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Maria Aurora von Spiegel, born Fatima[1] (born before 1686 – fl 1733), also referred to as Fatime,[2] Fatima Kariman or Fatima von Kariman,[3] was the Ottoman Turkish mistress of Augustus II the Strong of Poland and Lithuania. Fatima was one of the many Turkish captives during the Battle of Buda. She was brought to the royal courts of Europe, including Sweden, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and Saxony, and trained as a lady-in-waiting.
Life
editEarly life
editMaria Aurora was captured by the Imperial army, that took the slaves and property belonging to the Turks after the successful Imperial reconquest of Buda from the Ottoman Empire after the Siege of Buda (1686) during the Great Turkish war. A Swede in Austrian service, baron Alexander Erskin was given four female slaves as a part of his loot: Raziye (Roosia); Asiye (Eisia); Emine; and Fatma (Fatima).[4] Fatima stated, that she was of Christian heritage but had been enslaved by Ottomans since her childhood and that she had been "married" to a "Muhammedan Priest" (referring to a mullah, a Muslim clergyman).[5] This was possibly a euphemism for her having been a concubine of a mullah.
Baron Erskin returned to Sweden with Philip Christoph von Königsmarck, and gave Fatima and the other captives to Philip's sister, Countess Maria Aurora von Königsmarck.[6] The four women were baptised in Stockholm on 7 November 1686 at the royal court.[7] Crown Prince Charles and Aurora von Königsmarck stood as Fatima's godparents, and she was christened Maria Aurora after Maria Aurora von Königsmarck.[8]
She was taught etiquette and French and became a lady's companion to Aurora von Königsmarck. If not before she would have been automatically free upon arrival within Swedish borders, since Sweden had abolished slavery in 1335.[9]
Royal mistress
editIn 1691 she followed her mistress to Saxony and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, where Aurora von Königsmarck became the royal mistress of King Augustus. She was often present at the King's visits to Aurora von Königsmarck, and in 1701 she replaced Aurora as the royal mistress. Augustus married her in 1706 to Johann George Spiegel [10] who died in 1715 shortly before arrest at the Festung Sonnenstein.
Augustus acknowledged his children with her, which he did not do with all of his mistresses, and seemed to have been in love with her.[citation needed] He often returned to her between his other relationships.
She was the mother by King Augustus of Count Frederick Augustus Rutowsky and Countess Katharina Rutowska (born in 1706), who married Major-General Count Claudius Maria von Bellegarde (born in Piedmont, died in France in 1755), an ambassador to the court of Turin.[11]
Later life
editShe remained a central character within the royal court after her relationship with Augustus ended, and was good friends with the influential Przebendowska, a relation of the favourite Count Fleming. At the king's death in 1733, she was given an allowance of 8000 thaler in his will.
References
edit- ^ Wilson, Peter (2002), German Armies: War and German Society, 1648-1806, Routledge, p. 86, ISBN 1135370532
- ^ Sharp, Tony (2004), Pleasure and Ambition: The Life, Loves and Wars of Augustus the Strong, I.B.Tauris, p. 247, ISBN 0857715712
- ^ Knöfel, Anne-Simone (2004), Dynastie und Prestige: die Heiratspolitik der Wettiner, Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar, p. 420, ISBN 3412203262
- ^ Personhistorisk tidskrift / Första årgången 1898-99 /
- ^ Personhistorisk tidskrift / Första årgången 1898-99 /
- ^ Personhistorisk tidskrift / Första årgången 1898-99 /
- ^ Personhistorisk tidskrift / Första årgången 1898-99 /
- ^ Personhistorisk tidskrift / Första årgången 1898-99 /
- ^ Dick Harrison (2006). Slaveri: Forntiden till renässansen. Lund: Historiska media. ISBN 91-85057-81-9. 246
- ^ Sächsisches Staatsarchiv, 11254 Gouvernement Dresden, Nr. Loc. 14516/30
- ^ Nöthige Supplemente zu dem Großen Vollständigen UNIVERSAL LEXICON Aller Wissenschaften und Künste, Welche bishero durch menschlichen Verstand und Witz erfunden und verbessert worden. Dritter Band, Barc-Bod, Leipzig, 1752
- (Swedish) Personhistorisk tidskrift / Första årgången 1898-99 /
- http://saebi.isgv.de/biografie/Friedrich_August_von_Rutowski_(1702-1764)
- Vehse: Geschichte der Deutschen Höfe del 32, Georg Ludvig von Haxthausen.
- Reiner Pommerin, Rutowski (Rutowsky), Friedrich August Graf von, in: Sächsische Biografie, hrsg. vom Institut für Sächsische Geschichte und Volkskunde e.V., bearb. von Martina Schattkowsky, Online-Ausgabe: https://web.archive.org/web/20150721202407/http://www.isgv.de/saebi (16.8.2015)