The black-eared miner (Manorina melanotis) is an endangered honeyeater endemic to mallee woodland in south-eastern Australia.
| Black-eared miner | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Meliphagidae |
| Genus: | Manorina |
| Species: | M. melanotis
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| Binomial name | |
| Manorina melanotis (Wilson, FE, 1911)
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| Distribution of the black-eared miner | |
Taxonomy
editManorina melanotis was identified by Francis Erasmus Wilson in 1911.[2] It is closely related to the much more widely distributed yellow-throated miner M. flavigula, and the taxonomic status of the black-eared miner is the subject of some controversy, with some researchers considering it a subspecies of M. flavigula.[3]
Behaviour
editBlack-eared miners are co-operative breeders, living in colonies during the breeding season, and dispersing into the bush during non-breeding periods. Little is known of their movements during these periods.[3]
In 2022, it was reported that the species had been interbreeding with the yellow-throated miner.[4]
Distribution and habitat
editIBA (Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas), identified by BirdLife International as being important for black-eared miner conservation, are areas containing relatively intact, mallee woodland in north-western Victoria and south-eastern South Australia. They comprise Murray-Sunset, Hattah and Annuello, the Riverland Mallee, and Wyperfeld, Big Desert and Ngarkat.[5]
Conservation status
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Black-eared miners' survival became threatened by habitat clearance to make way for agriculture, and the bird experienced competition from feral goats, European rabbits, kangaroos, and other large herbivores, which then had access to water which they had not previously had.[4] The species was assessed as "probably Australia's rarest and most endangered bird" in 2016 by ornithologist John McLaughlin,[7] while a 2018 study ranked it as the 10th bird at most risk of extinction.[8]
As of 2022[update], there remain around 200 colonies, with up to 20 birds within each colony. Interbreeding with the yellow-throated miner has affected the genetic integrity of the black-eared miner, which adds to the risk to their population.[4]
The species is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List (2021.3) and under the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999,[2] and its conservation status in several Australian states is as follows:
- New South Wales: Listed as "Critically Endangered" by the Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016 (NSW), as of February 2022.[2]
- South Australia: Listed as "Endangered" by the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972, as of January 2020.[2]
- Victoria: Listed as "Threatened" by the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act (1988), as of October 2021, and as "endangered" on the 2007 advisory list of threatened vertebrate fauna.[9][10] Under this Act, an Action Statement for the recovery and future management of this species has been prepared.[11][2]
Conservation measures
editIn July 2022, it was announced that AUD$125,000 has been dedicated to protect the black-eared miner. The Australian Government has provided the funding to the Murraylands and Riverland Landscape Board (MRLB) and their partners for the project.[12] As part of the project, researchers will do genetic testing of birds in the 200 populations.[4]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Manorina melanotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22704441A93968828. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704441A93968828.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e "Manorina melanotis – Black-eared Miner". Species Profile and Threats Database. Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Australian Government. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ a b Higgins, Peter; Christidis, Les; Ford, Hugh (4 March 2020). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Black-eared Miner (Manorina melanotis)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.blemin1.01. S2CID 216212426. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
- ^ a b c d Landau, Sophie (9 July 2022). "Endangered black-eared miner to be scrutinised by researchers to learn extent of cross-species breeding". Australia: ABC News. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ "Black-eared Miner". Important Bird Areas. BirdLife International. 2012. Archived from the original on 10 July 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ "Black-eared Miner - profile". Office of Environment and Heritage. NSW Government. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ McLaughlin, John (26 May 2016). "The Identification of the Endangered Black-eared Miner Manorina melanotis". Australian Field Ornithology. 15 (3). Retrieved 11 July 2022.
- ^ Geyle, Hayley M.; Woinarski, John C. Z.; et al. (20 April 2018). "Quantifying extinction risk and forecasting the number of impending Australian bird and mammal extinctions". Pacific Conservation Biology. 24 (2): 157–167. doi:10.1071/PC18006. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30109156. ISSN 2204-4604. Retrieved 11 July 2022. PDF
- ^ Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment (2007). Advisory List of Threatened Vertebrate Fauna in Victoria – 2007. East Melbourne: Department of Sustainability and Environment. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-74208-039-0.
- ^ "Listed Items". Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria. Archived from the original on 18 July 2005.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act: Action Statement Index by Category and Scientific Name". Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria. Archived from the original on 11 September 2006.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Lowe, Sam (8 July 2022). "New conservation project to protect endangered species". The Murray Valley Standard. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
External links
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- BirdLife Species Factsheet
- Photos and audio of black-eared miner from Cornell Lab of Ornithology's Macaulay Library
- Recordings of black-eared miner from Graeme Chapman's sound library
- Australian Government Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water Species Profile and Threats Database: Manorina melanotis – Black-eared Miner (Commonwealth Documents)