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Grand Master of the Teutonic Order

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"Hochmeister" redirects here. For the Czech footballer, see Radek Hochmeister. For the Wehrmacht Infantry division, see 44th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht).

The grand master of the Teutonic Order (German: Hochmeister des Deutschen Ordens; Latin: Magister generalis Ordo Teutonicus) is the supreme head of the Teutonic Order. It is equivalent to the grand master of other military orders and the superior general in non-military Roman Catholic religious orders. Hochmeister, literally "high master", is only used in reference to the Teutonic Order, as Großmeister ("grand master") is used in German to refer to the leaders of other orders of knighthood.

Grand Master of the Teutonic Order
Hochmeister des Deutschen Ordens
Coat of arms of a Grand Master
Incumbent
Frank Bayard
since 22 August 2018
Reports toHoly See
Seat
Term lengthsix years
Formation1198
First holderHeinrich Walpot von Bassenheim

An early version of the full title in Latin was Magister Hospitalis Sanctae Mariae Alemannorum Hierosolymitani. Since 1216, the full title Magister Hospitalis Domus Sanctae Mariae Teutonicorum Hierosolymitani ("Master of the Hospital House of the Blessed Virgin Mary of the Germans of Jerusalem") was used.

The offices of Hochmeister and Deutschmeister (Magister Germaniae) were united in 1525. The title of Magister Germaniae had been introduced in 1219 as the head of the bailiwicks in the Holy Roman Empire, from 1381 also those in Italy, raised to the rank of a prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1494, but merged with the office of grand master under Walter von Cronberg in 1525, from which time the head of the order had the title of Hoch- und Deutschmeister.[1] From 1466 to 1525, the Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order were vassals and princes of the Polish Crown.[2]

Coat of arms

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The coat of arms representing the grand master (Deutschmeisterwappen) is shown with a golden cross fleury or cross potent superimposed on the black cross, with the imperial eagle as a central inescutcheon. The golden cross potent overlaid on the black cross becomes widely used by the 14th century, developing into a golden cross fleury by the 15th century. A legendary account attributes the introduction of the cross potent to John of Brienne, King of Jerusalem, who granted the master of the order this cross as a variation of the Jerusalem cross, while the fleur-de-lis was supposedly granted on 20 August 1250 by Louis IX of France. While this legendary account cannot be traced back further than the early modern period (Christoph Hartknoch, 1684) there is some evidence that the design does indeed date to the mid 13th century.[3]

Before the Reformation

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Hermann von Salza, fourth Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, in a Baroque-era portrait
 
Coats of arms of the 29 grand masters (until 1470, Heinrich Reuß von Plauen) in the St. Gallen armorial (Cod. sang. 1084)
 
Grand Master Siegfried von Feuchtwangen enters Marienburg with his knights on 14 September 1309, representing the move of the order's main seat to Prussia (1825 history painting)
 
Historic seal of the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order. This seal was in use for more than 200 years, from the 13th century until it was replaced by Frederick, Duke of Saxony in 1498.[a]

Compared to other medieval governments, transfer of power within the Teutonic Knights was run efficiently. Upon the death of a grand master, the vice master called a capitulum composed of the leading officers of the order. The general chapter would select a twelve-person electoral college composed of seven knights, four sergeants, and one priest. Once a majority-candidate for grand master was chosen, the minority electors would concede to support unanimity. These elections usually provided a succeeding grand master within three months.[5]

Candidates for the position of grand master had experience as senior administrators for the order and were usually chosen on merit, not lineage.[6] This changed only after the order had entered a steady decline, with the selection of Frederick of Saxony and Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach, members of the powerful Wettin and House of Hohenzollern dynasties.

When the Teutonic Knights were originally based in Acre in Outremer, the grand masters spent much of their time at the papal and imperial courts.[7] The grand masters were most powerful after the order's 13th century conquest of Prussia during the Northern Crusades and the creation of the militarized State of the Teutonic Order, which lasted until 1525 (from 1466 to 1525 as part of the Kingdom of Poland as a fief).[8] After the order's capital moved from Venice to Malbork (Marienburg) in 1309, the grand master's power was at its height. He had ultimate control over Prussia, which gave him command over the Prussian commanders. When the general chapter would meet in Elbląg (Elbing), he was able to use this influence to ratify administrative measures he proposed.[6] The grand master also served as the castellan of Marienburg and was aided by the order's treasurer. He was also a member of the Hanseatic League, allowing him to receive some of the league's custom dues.[9]

Excavations in the church of Kwidzyn (Marienwerder) performed in 2007 yielded the skeletal remains of three Grand Masters of the late medieval period, Werner von Orseln (1324–1330), Ludolf König von Wattzau (1342–1445) and Heinrich von Plauen (1410–1413). The church had been known as the burial place of the bishops of Pomesania, but the discovery of the grand masters' burials was unexpected. The bodies had been buried in gold-painted wooden coffins draped in silk robes.[10]

Since the 1466 Second Peace of Toruń, the Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order were vassals of the Kingdom of Poland, and every Grand Master of the Teutonic Order was obliged to swear an oath of allegiance to the reigning Polish king within six months of taking office.[8] The Grand Masters were also princes and counselors of the Polish kings and the Kingdom of Poland.[2] The State of the Teutonic Order was a part of Poland as a fief.[8]

Leaders of the early Brotherhood, 1190–1198

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The Teutonic Order as a hospice brotherhood in Outremer:

Name Reign Born Death Notes
Sibrand 1190 1157 1191
Konrad 1190–1192
Gerhard 1192
Heinrich 1193/1194 Prior
Ulrich 1195–1196
Heinrich 1196 preceptor[b]

Grand Masters of the Order, 1198–1525

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The Teutonic Order as a spiritual military order had a total of 37 grand masters between 1198 and 1525.

Several armorials of the 15th and early 16th century depict the coat of arms of the grand masters. These include the Chronica by Ulrich Richenthal,[12] an armorial of St. Gallen kept in Nuremberg,[13] an armorial of southwest Germany kept in Leipzig[14] and the Miltenberg armorial.[15] Conspicuously absent from these lists are three grand masters, Gerhards von Malberg (1241–1244) and his successors Heinrich von Hohenlohe (1244–1249) and Gunther von Wüllersleben (1250–1252), so that pre-modern historiographical tradition has a list of 34 grand masters for the time before 1525 (as opposed to 37 in modern accounts).[16]

# Mod Name Reign Born Death Notes
1 1 Heinrich Walpot von Bassenheim[11] 1198–sometime before 1208 24 Sep 1200
2 2 Otto von Kerpen[11] Documented for 1208 1208
3 3 Heinrich von Tunna 1208–1209 1209
4 4 Hermann von Salza 1209–1239 c. 1165 20 March 1239 As a friend and councillor of emperor Frederick II, Hermann achieved the recognition of the order as of equal status with the older military orders of the Knights Hospitaller and the Knights Templar by Pope Honorius III. In 1237, he also oversaw the incorporation of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword into the Teutonic order.
5 5 Konrad von Thüringen 1239–1240 c. 1206 24 July 1240
-
 6 Gerhard von Malberg 1240–1244 c. 1200 After 1245
7 Heinrich von Hohenlohe 1244–1249 c. 1200 15 July 1249
8 Gunther von Wüllersleben 1249–1252 3 or 4 May 1252
6 9 Poppo von Osterna 1252–1256 6 Nov 1266 or 1267 The pretender Wilhelm von Urenbach (1253–1256) was chosen in opposition to Poppo von Osterna).[17]
7 10 Anno von Sangershausen 1256–1273 8 July 1273
8 11 Hartmann von Heldrungen 1273–1282 19 Aug 1282
9 12 Burchard von Schwanden 1282 or 1283–1290 1310 Burchard von Schwanden's first year in office is given as 1282 on the Teutonic Order's German site and 1283 on the Austrian site.
10 13 Konrad von Feuchtwangen 1290–1297 Before 1230 4 July 1296 After the fall of Acre, Konrad moved the Order's headquarters to Venice.
11 14 Gottfried von Hohenlohe 1297–1303 1265 19 Oct 1310
12 15 Siegfried von Feuchtwangen 1303–1311 1311 Of the same family as his predecessor Konrad von Feuchtwangen. Siegfried moved the order's headquarters to Prussia in 1309.
13 16 Karl von Trier 1311–1324 1265 11 Feb 1324
14 17 Werner von Orseln 1324–1330 c. 1280 18 Nov 1330
15 18 Luther von Braunschweig 1331–1335 c. 1275 18 April 1335 Also spelled Lothar
16 19 Dietrich von Altenburg 1335–1341 Oct 1341
17 20 Ludolf König von Wattzau 1342–1345 Between 1280 and 1290 1348 or later
18 21 Heinrich Dusemer[18] 1345–1351 c. 1280 1353
19 22 Winrich von Kniprode 1351–1382 1310 1382
20 23 Konrad Zöllner von Rotenstein 1382–1390 c. 1325 20 Aug 1390
21 24 Konrad von Wallenrode 1391–1393 c. 1330s 23 July 1393
22 25 Konrad von Jungingen 1393–1407 c. 1355 30 March 1407
23 26 Ulrich von Jungingen 1407–1410 15 July 1410
24 27 Heinrich von Plauen 1410–1413 1360
25 28 Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg 1414–1422 c. 1370 1429
26 29 Paul von Rusdorf 1422–1441 c. 1385 1441
27 30 Konrad von Erlichshausen 1441–1449 1390 or 1395 1449
28 31 Ludwig von Erlichshausen 1449 or 1450–1467 c. 1410 4 April 1467 Ludwig von Erlichshausen's first year in office is given as 1449 on the Teutonic Order's German site and 1450 on the Austrian site.
29 32 Heinrich Reuß von Plauen 1467–1470 c. 1400 2 Jan 1470
30 33 Heinrich Reffle von Richtenberg 1470–1477 1415 1477
31 34 Martin Truchseß von Wetzhausen 1477–1489 1435 3 Jan 1489
32 35 Johann von Tiefen 1489–1497 25 Aug 1497
33 36 Frederick, Duke of Saxony 1497–1510 26 Oct 1473 14 Dec 1510
34 37 Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach 1510–1525 17 May 1490 20 March 1568

After the Reformation

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The last Hochmeister, Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach, converted to Lutheranism and, with the consent of his overlord and uncle, King Sigismund I of Poland, turned the State of the Teutonic Order into the secular Duchy of Prussia per the Treaty of Kraków, which was sealed by the Prussian Homage in Kraków in 1525. The commanderies in the autonomous Livonian Terra Mariana likewise were lost by 1561, as that region also became Protestant. However, the Order retained its bailiwicks in the Holy Roman Empire (Germany and Italy), which had been administered by the Deutschmeister since 1219.

As the Order was now limited to its possessions in the German kingdom, incumbent Deutschmeister Walter von Cronberg was also appointed Hochmeister by Emperor Charles V in 1527. The administrative seat was moved to Mergentheim Castle in Franconia. The Hoch- und Deutschmeister was ranked as one of the ecclesiastical Princes of the Holy Roman Empire until 1806; when Mergentheim fell to the newly established Kingdom of Württemberg, their residence was relocated to the Deutschordenshaus in Vienna. The dual title lasted until in 1923, when the last secular Grand Master, Archduke Eugen of Austria, resigned from office.

A Franconian Teutschmeister regiment [de] of the Imperial Army was formed under Count Palatine Francis Louis of Neuburg in 1696; organized as 4th Infantry Regiment in 1769 and deployed at Vienna, it was known as the Lower Austrian Hoch- und Deutschmeister regiment from 1814. Chiefly known for its popular military band, the regiment's tradition was adopted by the Wehrmacht 44th Infantry Division in 1938 and today is maintained by the 1st Jäger Battalion [de] of the Austrian Armed Forces.

Hoch- und Deutschmeister, 1527–1929

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Name Reign Born Death Notes
Walter von Cronberg 1527–1543 1477 or 1479 4 April 1543
Wolfgang Schutzbar 1543–1566 c. 1483 11 Feb 1566
Georg Hund von Wenkheim 1566–1572 c. 1520 17 June 1572
Heinrich von Bobenhausen 1572–1590 c. 1514 21 March 1595
Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria 1590–1618 12 Oct 1558 2 Nov 1618
Charles of Austria, Bishop of Wroclaw 1619–1624 7 Aug 1590 28 Dec 1624
Johann Eustach von Westernach 1625–1627 16 Dec 1545 25 Oct 1627
Johann Kaspar von Stadion 1627–1641 21 Dec 1567 21 Nov 1641
Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria 1641–1662 5 Jan 1614 20 Nov 1662
Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria 1662–1664 7 Aug 1649 27 Jan 1664
Johann Caspar von Ampringen 1664–1684 19 Jan 1619 9 Sep 1684
Ludwig Anton von Pfalz-Neuburg 1685–1694 1660 1694
Francis Louis of Palatinate-Neuburg 1694–1732 18 July 1664 6 April 1732
Prince Clemens August of Bavaria 1732–1761 17 Aug 1700 6 Feb 1761
Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine 1761–1780 12 Dec 1712 4 July 1780
Archduke Maximilian Francis of Austria 1780–1801 8 Dec 1756 26 July 1801
Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen 1801–1804 5 Sep 1771 30 April 1847
Archduke Anton Victor of Austria 1804–1835 31 Aug 1779 2 April 1835 Office becomes hereditary to the Imperial House of Austria
Archduke Maximilian of Austria-Este 1835–1863 14 July 1782 1 June 1863
Archduke Wilhelm Franz of Austria 1863–1894 21 April 1827 29 April 1894
Archduke Eugen of Austria 1894–1923 21 May 1863 30 Dec 1954 End of hereditary status
Norbert Klein 1923–1929 25 Oct 1866 10 March 1933 Bishop of Brno from 1916 until 1926

1929–present

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Time of the Teutonic Order as a clerical Roman Catholic religious order

Name Reign Born Death Notes
Norbert Klein 1929–1933 25 Oct 1866 10 March 1933 Bishop of Brno from 1916 until 1926
Paul Heider 1933–1936
Robert Schälzky 1936–1948
Marian Tumler 1948–1970
Ildefons Pauler 1970–1988
Arnold Wieland 1988–2000
Bruno Platter 2000–2018
Frank Bayard 2018–present 11 Oct 1971

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ In Latin: (Sigillum Magistri Generalis Hospitalis Sancte Marie Theutonicorum Ier(oso)l(o)m(i)tan(i). [4]
  2. ^ Probably identical with Heinrich Walpot, the first Grand Master (see below)[11]

References

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  1. ^ "Bernhard Peter (2011)". Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
  2. ^ a b Górski, Karol (1949). Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych (in Polish and Latin). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. pp. 96–97, 103, 214–215, 221.
  3. ^ Helmut Nickel, "Über das Hochmeisterwappen des Deutschen Ordens im Heiligen Lande", Der Herold 4/1990, 97–108 (mgh-bibliothek.de). Marie-Luise Heckmann, "Überlegungen zu einem heraldischen Repertorium an Hand der Hochmeisterwappen des Deutschen Ordens" in: Matthias Thumser, Janusz Tandecki, Dieter Heckmann (eds.) Edition deutschsprachiger Quellen aus dem Ostseeraum (14.-16. Jahrhundert), Publikationen des Deutsch-Polnischen Gesprächskreises für Quellenedition. Publikacje Niemiecko-Polskiej Grupy Dyskusyjnej do Spraw Edycij Zrodel 1, 2001, 315–346 (online edition). "Die zeitgenössische Überlieferung verdeutlicht für dieses Wappen hingegen einen anderen Werdegang. Der Modelstein eines Schildmachers, der unter Hermann von Salza zwischen 1229 und 1266 auf der Starkenburg (Montfort) im Heiligen Land tätig war, und ein rekonstruiertes Deckengemälde in der Burgkapelle derselben Festung erlaubten der Forschung den Schluss, dass sich die Hochmeister schon im 13. Jahrhundert eines eigenen Wappens bedient hätten. Es zeigte ein auf das schwarze Ordenskreuz aufgelegtes goldenes Lilienkreuz mit dem bekannten Adlerschildchen. Die Wappensiegel des Elbinger Komturs von 1310 bzw. 1319, ein heute in Innsbruck aufbewahrter Vortrageschild des Hochmeisters Karl von Trier von etwa 1320 und das schlecht erhaltene Sekretsiegel desselben Hochmeisters von 1323 sind ebenfalls jeweils mit aufgelegtem goldenem Lilienkreuz ausgestattet."
  4. ^ Friedrich August Vossberg, Geschichte der preussischen Münzen und Siegel von frühester Zeit bis zum Ende der Herrschaft des Deutschen Ordens, 1843, p. 191.
  5. ^ Christiansen, 203
  6. ^ a b Christiansen, 204
  7. ^ Christiansen, 78
  8. ^ a b c Górski, pp. 96–97, 214–215
  9. ^ Christiansen, p. 205
  10. ^ Bartosz Gondek, Dorota Karaś, "Mistrzowie pochowani w jedwabiach", Gazeta Wyborcza, 2008-12-16. Segnung der Hochmeister-Krypta im Dom zu Kwidzyn/Marienwerder, deutscher-orden.at, 7 August 2010.
  11. ^ a b c Kurt Forstreuter (1969). "Heinrich Walpot". In Fritz Wagner [in German] (ed.). Neue Deutsche Biographie. Vol. 8. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. p. 377 [online edition]. Die Identität H.s mit dem Bruder Heinrich, der 1193 und 1194 als Prior, 1196 als „Preceptor" des Deutschen Hospitals in Akkon genannt wird, ist wahrscheinlich. Er empfängt als solcher Schenkungen für das Hospital und darf, da man über die Amtsbezeichnungen in diesem Hospital in jener Frühzeit sonst fast nichts weiß, wohl als Oberhaupt des Hospitals gelten. Als das Deutsche Hospital in Akkon am 5.3.1198 durch die Führer des deutschen Kreuzzugsheeres, das Heinrich VI. vorausgeeilt war, in einen Ritterorden verwandelt wurde, war es nur natürlich, daß man H. als ersten Hochmeister ausersah. Der Orden wurde 1199 von Papst Innozenz III. bestätigt. [...] Über die Dauer seiner Amtszeit ist nichts Sicheres bekannt. Sein Nachfolger Otto von Kerpen amtierte im September 1208 [...]
  12. ^ Ulrich von Richental, Chronik des Constanzer Concils 1414 bis 1418, ed. Michael Richard Buck (1882, ND 1962), p. 184.
  13. ^ Nürnberg, Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Graphische Sammlung Hz 603b, Kapsel 1384 a [St. Gallen, c. 1470: Wappen der Herren von Erlichshausen]
  14. ^ Leipzig, Universitätsbibliothek, Ms. 03 (formerly 2121), fol. 131v [1473/74, Schild der Herren von Erlichshausen)
  15. ^ L'armorial Miltenberg, un armorial de la fin du XVe siècle, ed. Jean-Claude Loutsch, Schweizer Archiv für Heraldik 103 (1989) S. 95–165 (fol. 44r).
  16. ^ Marie-Luise Heckmann, "Überlegungen zu einem heraldischen Repertorium an Hand der Hochmeisterwappen des Deutschen Ordens" in: Matthias Thumser, Janusz Tandecki, Dieter Heckmann (eds.) Edition deutschsprachiger Quellen aus dem Ostseeraum (14.–16. Jahrhundert), Publikationen des Deutsch-Polnischen Gesprächskreises für Quellenedition. Publikacje Niemiecko-Polskiej Grupy Dyskusyjnej do Spraw Edycij Zrodel 1, 2001, 315–346 (online edition). "Die vorwissenschaftliche Tradition kennt also für die Zeit bis 1525 statt 37 Hochmeistern nur 34 Träger des höchsten Ordensamtes" fn. 68: "Dieselbe Tradition spiegeln folgende Hochmeisterlisten ohne Wappen: Berlin, GStA XX. HA OF 275, fol. 66r-68v, bes. fol. 66r; ebd., OBA 29095, fol. Iv-2r [Hochmeisterliste in Reinschrift], 2v-3r [Landmeisterliste in Reinschrift] 5r-7r [Hochmeisterliste als Konzept], 7v-8r [Landmeisterliste als Konzept], [unpaginiert vor 9]v-14r [Berechnungen der Regierungsjahre der Hochmeister]. Schrift und Inhalt weisen mit einer Ausnahme auf das 16. Jahrhundert als Entstehungszeitraum für diese Stücke, die erst im Nachhinein durch Bleistiftpaginierung zusammengefügt wurden."
  17. ^ Klaus Militzer. Poppo von Osterna (Osternohe) 1252–1256. In: Arnold, Udo (Ed.), Die Hochmeister des Deutschen Ordens 1190–1994 (1998), p. 27.
  18. ^ Andrzej Nowakowski (1994). Arms and armour in the medieval Teutonic Order's state in Prussia. Volume 2 of Studies on the history of ancient and medieval art of warfare. Łódź: Oficyna Naukowa MS. ISBN 978-8385874010. p. 33.Hans Koeppen (1969). Heinrich Dusemer (in German). Neue Deutsche Biographie, volume 8. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. ISBN 3428001893. p.  378.
  • Arnold, Udo (ed.), Die Hochmeister des Deutschen Ordens 1190–1994. Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte des Deutschen Ordens 40 = Veröffentlichungen der Internationalen Historischen Kommission zur Erforschung des Deutschen Ordens 6. Marburg, 1998.
  • Borchert Friedrich, "Die Hochmeister des Deutschen Ordens in Preußen." In: Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung, 6 October 2001.
  • Christiansen, Erik (1997). The Northern Crusades. London: Penguin Books. p. 287. ISBN 0-14-026653-4.
  • Urban, William, The Teutonic Knights: A Military History. Greenhill Books. London, 2003. ISBN 1-85367-535-0.
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