Malalai of Maiwand (Pashto: د ميوند ملالۍ [malɑˈləi]), also known as Malala (Pashto: ملاله), or Malalai Anna (Pashto: ملالۍ انا, meaning Malalai the "Grandmother") is a national folk hero of Afghanistan who rallied Afghan fighters during the Battle of Maiwand which was part of the Second Anglo-Afghan War.[1] She fought alongside Ayub Khan and was responsible for the Afghan victory[2] at the Battle of Maiwand on 27 July 1880. She is also known as "The Afghan Jeanne d'Arc"[3] or as "The Afghan Molly Pitcher"[4] to the Western world. There are many schools, hospitals, and other institutions named after her in Afghanistan. Her story is told in Afghan school text books.
Malala of Maiwand | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1861 Khig, Kandahar, Afghanistan |
| Died | July 27, 1880 (aged 18–19) |
| Nationality | Afghan |
| Other names | Malala, Anna, Malalai Anna |
| Known for | Battle of Maiwand |
Biography
editMalalai was born in Noorzai tribe in 1861 in the village of Khig, about 3 miles southwest of the then village of Maiwand in the southern Kandahar province of Afghanistan.[5] During the late 1880s, war broke out between Afghanistan and Great Britain, with the last war between the two states being in the 1840s. The British, along with their Indian forces, had launched a major expedition into Afghanistan from India. The main garrison of the British was located in Kandahar, which is the closest city to the town of Maiwand. The military of Afghanistan was represented by commander Ayub Khan, son of Afghan Emir Sher Ali Khan. Malalai's father, who was a shepherd, and her fiancé joined with Ayub Khan's army in the large attack on the British-Indian forces in July 1880. Like many Afghan women, Malalai was there to help tend to the wounded or provide water and spare weapons. According to local sources, this was also supposed to be her wedding day.[citation needed]
When the Afghan army was losing morale, despite their superior numbers, Malalai took the Afghan flag and shouted:
Young love! If you do not fall in the battle of Maiwand,
By God, someone is saving you as a symbol of shame![6]
This inspired the Afghan fighters to redouble their efforts. When a lead flag-bearer was killed, Malalai went forward and held up the flag[7][self-published source][8] (some versions say she used her veil as a flag[9]), singing a landai (a short folk-song sung by Afghan women):
With a drop of my sweetheart's blood,
Shed in defense of the Motherland,
Will I put a beauty spot on my forehead,
Such as would put to shame the rose in the garden![6]
Malalai was herself struck down and killed by a British soldier.[10] However, her words had spurred on her countrymen to victory. After the battle, Malalai was honored for her efforts and buried in her native village of Khig, where her grave remains today. She was 18 or 19 at the time of her death.[9] She is buried in the village of Karez along with her father and fiancé, locals regard her grave as a shrine.[11]
The Pashtun poet Ajmal Khattak wrote the following lines about Malalai:[citation needed]
My Malalai is living, and they praise others' beauty.
Though they have eyes, they are blind.
Legacy
editMalalai made an appearance in an animated opening scene of the documentary, He Named Me Malala.[citation needed]
Pakistan activist Malala Yousafzai was named in honor of Malalai when she was born on July 12, 1997.[citation needed]
Malala Maiwand, an Afghan journalist was also named to avoid the identity confusion with the Afghan Joan of Arc until her murder on December 10, 2020.[citation needed]
Reception
editThe authenticity of the story and of Malalai has been questioned by many scholars. Even though she has become well received by the Afghan state and many believe it to be genuine, it seems to be more of a folklore than historical reality. No British historian of that time referred to or mentioned Malalai's name, even the local records are missing.[12] The British author Howard Hensmen, in his book The Afghan War, does mention that one woman was found amongst the dead in Ahmad khel, but the battle of Ahmad khail occurred on 19 April 1880, while the battle of Maiwand was on 27 July 1880.[13]
Afghan historian Muhammad Siddiq Farhand wrote a three volume book "Afghanistan in the past five centuries"[14] a very distinguished piece in Afghan history, he also failed to mention a woman named Malala.[citation needed]
The first time Malalai's name was mentioned was 40–60 years after the battle of Maiwand. Many believe it was Abdul Hai Habibi who coined the story during the period of Pashto Tolana to support the national narrative and Pashtun nationalism. Habibi has previously been accused of forgery, in the case of Pata Khazana.[citation needed]
See also
edit- Nazo Tokhi, a 17th-century Afghan warrior
- Malala Yousafzai, the youngest and the first Pashtun Nobel Prize laureate, who was named after Malalai of Maiwand
References
edit- ^ Johnson, Chris; Jolyon Leslie (2004). Afghanistan: the mirage of peace. Zed Books. p. 171. ISBN 1-84277-377-1. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
Malalai Maiwand.
- ^ Abdullah Qazi. "Afghan Women's History". Afghanistan Online. Retrieved 2010-09-12.
- ^ "Ehrungen". Katachel.de. Archived from the original on 2011-09-12. Retrieved 2011-06-25.
- ^ Garen Ewing. "Maiwand Day: Wargaming the Afghan War". garenewing.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-06-08.
- ^ Wahid Momand. "Malalai of Maiwand". Afghanland.com. Retrieved 2010-09-12.
- ^ a b Garen Ewing (2005). "Afghan heroine Malalai". Retrieved 2010-09-12.
- ^ Najmuddin, Shahzad Z. (2006). Armenia: a Resume: With Notes on Seth's Armenians in India. Trafford Publishing. p. 103. ISBN 1-4120-7916-0. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
- ^ Siba Shakib. "Battle of Maiwand" (PDF). tricycle.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-06-09.
- ^ a b Okkenhaug, Inger Marie; Ingvild Flaskerud (2005). Gender, religion and change in the Middle East: two hundred years of history. Berg Publishers. p. 191. ISBN 1-84520-199-X. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
- ^ Afghanistan Declassified: A Guide to America's Longest War By Brian Glyn Williams p 109
- ^ Wagner, Erich. 2012. "The Bones of the British Lying in Maiwand are Lonely."[permanent dead link] Marine Corps University Journal. Volume 3 (1) Spring 2012. Page 46.[dead link]
- ^ "Malalai – Afghan heroine of Maiwand". www.garenewing.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-08-24.
- ^ Hensman, Howard (2008). The Afghan War of 1879–1880 : being a complete narrative of the capture of Cabul, the siege of Sherpur, the battle of Ahmed Khel, the brilliant march to Candahar, and the defeat of Ayub Khan, with the operations on the Helmund, and the settlement with Abdur Rahman Khan. Olympia Fields, IL: New Delhi. ISBN 978-0-9815378-6-3. OCLC 232130990.
- ^ Farhang, Muḥammad Ṣiddīq; فرهنگ، محمد صديق. (2001). Afghānistān dar panj qarn-i akhīr (Chāp-i 2 ed.). Tihrān: ʻIrfān. ISBN 964-06-0305-8. OCLC 54940340.