Lake Mariout (Arabic: بحيرة مريوط Boḥēret Maryūṭ, IPA: [boˈħeːɾet mɑɾˤˈjuːtˤ], also spelled Maryut or Mariut), is a brackish lake in northern Egypt near the city of Alexandria. The lake area covered 200 square kilometres (77 sq mi) and had a navigable canal at the beginning of the 20th century,[1] but at the beginning of the 21st century, it covers only about 50 square kilometres (19 sq mi).[2]
| Lake Mariout | |
|---|---|
| بحيرة مريوط | |
| بحيرة مريوط | |
.jpg) | |
  Lake Mariout | |
| Coordinates | 31°09′11″N 29°53′55″E / 31.153056°N 29.898611°E |
| Lake type | Brackish |
| Basin countries | Egypt |
| Surface area | 50 square kilometres (19 sq mi) approx. |
| Settlements | Alexandria |
Etymology
editThe name of Lake Mariout derives from the Hellenized name of Mareotis (Ancient Greek: Μαρεῶτις) or Marea, by which it was known in the Ptolemaic Period.[1]
Overview
edit
In antiquity, the lake was much larger than it is now, extending further to the south and west and occupying around 700 square kilometres (270 sq mi). It had no mouth connecting it to the Mediterranean, being fed with Nile water via a number of canals. By the twelfth century the lake had dwindled to a collection of salt lakes and salt flats[3] and it had dried up by the Late Middle Ages.[4]
At least 250 years ago, the lake was fresh water, and much of it would dry up during the period just before the Nile flooded again. A storm in 1770 breached the sea wall at Abu Qir, creating a seawater lake known as Lake Abu Qir. The salt waters were kept separate from Lake Mariout by the canal that allowed fresh water to travel from the Nile to Alexandria. As part of the Siege of Alexandria, on 13 March 1801, the British cut the canal, allowing a great rush of sea water from Lake Abu Qir into Lake Mariout. Lake Abu Qir ceased to exist, and Lake Mariout became brackish instead of fresh.[5]
When the British opened the lake to the sea in Napoleon's time it caused a salt-water flood that destroyed 150 villages.[4] The cutting of the dykes by the British in 1801 refilled Lake Mariout so that it suddenly regained its ancient area, became filled with salt water instead of the former fresh, and was too shallow for navigation. Alexandria's access to the Nile was lost, necessitating the opening of the Mahmoudiyah Canal from Alexandria to the Nile in 1820.[6]
Lake Mariout is separated from the Mediterranean Sea by the narrow isthmus on which the city of Alexandria was built. The lake shore is home to fisheries and saltworks. As far back as the early 1900s, it was documented that salt was being refined from the western part of the lake.[7]
According to some records, a homonymous nome was located on the shores of this lake.[8]
Abusir
editThe seaside town of Abusir, known in the Graeco-Roman period as Taposiris Magna, lies on the shore of Lake Mariout. Ruins of an ancient temple and an ancient replica of the Lighthouse of Alexandria are to be seen there. As of 2009, it was also suspected to be the burial place of Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony.[9][10][11]
Philosophical and Ecclesiastical history
editTherapeutae
editThe De Vita Contemplativa, a description of a society of ascetics written in the first century CE, says that the community of cenobitic monastics called the Therapeutae were widely distributed in the ancient world, but that "their country" was "beyond the Maereotic lake".[12] Some interpret the Therapeutae as early Christian monks.
Christian church
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There was a bishopric of Mareotes, in the Roman province of Aegyptus Primus, which was a suffragan of the Metropolitan Archbishop of the Patriarchate of Alexandria. It faded like most of those in Roman Egypt, possibly at the advent of Islam. Two bishops are historically documented:
- Ischiras (mentioned circa 335)
- Pistos (mentioned in 337)
The diocese was nominally restored in 1933 as the titular bishopric of Mareotes. Although technically a Latin titular bishopric, it has had several Eastern Catholic incumbents, notably those of Egypt's native Coptic Catholic Church sui iuris (Alexandrian Rite).
It has had the following incumbents, so far of the fitting episcopal (lowest) rank:[13]
- Antonios Aziz Mina (21 December 2002 – 3 January 2006) as Bishop of Curia of the Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria (Egypt) ([19 December 2002] 21 December 2002 – 3 January 2006), followed by Eparch (Bishop) of Guizeh of the Copts (Egypt) (3 January 2006 – 23 January 2017)
- Botros Fahim Awad Hanna (6 September 2006 – 8 April 2013) of the Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria as Bishop of Curia of Egypt of the Copts ([31 August 2006] 6 September 2006 – 8 April 2013), followed by Eparch (Bishop) of Minya of the Copts (Egypt) ([25 March 2013] 8 April 2013 – ...)
- Cesar Essayan, Order of Friars Minor Conventual (O.F.M. Conv.) (2 August 2016 – ...) as Apostolic Vicar of Beirut (Lebanon).
Ancient findings
editIn 2015 a stele, resembling the Rosetta Stone and dating back some 2200 years, was discovered in the Taposiris Magna Temple site at Lake Mariout. Measuring 41 by 25.6 by 7 inches (104 by 65 by 18 cm), its message commemorates two Ptolemaic pharaohs and Queen Consort Cleopatra I Syra. There are ancient tombs located on the shores of the lake.[citation needed]
Fish species
editThe fish species Nile perch lives in the lake although its principal habitat is fresh water, and the lake contains some salt. In 1939, a small lake, called the Nozha Hydrodrome was "isolated from Lake Mariout" and this allowed for the Nile perch to flourish there.[2]
In literature
edit- W. B. Yeats refers to the lake as the Mareotic Lake in his poem Under Ben Bulben.
- Lawrence Durrell writes about the lake using its ancient name Lake Mareotis in his tetralogy of novels The Alexandria Quartet, where it is the setting for a duck shoot.[14]
- Jasper Maskelyne claimed in Magic: Top Secret (1949) to be involved in the construction of a decoy site next to the lake to draw Axis bombers away from attacking Alexandria Harbour during World War Two.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Baedeker, Karl (1885). Egypt: Handbook for Travellers : Part First, Lower Egypt, with the Fayum and the Peninsula of Sinai. Karl Baedeker (Firm). Retrieved 24 November 2016.
- ^ a b Close, Angela E.; Schild, Ramuald; Wendorf, Fred (2012). Egypt During the Last Interglacial: The Middle Paleolithic of Bir Tarfawi and Bir Sahara East. Springer US. p. 9. ISBN 9781461529088. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
- ^ Cooper, John (2014). The Medieval Nile: Route, Navigation, and Landscape in Islamic Egypt. The American University in Cairo Press. pp. 69–70. ISBN 9789774166143.
- ^ a b "Egypt: Key to the East – British Base at Alexandria Holds Eastern Mediterranean". Life. Time. 28 Apr 1941. p. 94. ISSN 0024-3019.
- ^ Mackesy, Piers (2013). British Victory in Egypt: The End of Napoleon's Conquest. Routledge. ISBN 9781134953578.
- ^ Forster, E.M. (2014). Alexandria: A History and Guide. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 112. ISBN 9781780763576.
- ^ Bulletin of the Louisiana Geological Survey. Louisiana Geological Survey. 1908. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
- ^ Cooper, William Ricketts (1876). An Archaic Dictionary: Biographical, Historical, and Mythological: From the Egyptian, Assyrian, and Etruscan Monuments and Papyri. S. Bagster and Sons, 1876. p. 317. ISBN 9789774166143. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
- ^ "Cleopatra dalk na slangpik hier begrawe, sê argeoloë". Beeld. SAPA-AFP. 2009-04-21.
- ^ "Researchers may have found Cleopatra's final resting place". CNN. 2009-04-17. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
- ^ "Dig 'may reveal' Cleopatra's tomb". BBC News. 2009-04-15. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
- ^ Philo Judaeus. "Ancient History Sourcebook: On Ascetics [another name for the De Vita Contemplativa] Section III". Fordham University.
Now this class of persons may be met with in many places, for it was fitting that both Greece and the country of the barbarians should partake of whatever is perfectly good; and there is the greatest number of such men in Egypt, in every one of the districts, or nomes, as they are called, and especially around Alexandria; and from all quarters those who are the best of these therapeutae proceed on their pilgrimage to some most suitable place as if it were their country, which is beyond the Maereotic lake.
- ^ "Titular Episcopal See of Mareotes, Egypt". GCatholic. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
- ^ Peter Guttridge (6 August 1994). "BOOKS / Classic Thoughts: A four part snail: Peter Guttridge on a flawed masterwork, Lawrence Durrell's Alexandria Quartet". The Independent.
Bibliography
edit- Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 460
- Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, vol. II, coll. 529-530
- Klaas A. Worp, A Checklist of Bishops in Byzantine Egypt (A.D. 325 - c. 750), in Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 100 (1994) 283-318
External links
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