnographia Indica. ISBN 84-7254-801-5. OCLC 55679148.
- ^ "UQ eSpace". espace.library.uq.edu.au. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
- ^ "ITIS - Report: Istiompax". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
- ^ "Marlin - Species Guide". www.blackmagictackle.com. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
- ^ "Black Marlin, Istiompax indica (Cuvier, 1832)". The Australian Museum. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
- ^ "Measurement". Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
- ^ a b c Domeier, Michael L.; Speare, Peter (21 February 2012). "Dispersal of Adult Black Marlin (Istiompax indica) from a Great Barrier Reef Spawning Aggregation". PLOS ONE. 7 (2): e31629. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...731629D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031629. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3283654. PMID 22363692.
- ^ a b "Istiompax indica, Black marlin : fisheries, gamefish". www.fishbase.se.
- ^ a b Flindt, Rainer (21 December 2006). Amazing Numbers in Biology. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 12. ISBN 978-3-540-30147-9.
- ^ a b c d Sun, Chi-Lu; Chang, Hsiao-Yun; Liu, Tsung-Yun; Yeh, Su-Zan; Chang, Yi-Jay (1 June 2015). "Reproductive biology of the black marlin, Istiompax indica, off southwestern and eastern Taiwan". Fisheries Research. Proceedings of the 5th International Billfish Symposium. 166: 12–20. Bibcode:2015FishR.166...12S. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2014.09.006. ISSN 0165-7836.
- ^ a b Shimose, Tamaki; Yokawa, Kotaro; Saito, Hirokazu; Tachihara, Katsunori (1 February 2008). "Seasonal occurrence and feeding habits of black marlin, Istiompax indica, around Yonaguni Island, southwestern Japan". Ichthyological Research. 55 (1): 90–94. Bibcode:2008IchtR..55...90S. doi:10.1007/s10228-007-0004-3. ISSN 1616-3915.
- ^ a b c d "FAO species catalogue. Vol.5. Billfishes of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of marlins, sailfishes, spearfishes and swordfishes known to date". www.fao.org. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
- ^ Chiang, Wei-Chuan; Musyl, Michael K.; Sun, Chi-Lu; DiNardo, Gerard; Hung, Hsiao-Min; Lin, Hsien-Chung; Chen, Shin-Chi; Yeh, Su-Zan; Chen, Wen-Yie; Kuo, Chin-Lau (1 June 2015). "Seasonal movements and diving behaviour of black marlin (Istiompax indica) in the northwestern Pacific Ocean". Fisheries Research. Proceedings of the 5th International Billfish Symposium. 166: 92–102. Bibcode:2015FishR.166...92C. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2014.10.023. ISSN 0165-7836.
- ^ Rohner, Christoph A.; Bealey, Roy; Fulanda, Bernerd M.; Everett, Jason D.; Richardson, Anthony J.; Pierce, Simon J. (September 2021). "Movement ecology of black marlin Istiompax indica in the Western Indian Ocean". Journal of Fish Biology. 99 (3): 1044–1059. Bibcode:2021JFBio..99.1044R. doi:10.1111/jfb.14809. ISSN 0022-1112. PMC 8518400. PMID 34050533.
- ^ Farchadi, Nima; Hinton, Michael G.; Thompson, Andrew R.; Yin, Zhi-Yong (18 July 2019). "Modeling the dynamic habitats of mobile pelagic predators (Makaira nigricans and Istiompax indica) in the eastern Pacific Ocean". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 622: 157–176. Bibcode:2019MEPS..622..157F. doi:10.3354/meps12996. ISSN 0171-8630.
- ^ Domeier, Michael L.; Speare, Peter (21 February 2012). "Dispersal of Adult Black Marlin (Istiompax indica) from a Great Barrier Reef Spawning Aggregation". PLOS ONE. 7 (2): e31629. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...731629D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031629. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3283654. PMID 22363692.
- ^ "Billfish Conservation Act | NOAA Fisheries". NOAA. 27 June 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
- ^ Tompkins, Shannon (19 April 2014). "World-record marlin a symbol of Glassell's legacy". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
- ^ "Alfred C. Glassell Jr". The International Game Fishing Association. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
- ^ Hemingway, Ernest (1 September 1952). The Old Man and the Sea. Charles Scribner's Sons.
- ^ "Marlin". National Maritime Historical Society. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
- Tony Ayling & Geoffrey Cox, Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand, (William Collins Publishers Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand 1982) ISBN 0-00-216987-8