Maria d'Aragona (1503–1568; born in d'Avalos Castello in Ischia) was the daughter of Duke Ferdinando di Montalto and Catalina Cardona and the granddaughter of King Ferdinand I of Naples, also called King Ferrante.[1] As a child, Maria d’Aragona grew up in a castle with the poet Vittoria Colonna, who had married d'Avalo's nephew.[2] It was here that Maria met Sannazaro, Tansillo, and Bernardo Tasso who would entertain her in later life at her own salons in Naples, Milan, and Pavia.[3]
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Marriage and family
editIn 1523, Maria d'Aragona married Costanza's grandnephew Marchese Alfonso d'Avalos del Vasto.[3] Del Vasto was a decorated military man in Emperor Charles V’s service. In 1538, Charles V named Del Vasto governor of Milan.[3] The family left Naples for a palace in Milan. Del Vasto had already served under Charles at Pravia, Tunis, and Naples, and there for he was constantly in the field of battle. D’Aragona assumed the responsibility of the court, promoting a cultural program in Milan similar to the one in Naples.
Political affiliations
editDuring the 1530s, Maria, Giovanna d'Aragona, Costanza d'Avalos, Vittoria Colonna, and Giulia Gonzaga became disciples of the theologian Juan de Valdés. The group attended his lectures / discussions of scriptures at Juan’s house in Chiaia. The group attended sermons of Bernardino Ochino, a radical reform preacher. After Charles V promoted Del Vasto to Governor, Maria remained loyal to Valdés’s disciple, Pietro Carnesecchi, and she continued to correspond to Cardinal Seripando, who was under attack by Inquisitors in Rome. In 1540 d’Aragona attempted to bring Ochino to Milan. However, Ochino fled Italy to protest in Geneva one year later.[4]
Arts
editMaria produced a salon in which many poets inhabited. They included Paolo Giovio, Girolamo Muzio, Pietro Aretino, Giulio Camillo and Bernardo Spina, who had taken part in Costanza’s circle. Luca Contile chronicled the life of Maria’s husband and her sister in his Lettere, which was later published in Venice.[5]
Downfall and rise
editIn 1544, Del Vasto lost twelve thousand men while fighting the French at Ceresole. He was a broken man who had never recovered from his wounds. He died in 1546. After her husband's death, Maria moved her entourage out of the palace in Milan to resettle with her seven children and her sister Giovanna in Pavia.[6] There she reestablished her salon and integrated the literary academy Chiave d’Oro with Contile, Aretino and others from her circle in Milan.[7] In 1547 they boarded a ship and proceeded to return to Ischia and reestablish their salon at Castel dell’Ovo in Naples.
Rebellion
editOn May 13, 1547, the Viceroy of Naples, Pedro Álvarez de Toledo, turned against his people, closed the city’s literary academics, and imprisoned their leaders, Ferrante, Carafa and Angelo di Costanzo.[5] Driven out of Naples, d’Aragona collaborated with writers well connected to the Venetian editors and printers; established works honoring her and her sister for standing behind Naples literary establishment in the face of threats from the Inquisition and book burnings.[6]
Aftermath
editIn 1551, the Academy of the Dubbiosi in Venice launched plans for a work entitled “The Temple of the Divine Lady Giovanna d’Aragona”. One year later, editor Girolamo Ruscelli published a tribute to Maria d’Aragona under the title “A lecture … on a sonnet in honor of the divine lady the Marchese del Vasto”.[8] The Venetian editor Lodovico Dolce announced the publication of the first of four anthologies featuring Napoleonic writers who had participated in Maria d’ Aragona’s circle. The Poems by Maria’s husband led off the first and second editions of the text, Rime di diversi napoletani.[5] Maria returned to Naples and died in 1568. Venetian editors praised her brilliance and beauty.
She is buried in the church of San Domenico Maggiore, Naples. Between 1984 and 1987, her coffin was opened and her mummified remains were scientifically studied by pathologists.[9][10] Here body showed signs of syphilis and anogenital warts, which both are sexually transmitted infections.[11][12] Treponema pallidum, the bacterium that causes syphilis, was isolated in a syphilitic gumma on her left arm, and human papilloma virus (HPV type 18), a common cause of genital warts and of vulvar and cervical cancer, was isolated from a papilloma in her right groin. The swelling of her left leg could correspond with edema from lymphogenic metastases from metastatic vulvar cancer, which may have been the leading cause of her death.
References
edit- ^ Another Maria d'Aragona was the illegitimate daughter of King Ferrante of Naples by his concubine Diana Guardato, and Maria was married Antonio Todeschini Piccolomini, Duke of Amalfi.
- ^ Musiol, Maria. Vittoria Colonna. p. 80.
- ^ a b c Robin, Diana; Larsen, Anne; Levin, Carole (2007). Encyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance:Italy, France and England. Santa Barbara, CA. pp. 46–47.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Mansueto; Donato; laura, Elena (2007). The Italian Emblem: A Collection of Essays. p. 70.
- ^ a b c Robin, Diana; Larsen, Anne; Levin, Carole (2007). Encyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance:Italy, France and England. Santa Barbara, CA. p. 47.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Robin, Diana Maury (2007). Publishing Women: Salons, the Presses, and the Counter-Reformation in Sixteenth-century Italy. Chicago :U of Chicago. p. 61.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Jerrold, Maud F. (1906). Vittoria Colonna: With Some Account of Her Friends and Her times. London: J.M. Dent. p. 61.
- ^ Robin, Diana Maury (2007). Publishing Women: Salons, the Presses, and the Counter-Reformation in Sixteenth-century Italy. Chicago :U of Chicago. p. 281.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Cockburn, Thomas Aidan; Cockburn, Eve; Reyman, Theodore A., eds. (30 April 1998). Mummies, Disease and Ancient Cultures (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 280. ISBN 978-0521589543. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
- ^ Fornaciari, Gino (1999). "Renaissance Mummies in Italy". Medicina Nei Secoli. 11 (1): 85–105. PMID 11624203. NIH website.
- ^ Fornaciari, Gino; Zavaglia, Katia; Giusti, Laura; Vultaggio, Claudia; Ciranni, Rosalba (October 4, 2003). "Human papillomavirus in a 16th century mummy". The Lancet. 362 (9390): 1160. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14487-X. PMID 14550719. S2CID 27518217.
- ^ Fornaciari, Gino (February 2006). "Le Mummie Aragonesi in San Domenico Maggiore di Napoli" [The Aragonese mummies of the Basilica of Saint Domenico Maggiore in Naples]. Medicina Nei Secoli (in Italian). 18 (3): 843–864. PMID 18175625.
Further reading
edit- Robin, Diana Maury. Publishing Women: Salons, the Presses, and the Counter-Reformation in Sixteenth-century Italy. Chicago: U of Chicago, 2007. Print.
- Mansueto, Donato, and Elena Laura. Calogero. The Italian Emblem: A Collection of Essays. Glasgow: Glasgow Emblem Studies, 2007. Print.
- Jerrold, Maud F. Vittoria Colonna: With Some Account of Her Friends and Her times. London: J.M. Dent, 1906. Print.
- Lockwood, Lewis. Music in Renaissance Ferrara, 1400-1505: The Creation of a Musical Center in the Italian Renaissance in the Fifteenth Century. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009. Print.
- Musiol, Maria. Vittoria Colonna: A Female Genius of Italian Renaissance. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.
- Robin, Diana Maury., Anne R. Larsen, and Carole Levin. Encyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2007. Print.
External links
edit- Marino, John A. "Naples, Kingdom of." Encyclopedia.com. HighBeam Research, 01 Jan. 2004. Web. 17 Nov. 2014. http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Kingdom_of_Naples.aspx
- Silvestri, Carlo. "Www.giornalelirpinia.it." When Maria of Spain Stayed in the Castle of Avellino. L'IRPINIA, 18 Mar. 2012. Web. 14 Dec. 2014. Language: (in Italian)