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Mariya Gabriel

(Redirected from Maria Nedeltcheva)

Mariya Ivanova Gabriel (Bulgarian: Мария Иванова Габриел; née Nedelcheva, Bulgarian: Неделчева; born 20 May 1979) is a Bulgarian and European politician, president of the Robert Schuman Institute[2][3]. She served as Deputy Prime Minister of Bulgaria and Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2023 to 2024. A member of the GERB party, she previously served as European Commissioner for Innovation, Research, Culture, Education and Youth from 2019 to 2023, European Commissioner for Digital Economy and Society from 2017 to 2019 and Member of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2017.

Mariya Gabriel
Мария Габриел
Gabriel in 2023
Deputy Prime Minister of Bulgaria
In office
6 June 2023 – 9 April 2024
Prime MinisterNikolai Denkov
Preceded byAtanas Pekanov
Ivan Demerdzhiev
Hristo Alexiev
Lazar Lazarov
Succeeded byLyudmila Petkova
Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office
6 June 2023 – 9 April 2024
Prime MinisterNikolai Denkov
Preceded byIvan Kondov
Succeeded byStefan Dimitrov
European Commissioner for Innovation, Research, Culture, Education and Youth
In office
1 December 2019 – 15 May 2023
On leave: 10 May 2023 – 15 May 2023*
PresidentUrsula von der Leyen
Preceded byTibor Navracsics (Education, Culture, Youth and Sport)
Succeeded byIliana Ivanova
European Commissioner for Digital
Economy and Society
In office
7 July 2017 – 30 November 2019
PresidentJean-Claude Juncker
Preceded byGünther Oettinger
Succeeded byMargrethe Vestager (Digital Age)
Member of the European Parliament
for Bulgaria
In office
14 July 2009 – 6 July 2017
Preceded byNikolay Mladenov
Succeeded byAsim Ademov
Personal details
Born
Mariya Ivanova Nedelcheva

(1979-05-20) 20 May 1979 (age 45)
Hadzhidimovo, PR Bulgaria
Political partyBulgaria Bulgaria: GERB
European Union EU: EPP
Spouse
François Gabriel
​
(m. 2012)​
Children1
EducationPlovdiv University (BA)
Institute of Political Studies, Bordeaux (MA)
Occupation
  • Politician
  • political scientist
*Gabriel's portfolio was split by Schinas and Vestager during her leave and vacancy. When Vestager took her own leave during the vacancy, the rest of the portfolio was given to Schinas in the interim.[1]

In the European Parliament she served as Vice-President of the European People's Party (EPP) group, Vice-President of EPP Women and head of the Bulgarian EPP delegation. She was first appointed to the European Commission in 2017 as European Commissioner for Digital Economy and Society to fill a spot left vacant by the departure of Kristalina Georgieva. Ms Gabriel left with a mixed record and reputation in Brussels.[4] In particular, she struggled to realize a €415 billion plan to make the EU a global tech hub.[5]

On 22 May 2023, a coalition of GERB and We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria (PP-DB) agreed to form a government with two rotating prime ministers, Nikolai Denkov and Gabriel.[6][7]

Education

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Mariya Gabriel was born on 20 May 1979 in Hadzhidimovo, Blagoevgrad Province. In 1997, she graduated from the Dr Petar Beron language high school in Kyustendil. In 2001 she graduated from the Plovdiv University "Paisii Hilendarski". She continued her studies at the Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux (Institute of Political Studies) in Bordeaux (France), where she obtained a master's degree in 'Comparative Politics and International Relations'. From 2004 to 2008, Mariya Gabriel was a teaching and research assistant at the Institute of Political Studies in Bordeaux (France). Her teaching assignment was related to the topics of the Decision-Making process in the EU, Political Sociology and International Relations.

Member of the European Parliament

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Vice-President of the EPP Group and Head of the Bulgarian delegation of the EPP Group

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From 2014 to 2017, Mariya Gabriel was Vice-President of the EPP Group and Head of the Bulgarian delegation in the EPP Group. As Vice-President of the EPP Group she chaired the Euromed Working Group of the EPP and was responsible for maintaining the EPP Group's relations with countries from the Mediterranean, Middle East and North Africa regions.

Committee work

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As member of the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, Mariya Gabriel focused her activities on the migration policy of the European Union, Schengen, visa liberalisation agreements with third countries, security issues, the fight against terrorism and human trafficking. She followed closely topics related to FRONTEX and the Entry-Exit System of the EU.

In the Foreign Affairs Committee Mariya Gabriel's focus was on the Mediterranean countries, and relations between the EU and Africa, the Middle East and the countries from the Arab Peninsula. She was a negotiator of the EPP Group on a regular basis for resolutions related to human rights violations, democracy and the rule of law. She upheld the need for improved consistency of the foreign and internal policies of the EU, conflict prevention and conflict resolution, migration and security, economic links, and development policy.

From 2012 until 2014 Mariya Gabriel was a coordinator of the EPP Group in the Women's Rights and Gender Equality Committee. She was the rapporteur of the European Parliament on the proposed Women on Boards directive.[8]

During the 2009–2014 legislature Mariya Gabriel was a member of the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development and was actively working on the reform of the new EU common agricultural policy (CAP) for the 2014–2020 period. As part of her work, she defended the principles of a fair, flexible and simplified agricultural policy.

From 2014 to 2017, Mariya Gabriel was President of the Working Group on Apiculture and Bee Health. In 2015 and 2016 she organised the European Week of Bees and Pollination in the European Parliament. In 2016 Albert II, Prince of Monaco, was a keynote speaker.[9]

Mariya Gabriel worked on the Danube Strategy as a strategically important topic for the EU. It is a strategy for the Danube macro-region, which covers nine Member States (Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia) and 5 non-EU states (Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Ukraine and Moldova).

EU foreign policy

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From 2009 Mariya Gabriel was an active member of the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly, which brings together parliamentarians from the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States and the European Union. In 2011 she was Head of the EU Election Observation Mission for the presidential and parliamentary elections in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In 2016 Mariya Gabriel led the EU Election Observation Mission for the presidential elections in Gabon.[10]

European Commission

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Gabriel testifies before the European Parliament in 2019

On 10 May 2017 Jean-Claude Juncker, President of the European Commission, announced that Bulgarian Prime Minister Boyko Borisov had nominated Mariya Gabriel to replace Kristalina Georgieva as Commissioner.

President Juncker appointed Günther Oettinger to replace Georgieva as European Commissioner for Budget and Human Resources, leaving Gabriel with the digital portfolio Oettinger had previously headed.

In 2019, Ursula von der Leyen nominated Gabriel to be European Commissioner for Innovation, Research, Culture, Education and Youth.[11]

Return to national politics

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GERB PM candidate & Rotation Agreement (May 2023)

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On 10 May 2023 GERB announced that their PM nominee was Mariya Gabriel. Holding a briefing with GERB-SDS Parliamentary Group, on the 11th of May, Gabriel outlined some of her policy priorities, specifically including judicial reform and the removal of General-Prosecutor Ivan Geshev.[12] This was widely seen as a move to attract the support of the second largest group in the National Assembly, PPDB.

Following the outlining of her priorities, Gabriel undertook consultations with a number of parliamentary represented parties who could support her government: PP-DB, DPS, BSP and ITN. Despite attempts to find commonalities during her meeting with the representatives of PP-DB, specifically urging them to support a joint Euro-atlanicist government, PP-DB insisted they could not support a government formed with a GERB mandate, thus leading Gabriel to search for an alternative majority.[13] However, while DPS and ITN signaled their willingness to support an "expert cabinet" headed by Gabriel, BSP expressed reservations about supporting such a cabinet, thus increasing the difficulty of finding a majority excluding PP-DB.[14]

President Radev officially gave Gabriel the first mandate to try to form a government on 15 May that same year.[15] With Gabriel resigning the position of European Commissioner on the same day.[16]

In the following days, ITN officially announced their decision to support the Gabriel government,[17] however this still left the prospective Gabriel cabinet 5 seats short of a majority in the National Assembly, as BSP had announced they would not vote in favour of the Gabriel cabinet.[18]

Following the official confirmation of support from ITN, Gabriel confirmed she would fulfil the first mandate and present her cabinet during a meeting with the President on the 22nd of May.[19] However, these plans were derailed by the sudden announcement by ITN that they would be withdrawing support for the prospective Gabriel cabinet.[20] Thus leading Mariya Gabriel to return an unfulfiled mandate on the 22nd of May to the Presidency and announce her intention to support the formation of a government with the second mandate.[21]

On 22 May 2023, a coalition of GERB and We Continue the Change – Democratic Bulgaria (PP-DB) agreed to form a government with two rotating prime ministers, Nikolai Denkov and Gabriel.[22]

On the 27th of May, the formation of the rotation government was almost derailed by the leak of audio-tapes from a closed door PP-DB meeting, the contents of which led Mariya Gabriel to announce a temporary suspension of negotiations until PP-DB can demonstrate a new approach to government formation.[23] Unofficial contact between the two parties, specifically between Denkov and Gabriel, did however continue.[24]

On the 30th of May, Gabriel outlined the terms for renewed negotiations, specifically insisting on a "rethinking" of the composition of the prospective Denkov cabinet to include more experts.[25]

On the 31st of May, negotiations were officially reopened between the two parties.[26]

On the 2nd of June, an official cabinet was announced in a joint briefing between Gabriel and Denkov, with the rotation principle similarly confirmed.[27] The Denkov Government was approved on the 6th of June and began its tenure shortly thereafter, with Mariya Gabriel serving as Vice-Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs.

Tenure as Vice-PM and Minister of Foreign Affairs (June 2023-March 2024)

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Rotation Cabinet negotiations (March 2024)

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On 6 March 2024, Denkov resigned as part of the power-sharing agreement with Gabriel.[28]

Shortly thereafter, GERB leader, Boyko Borisov, announced that Mariya Gabriel would head a negotiation team in order to reach an agreement for continued co-governance.[29]

Negotiations between the two parties officially began on the 9th of March, with a focus on signing an official governance deal and a potential reshuffle of certain ministers.[30]

During consultations with the President on the 11th of March, Gabriel informed the President about the negotiations, however requested more time in order to reach a final agreement.[31] Following the consultations, Gabriel confirmed that a number of differences still remained between PP-DB and GERB.[32]

While negotiations continued for the rest of the following week, on the 17th of March, one day before the President was due to issue the first mandate, Gabriel announced that "fundamental differences" had emerged between PPDB and GERB, and that if the attitude of PPDB did not change, she would return the first mandate unfulfilled.[33]

On 18 March, President Rumen Radev formally gave Gabriel the first mandate, with Gabriel receiving the first mandate in the presence of a joint delegation of PPDB and GERB leaders.[34] Leaving the Presidential institution, Gabriel confirmed that talks would be allowed to continue, however insisted that negotiations would not continue for more than 24 hours and that she would return the mandate to the President the next day.[35]

Gabriel returned the mandate completed to the President on the 19th of March, citing the need for a stable government in order to complete key policy priorities.[36] The proposed cabinet had a number of significant changes compared to the Denkov Government, including the appointment of GERB MPs, Hristo Gadzhev as Minister of Defense, and Zhencho Stankov as Minister of Energy.[37] In comments to the press following the completion of the first mandate, however, Gabriel did not confirm if the government had been presented with the approval of PPDB, with it being further confirmed that the proposed "Governance Agreement" had only been signed by Mariya Gabriel.[38]

Subsequently, PPDB held a press briefing at which they announced that they had not agreed to the government, leading to most of their ministers declaring their intention to not participate in a Gabriel cabinet.[39] During the briefing, PP co-leader and Acting Finance Minister, Asen Vasilev, called Mariya Gabriel "the new, more beautiful face of the mafia in Bulgaria".

On 20 March, Gabriel made a comment to the press justifying her decision to propose the ministers without their prior approval by referencing the parameters of the original governance agreement, in which all ministers had committed to serve in that capacity for 18 months. Additionally she demanded an apology from senior PPDB figures.[40]

Appearing on the BNT show, Panorama, Gabriel defended her decision to return the first mandate completed by referencing the need for a stable government and confirmed that the main disagreements between PPDB and GERB were relatively minor.[41]

On 24 March, in an emergency press briefing, Gabriel confirmed that attempts at renewed negotiations had ended in failure due to "new demands" presented by PPDB, such as the removal of the incumbent Minister of Interior, Kalin Stoyanov.[42] Subsequently, Gabriel announced she would be withdrawing her candidacy for Prime Minister, which was approved by the National Assembly on the 26th of March.

Controversies

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In 2017, in the midst of her candidacy as EU commissioner, Bulgarian reporters discovered that she was renting a plush apartment from the municipality in the upscale Lozenets district of Sofia for just €200 a month — about a quarter of the market rate.[43] Bulgaria's anti-corruption commission (the Commission for Countering Corruption and Forfeiture of Illegally Acquired Property) was tipped off that Gabriel rented a municipal housing in October 2010 while she was a MEP. The difference between the market rental price of about €800 on average and the rent paid by Gabriel for 32 months, amounts to nearly €20,000.[44] The commission indeed found a signed rental agreement from 1 October 2010 to 11 April 2012.[45]

The deal was allegedly brokered by the center-right GERB party, which controls the Sofia Municipality and owns the apartment. Gabriel failed to disclose the discount in her declaration of interests in 2012 and 2014, which she was required to complete as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP). The preferential rental agreement was also missing from the declaration of financial interests she submitted for the job as head of the European Commission's digital economy and society portfolio.[46] Three cabinet ministers resigned in 2019 with similar accusations.[47]

Personal life

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She is married to François Gabriel.[48] The couple has one child.[49]

Prizes and awards

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  • 2013 'MEP of the year' Award in the 'Gender Equality category;[50]
  • 2015 Award of The European Association of Communications Agencies for her achievements in relations to gender equality and women's rights;
  • 2016 "MEP of the year" Award in the Development category;[51]
  • 2016 Order of San Carlos from the Government of Colombia for outstanding contribution to the nation of Colombia in the area of international relations and diplomacy;

References

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  1. ^ "Reynders to take over as EU competition chief". 5 September 2023. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  2. ^ Announcement by RSI on their official Facebook page
  3. ^ Bulgaria's Mariya Gabriel Appointed President of the Robert Schumann Institute - article in Novinite.com
  4. ^ "'Party soldier' Mariya Gabriel returns to Bulgaria with EU baggage". POLITICO. 14 May 2023. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  5. ^ "'Party soldier' Mariya Gabriel returns to Bulgaria with EU baggage". POLITICO. 14 May 2023. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  6. ^ "Bulgaria agrees government with rotating PMs to tackle corruption". POLITICO. 22 May 2023. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  7. ^ "Gabriel set to form Bulgarian government with her party's arch foes". Euractiv. 22 May 2023. Archived from the original on 23 May 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  8. ^ "Women on Boards: EPP Group welcomes Commission proposal". Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
  9. ^ "European Bee Week: What the EU should do for bees and biodiversity". EURACTIV.com. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  10. ^ "EU questions Gabon presidential election vote count – News – DW – 07.09.2016". DW.COM. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  11. ^ "President von der Leyen's mission letter to Marija Gabriel (2019)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  12. ^ "Мария Габриел: Ще внесем искане за освобождаване на главния прокурор". NOVA (in Bulgarian). 11 May 2023. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  13. ^ "Борисов изненадващо нахлу на срещата на Габриел с ПП-ДБ, диалогът се превърна в "корида"". Flagman (in Bulgarian). 12 May 2023. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  14. ^ "ДПС подкрепя кабинет на Габриел, БСП не харесва подхода, ИТН иска конкретни политики". SvobodnaEvropa (in Bulgarian). 11 May 2023. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  15. ^ "Bulgaria's GERB Nominates EU Commissioner As PM Candidate". www.rferl.org. Archived from the original on 16 May 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  16. ^ "EU research commissioner Mariya Gabriel resigns". POLITICO. 15 May 2023. Archived from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  17. ^ "Мария Габриел вече има подкрепа от ИТН за "експертно правителство"". Mediapool (in Bulgarian). 18 May 2023. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  18. ^ "БСП няма да подкрепи кабинет на ГЕРБ. Вече няма реалистичен вариант за първия мандат без ПП-ДБ (видео)". Mediapool (in Bulgarian). 15 May 2023. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  19. ^ "Мария Габриел: Ще изпълня мандата". Nova (in Bulgarian). 17 May 2023. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  20. ^ "Слави Трифонов: ИТН няма да участва и да подкрепи кабинет на ГЕРБ". BNT (in Bulgarian). 21 May 2023. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  21. ^ "ГЕРБ върна на Румен Радев неизпълнен мандат, след като реши да подкрепи кабинет на ПП-ДБ". Svobodnaevropa (in Bulgarian). 22 May 2023. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  22. ^ McIntyre, Fiona (25 May 2023). "Mariya Gabriel: Leaving a legacy". Research Professional News. Archived from the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  23. ^ ""Замразяваме преговорите". Мария Габриел спира разговорите за съставяне на кабинет с ПП-ДБ". Svobodnaevropa (in Bulgarian). 27 May 2023. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  24. ^ "Акад. Денков обясни за службите, очаквал да има проблеми с Радостин Василев". 24chasa (in Bulgarian). 28 May 2023. Archived from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  25. ^ "Мария Габриел постави ултиматум, за да има коалиционно правителство". Fakti (in Bulgarian). 30 May 2023. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  26. ^ ""Размразяването е факт: Денков и Габриел пак подхванаха разговорите". 24chasa (in Bulgarian). 31 May 2023. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  27. ^ "Кабинетът "Денков-Габриел" беше официално обявен - само с една промяна". Capital (in Bulgarian). 2 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  28. ^ "Bulgaria's prime minister resigns as planned, part of a power-sharing agreement". Associated Press. 6 March 2024. Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  29. ^ "ГЕРБ излъчиха преговорен екип за разговори с ПП-ДБ, дават им споразумението днес". BTV (in Bulgarian). 5 March 2024. Archived from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  30. ^ ""Ще постигнем съгласие". ГЕРБ и ПП-ДБ започнаха преговори за ротацията в кабинета". SvobodnaEvropa (in Bulgarian). 9 March 2024. Archived from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  31. ^ "Габриел на консултациите при Радев: За ГЕРБ-СДС е важно диалогът да открие общите неща (ВИДЕО)". Trud (in Bulgarian). 11 March 2024. Archived from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  32. ^ "Денков обяви "съществен напредък" на преговорите, а Габриел поиска от Радев още време". Mediapool (in Bulgarian). 11 March 2024. Archived from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  33. ^ "Мария Габриел: Готова съм утре да върна мандата". Sega (in Bulgarian). 17 March 2024. Archived from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  34. ^ "Bulgaria's foreign minister to form the next government in power-sharing deal". Associated Press. 18 March 2024. Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  35. ^ "Габриел взе мандата. Преговорите продължават още 24 часа, ПП-ДБ не са съгласни с предложения от ГЕРБ кабине". Mediapool (in Bulgarian). 18 March 2024. Archived from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  36. ^ "GERB returned a completed mandate to the president and a folder with names of ministers". Ze-news. 19 March 2024. Archived from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  37. ^ "Кои са спряганите нови имена в кабинета "Габриел" (СНИМКИ)". Dariknews (in Bulgarian). 19 March 2024. Archived from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  38. ^ "Габриел е подписала коалиционното споразумение". Infomreja (in Bulgarian). 19 March 2024. Archived from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  39. ^ "ПП-ДБ отказват участие в кабинета. Асен Василев: Мария Габриел е най-новото и най-красивото лице на мафията в България". Glasove (in Bulgarian). 19 March 2024. Archived from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  40. ^ ""Очаквам извинение". Габриел и Борисов се обидиха на ПП-ДБ, но не се отказват от преговорите". SvobodnaEvropa (in Bulgarian). 20 March 2024. Archived from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  41. ^ "Голяма бомба от участието на Мария Габриел в "Панорама"!". Blitz (in Bulgarian). 22 March 2024. Archived from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  42. ^ "Край на шансовете за правителство? Мария Габриел оттегли кандидатурата си за премиер". RMTV (in Bulgarian). 24 March 2024. Archived from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  43. ^ "'Party soldier' Mariya Gabriel returns to Bulgaria with EU baggage". POLITICO. 14 May 2023. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  44. ^ "Bulgarian MEP Maria Gabriel Failed to Declare Preferential Rent from Sofia Municipality". Bivol. 19 May 2017. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  45. ^ "Bulgaria's Anti-corruption Commission Terminates Proceedings Against EU Commissioner Mariya Gabriel". Novinite. 19 July 2019. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
  46. ^ "EU Minister Nominee Set for Confirmation Despite Suspect Bulgarian Real Estate Deal". Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project. 23 June 2017. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  47. ^ "Bulgaria's 'apartmentgate' infuriates struggling citizens". Financial Times. 25 April 2019. Archived from the original on 19 June 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
  48. ^ Предложили брак на Мария Неделчева пред пленарната зала Archived 16 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine, 24chasa.bg, 7. Juli 2012
  49. ^ "CV of Mariya Gabriel on the Homepage of the European Commission" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 November 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  50. ^ "Mariya Gabriel – MEP of the year". Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
  51. ^ "Bulgaria's Mariya Gabriel chosen as MEP of the year for the second time". Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
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Political offices
Preceded by Bulgarian European Commissioner
2017–2023 		Succeeded by
Preceded by European Commissioner for Digital Economy and Society
2017–2019 		Succeeded byas Executive Vice President of the European Commission for A Europe Fit for the Digital Age
Preceded byas European Commissioner for Education, Culture, Youth and Sport European Commissioner for Innovation, Research, Culture, Education and Youth
2019–2023 		Succeeded byas European Commissioner for Culture, Education and Youth
Succeeded byas European Commissioner for Innovation and Research
Preceded by Minister of Foreign Affairs
2023–present 		Incumbent
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