Marian Elizabeth Hubbard (August 31, 1868 – February 24, 1956) was an American zoologist and associate professor of zoology at Wellesley College, where she taught for over 40 years.[1][2]
Marian E. Hubbard | |
|---|---|
| Born | August 31, 1868 |
| Died | February 24, 1956 |
| Alma mater | Mount Holyoke College University of Chicago (BS) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Zoology |
Early life
editMarian Elizabeth Hubbard was born in McGregor, Iowa, to parents Rodolphus and Hanna Hubbard,[3] In 1886 she graduated from McGregor school.[4] She attended Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (now Mount Holyoke College) until 1889 and graduated from the University of Chicago with a B.S. in 1894.[3]
Professional career
editDespite only earning a bachelor's degree, she taught at Wellesley College in Massachusetts for over 40 years, rising to the rank of professor, and retiring as professor emerita in 1937. Hubbard was known as "the flight of the zoology department" due to her feminist approach at Wellesley, and often wrote in the Wellesley Alumnae Quarterly on scientific matters across campus.[5] She was once a member of the American Ornithologists' Union,[6] the American Association of University Professors,[7] and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.[8] Hubbard was also a prominent advocate for women's suffrage and advocated among the Wellesley College campus writing articles to the school's president about women scientists and their struggles.[citation needed]
Hubbard's research included heredity in insects, embryology of birds, and behavior of salamanders.[9][10] In 1904, Hubbard researched and co-authored an article on pecten and varying pecten ray length. After her research on pecten, Hubbard encountered an issue when a fire in 1914 at Wellesley College, where her 20 years of research on beetles was destroyed.[11] In 1908, Hubbard published an article in The American Naturalist titled "Some Experiments on the Order of Succession of the Somites in the Chick" that was Mostly inspired by an 1889 article by Julia Platt on the formation of somites during development. To verify past claims, Hubbard surgically damaged somites (using “Miss Peebles’ method”) to determine whether that stopped formation of new somites. The results challenged Platt’s interpretation.[12][13]
She retired from Wellesley College in 1937 and died February 24, 1956.[14]
Works
edit- Hubbard, Marian E. (1903-12-05). "Correlated Protective Devices In Some California Salamanders". University of California Publications in Zoology. 1:157–168.
- Davenport, C. B.; Hubbard, Marian E. (1904-12). "Studies in the evolution of Pecten IV. Ray variability in Pecten varius". Journal of Experimental Zoology. 1 (4): 607–616. doi:10.1002/jez.1400010407. ISSN 0022-104X.
- Hubbard, Marian E. (1908-07-01). "Some Experiments on the Order of Succession of the Somites of the Chick". The American Naturalist. 42 (499): 466–472. doi:10.1086/278956.
References
edit- ^ Rossiter, Margaret (1984). Women Scientists in America: Struggles and Strategies to 1940. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0801825095.
- ^ Rodríguez-Robles, Javier A.; Good, David A.; Wake, David B. (2003-01-01). Brief History of Herpetology in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, with a List of Type Specimens of Recent Amphibians and Reptiles (1 ed.). University of California Press. ISBN 9780520238183. JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctt1pp5r0.
- ^ a b John W. Leonard (1914). Woman's Who's Who of America. American Commonwealth Company. p. 411.
- ^ "The North Iowa Times from McGregor, Iowa". Newspapers. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
- ^ "Species Description". Allaire Diamond and Jiasuey Hsu. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
- ^ Sage, John Hall (1917-01-01). "Thirty-Fourth Stated Meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union". The Auk. 34 (1): 76–85. doi:10.2307/4072543. JSTOR 4072543.
- ^ "Membership". Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors. 3 (6): 24–31. 1917-01-01. JSTOR 40216840.
- ^ Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 1901. p. 162. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
- ^ Leonard, John. Woman's Who's who of America: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporary Women of the United States and Canada. New York: American Commonwealth Co.
- ^ Palmieri, Patricia Ann (1997). In Adamless Eden: The Community of Women Faculty at Wellesley. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300063882.
- ^ "Remembering the Fire of 1914". The Chronicle of Higher Education. 2014-03-10. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
- ^ Hubbard, Marian E. (July 1908). "Some Experiments on the Order of Succession of the Somites in the Chick". The American Naturalist. 42 (499): 466–471. doi:10.1086/278956. ISSN 0003-0147.
- ^ Bronstein, Judith L.; Bolnick, Daniel I. (December 2018). ""Her Joyous Enthusiasm for Her Life-Work …": Early Women Authors in The American Naturalist". The American Naturalist. 192 (6): 655–663. doi:10.1086/700119. ISSN 0003-0147.
- ^ Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie; Joy Dorothy Harvey (2000). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: A-K. Routledge. p. 624. ISBN 978-0-415-92039-1.
External links
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