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Nanabozho

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Nanabozho (in syllabics: ᓇᓇᐳᔓ, [nɐˌnɐbʊˈʒʊ]), also known as Nanabush,[1] is a spirit in Anishinaabe aadizookaan (traditional storytelling), particularly among the Ojibwe. Nanabozho figures prominently in their storytelling, including the story of the world's creation. Nanabozho is the Ojibwe trickster figure and culture hero (these two archetypes are often combined into a single figure in First Nations mythologies, among others).

Nanabozho
Pictogram of Nanabozho on Mazinaw Rock, Bon Echo Provincial Park, Ontario
FolkloreOjibwe and other First Nations
Other name(s)ᓇᓇᐳᔓ, Nanabush
RegionSouthern Canada, and midwestern / Northern Plains United States

Nanabozho can take the shape of male or female animals or humans in storytelling. Most commonly it is an animal such as a raven or coyote which lives near the tribe and which is cunning enough to make capture difficult.

Nanabozho is a trickster figure in many First Nation storytellings.[2] While the use of Nanabush through storytelling can be for entertainment, it is often used as a way to pass down information and general life lessons.[3]

The Nanabozho spirit

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As a trickster figure, it is often Nanabozho’s goal to create problems, which often highlight the struggles many Native people experience. According to Anishinaabe scholar Leanne Simpson, for instance, Nanabush often experiments with capitalistic means. They can be greedy, manipulative, and money driven. Because of their worldly desires, chaos often ensues. However, by developing deep relationships with others, Nanabozho becomes more balanced. Furthermore, as Nanabozho becomes more receptive to their surroundings, Nanabozho is able to create the ideal of decolonization through learned consent, recognition, and reciprocity. Therefore, the stories of Nanabush are used to guide people through life experiences and teach moral lessons.[4]

Shapeshifting

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Nanabozho is a shapeshifter who is both zoomorphic as well as anthropomorphic, meaning that Nanabozho can take the shape of animals or humans in storytelling.[5] Thus Nanabush takes many different forms in storytelling, often changing depending on the tribe. The majority of storytelling depicts Nanabozho through a zoomorphic lens. In the Arctic and sub-Arctic, the trickster is usually called Raven. Coyote is present in the area of California, Oregon, the inland plateau, the Great Basin, and the Southwest and Southern Plains. Rabbit or Hare is the trickster figure in the Southeast, and Spider is in the northern plains. Meanwhile, Wolverine and Jay are the trickster in parts of Canada. Often, Nanabozho takes the shape of these animals because of their frequent presence among tribes. The animals listed above have similar behavioral patterns. For example, they all live near human settlements and are very cunning, enough so as to be captured with great difficulty.[5]

Gender fluidity

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The gender identity of Nanabozho changes depending on the storytelling. Because Nanabozho is a shapeshifter, they are androgynous. While the majority of stories told about the trickster figure are written with he/him pronouns, the gender identity changes depending on the story and many are written with feminine pronouns. This allows Nanabozho a broader range of stories because they can adapt and change when needed.[6]

Stories

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Nanabozho is one of four sons from what some historical and religious scholars[who?] have interpreted as spirits of directions.[7] He has a human mother, and E-bangishimog ("In the West"), a spirit father.

Nanabozho most often appears in the shape of a rabbit and is characterized as a trickster. In his rabbit form, he is called Mishaabooz ("Great rabbit" or "Hare") or Gitchii-waabooz ("Big rabbit"). He was sent to Earth by Gitche Manidoo to teach the Ojibwe. One of his first tasks was to name all the plants and animals. Nanabozho is considered to be the founder of Midewiwin. He is the inventor of fishing and hieroglyphs. This historical figure is a shapeshifter and a co-creator of the world.[8][9] In this he is called Michabo Ovisaketchak ("the Great Hare who created the Earth").[10]

Fight with Paul Bunyan

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An Ojibwe legend describes Nanabozho's encounter with folkloric lumberjack Paul Bunyan.[11] Along Bunyan's path of deforestation, Nanabozho confronts Bunyan in Minnesota and implores him to leave the state without logging any more timber.[12] A fight ensues and they battle for forty days and forty nights. Nanabozho ends the fight by slapping Bunyan across the face with a Red Lake walleye fish.[12] After this, Bunyan "stumbles, [and] Nanabozho pulls at Paul’s whiskers, making him promise to leave the area."[12] Unofficial sources add a portion in which Bunyan lands on his rear end at the end of the battle, creating Lake Bemidji with the shape of his buttocks.[13][14]

This story claims to explain why Bunyan is beardless and facing west in the Lake Bemidji statue.[12] A Nanabozho statue is situated across the street from the aforementioned Bunyan statue.[15]

Similar characters in other Native cultures

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Among the eastern Algonquian peoples located north of the Abenaki areas, a similar character to Nanabozho existed called Tcakabesh in the Algonquin language, Chikapash among the eastern James Bay Crees, Chaakaapaas by the Naskapi, Tshakapesh in the Innu language and Tcikapec in the Atikamekw language, changing to various animal forms to various human forms (adult to child) and to various mythical animals such as the Great Porcupine, or Big Skunk. He conquered or diminished these mythical animals to smaller size after killing or changing them with his trickery or shapeshifting. Among the Meskwaki, Wīsakehā serves a similar role, as does Wisakedjak among northern Algonquian peoples and for the Saulteaux in the Great Plains. The Lakota had a similar figure known as 'Iktomi.'[16][17][18][circular reference] The Abenaki-influenced Algonquin had a similar figure called Kanòjigàbe (Fiero spelling: Ganoozhigaabe; Abenaki Gluskabe; English Glooscap).

Nanabozho name variations

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The Nanabozho name varies in the Ojibwe language depending on whether it is presented with a first-person prefix n- (i.e. Nanabozho), third-person prefix w- (i.e. Wanabozho), or null-person prefix m- (i.e. Manabozho); the "Manabozho" form of the name is most commonly associated with Menominee language version of these stories. In addition, depending on the story and the narrator's role in telling the story, the name may be presented in its regular nominative form (with the final o, i.e. Nanabozho) or in its vocative form (without the final o, i.e. Nanabozh). Due to the way the two o sounds, they are often each realized as oo (i.e. Nanaboozhoo). In some dialects, zh is realized as z. These variations allow for associating the name with the word for "rabbit(-)" (waabooz(o-)).

Due to the placement of word stress, determined by metrical rules that define a characteristic iambic metrical foot, in which a weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable, in some dialects the weak syllable may be reduced to a schwa (ə), which may be recorded as either i or e (e.g. Winabozho or Wenabozho if the first weak syllable is graphically shown, Nanabizho if the second weak syllable is graphically shown).

In addition, though the Fiero double-vowel system uses zh, the same sound in other orthographies can be realized as j in the Algonquin system or š (or sh) in the Saulteaux-Cree system (e.g. Nanabozho v. Nanabojo). To this mix, depending on if the transcriber used French or English, the Anishinaabe name may be transcribed to fit the phonetic patterns of one of the two said languages (e.g. "Winnaboujou" and "Nanabijou": French rendering of Winabozho and Nanabizho respectively, or "Nanabush": English rendering of Nanabozh).

Like the transcription variations found among "Nanabozho," often Mishaabooz is transcribed into French as Michabous and represented in English as Michabou. Additional name variations include "Winneboujou, Winabojo, Wenabozho, Wenaboozhoo, Waynaboozhoo, Wenebojo, Nanaboozhoo, Nanabojo, Nanabushu, Nanabush, Nanapush, Nenabush, Nenabozho, Nanabosho, Manabush, Manabozho, Manibozho, Nanahboozho, Minabozho, Manabus, Manibush, Manabozh, Manabozo, Manabozho, Manabusch, Manabush, Manabus, Menabosho, Nanaboojoo, Nanaboozhoo, Nanaboso, Nanabosho, Nenabuc, Amenapush, Ne-Naw-bo-zhoo, Kwi-wi-sens Nenaw-bo-zhoo [...] Michabo, Michabou, Michabous, Michaboo, Mishabo, Michabo, Misabos, Misabooz," and "Messou."[1]

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Nanabozho in the flood. (Illustration by R.C. Armour, from his book North American Indian Fairy Tales, Folklore and Legends, 1905)

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's epic poem The Song of Hiawatha (1855) is adapted from several Nanabozho stories, along with Longfellow's own inventions. However, the poem has little to do with the historical or legendary Hiawatha.

Nanabozho is featured, as "Nanabozo", in the form of a trickster rabbit in the Swiss bandes dessinées series Yakari, e.g. Yakari et Nanabozo (1978).

The novel Motorcycles and Sweetgrass, a novel by Drew Hayden Taylor, contains a contemporary depiction of Nanabozho.[19] Published in 2010, the trickerster is portrayed as a white man who charms his way into an Indigenous family living on the Otter Lake reserve.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b "Nanabozho (Nanabush, Nanabosho, Wenebojo, Nanapush, Manabus)". www.native-languages.org. Archived from the original on 28 March 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  2. ^ "Nanabozho (Nanabush, Nanabosho, Wenebojo, Nanapush, Manabus)". www.native-languages.org. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
  3. ^ Manitowabi, Susan (2018). "The Creation Story". Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ^ Simpson, Leanne (2017). As We Have Always Done. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9781517903862.
  5. ^ a b Machová, Klára (2006). "Bakalářská diplomová práce" (PDF). Masaryk University Faculty of Arts. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
  6. ^ Magoulick, Mary (2018). "Trickster Lives in Erdrich: Continuity, Innovation, and Eloquence of a Troubling, Beloved Character". Journal of Folklore Research. 55 (3): 87–126. doi:10.2979/jfolkrese.55.3.04. ISSN 0737-7037. JSTOR 10.2979/jfolkrese.55.3.04. S2CID 150211719. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
  7. ^ He is descended from a human mother, and his father spiritually impregnated a mother like the virgin birth of Jesus and other gods and heroes cross-culturally. The Anishinaabeg say the mother's name means "nourishment", but Henry Schoolcraft suggests the name is from the Dakota Winona ("first-born daughter").
  8. ^ "The Great Hare". Community-2.webtv.net. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
  9. ^ "Nanabozho, Access genealogy". Accessgenealogy.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
  10. ^ Singer, Eliot. ""The Manner of Their Begyning…a Pretty Fabulous Tale Indeed": Walking Around and About the "Algonkin Great Hare"". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. ^ Gross, Lawrence W. (2003). "Cultural Sovereignty and Native American Hermeneutics in the Interpretation of the Sacred Stories of the Anishinaabe". Wíčazo Ša Review. 18 (2): 127–134. doi:10.1353/wic.2003.0014. ISSN 0749-6427. JSTOR 1409540. S2CID 144831083.
  12. ^ a b c d Hellenbrand, Kasey Keeler, Ryan (2 December 2021). "In the Northwoods, Paul Bunyan Looms Large". Edge Effects. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ "1077 WRKR – Kalamazoo's Rock Station – Kalamazoo Rock Radio". 1077 WRKR. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  14. ^ "Sometimes yah just gotta hit em with that walleye". 8 January 2023. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
  15. ^ Mel (26 May 2012), Bemidji, MN: Nanabozho Muffler Man, archived from the original on 11 January 2023, retrieved 11 January 2023
  16. ^ "Iktómi the Trickster". Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  17. ^ "09 Iktomi and the Prairie Chickens' Red Eyes (Lakota)". YouTube. 20 March 2018. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  18. ^ "Iktomi". Archived from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  19. ^ Taylor, Drew (2010). Motorcycles and Sweetgrass (Modern Classics ed.). Canada: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-039-00061-2.

References

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  • Benton-Banai, Edward. The Mishomis Book: The Voice of the Ojibway. Hayward, WI: Indian Country Communications, 1988.
  • Chamberlain, A. F. "Nanibozhu amongst the Otchipwe, Mississagas, and other Algonkian tribes," Journal of American Folklore 4 (1891): 193–213. Nanibozhu amongst the Otchipwe, Mississagas, and Other Algonkian Tribes.
  • Johnston, Basil. Ojibway Heritage. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1976.
  • Barnouw, Victor. Wisconsin Chippewa Myths and Tales. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1977.
  • Webkamigad, Howard. Ottawa Stories from the Springs. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2015.
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