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Marie Louise von Scheliha

Marie Louisa Emilia Sofia Edle von Scheliha (born Marie Louise von Medinger on 21 May 1904 at Karlštejn Castle in Bohemia; died 2 April 2003 in Adliswil, Switzerland) was a German noblewoman and wife of the resistance fighter Rudolf von Scheliha.

Life

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Marie Louisa Emilia Sofia Edle von Medinger was born on 21 May 1904 at Karlštejn Castle in Bohemia. The castle, which is now located in the Czech Republic between the towns of Jablonec nad Nisou (then Gablonz) and Turnov (then Turnau), was part of the Habsburg Monarchy. Her father was Wilhelm von Medinger [de] an industrialist, who had a degree in agriculture and a doctorate in philosophy and had acquired the estate from the Austrian politician Ludwig von Oppenheimer [de] two years before she was born. He was also a member of the Bohemian Parliament for ten years.[1] Her mother was Alice Pfersmann von Eichthal (1879-1969).[2]

Marie Louise von Medinger mainly received private tuition, but also attended the Nôtre Dame de Sion convent school in Vienna for a short time. In 1920, she attended her first ball and became engaged against her parents' wishes. She was therefore sent to University of Oxford by her father in order to break the engagement without making a sound.[3] She then studied in an infant home and studied at the School of Arts and Crafts in Gablonz. As her artistic talent was discovered there, she went on to study at the Vienna School of Arts and Crafts.[3] Before entering professional life, however, she opted for an aristocratic life, partly due to a lack of schooling, as she later admitted. In 1927, she married the aristocratic diplomat Rudolf von Scheliha, whom she met at a ball in Prague.[3]

Diplomat's wife

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Von Schehila moved to Constantinople with her husband after their honeymoon in 1927. In the same year, the couple moved on to Ankara, which became the new capital of Turkey. A miscarriage was a decisive experience that put a heavy strain on Schehila. 16 months later, her husband was transferred to Katowice. On 14 November 1930, she had a daughter Sylvia von Scheliha, who required increased care due to bone marrow infection. In October 1932, her husband began working in Warsaw, where Hans-Adolf von Moltke placed him.[2] Their second daughter Sylvia was born on 9 March 1934. Sylvia became an engineer, and Elisabeth received a doctorate in chemistry, with the latter surviving to 2016 and dying in Adliswil.[4][5]

The diplomat couple devoted themselves to playing bridge and hunting. At these social events, they met Nazi celebrities such as Hermann Göring and Joachim von Ribbentrop, who entertained them.[6]

In 1936, Rudolf von Scheliha tried to use a trip to Krakow and Zakopane with Hans Frank of the Reich Legal Office of the Nazis and Hitler's personal lawyer,[7] to warn the Polish nobility about Adolf Hitler, but his carelessness put himself in danger.[6] Around 1938–1939, he began to consciously resist. He used his influence to save his friends from persecution by the Nazis and thus put himself in danger. He also used his later position in the protocol department of the Federal Foreign Office in Berlin to pass on so-called “atrocity propaganda”, which he was actually supposed to monitor and combat. Rudolf von Schliha was arrested on 29 October 1942 and assigned to the resistance group Rote Kapelle, to which he neither belonged nor had any connections. He was forced to confess and was executed in Plötzensee Prison on 22 December 1942.[8]

Arrest

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The Nazi German tradition of Sippenhaft meant that many family members of the accused were also arrested.[9] This resulted in Marie Louise von Scheliha being arrested on 29 October and taken to Kantstraße women's prison.[10] She was also repeatedly interrogated and threatened and was only released on 6 November 1943. She was forced to leave Berlin and moved with her children to live with her sister in Vienna.[11]

End of war

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In the last days of the war, she fled with her daughters via Prague to Niederstetten in Bavaria. In Haltenbergstetten Castle, the family lived in a cellar room and subsisted mainly on mushrooms, berries and fallen fruit.[12] She also worked illegally in the fields. She lived a miserable existence during these years. After the end of the war, friends brought von Scheliha and her family to Würzburg and in 1951 she moved to Munich, where she became a housewife. Von Schehila had not bothered with resistance activities during the Third Reich and he had not initiated them, not least to protect her. Now that she was facing financial ruin, she tried to get reparation payments.

During the trial against Manfred Roeder, the chief prosecutor against her husband, she tried to find out from Robert Kemper, the presiding judge in the case, what her husband was actually accused of. However, Roeder only answered her questions with mockery. Kemper therefore did not even forward the letter. Since, according to the court, her husband had belonged to the Red Orchestra and therefore to the Communists at the time, she was denied restitution. However, she received some aid from the state of Württemberg-Baden and a widow's pension from 28 November 1950.[11] In 1956, Marie Louise von Scheliha petitioned the West German president Theodor Heuss who granted her a "revocable maintenance contribution amounting to the legal widow's daily needs".[13] The size of the contribution left her impoverished at the same time as widows of Nazis prosecutors had received full pension rights.[13] This led to a lengthy dispute in which Rudolf von Scheliha's role in the resistance was repeatedly investigated. Attempts were made to persuade Marie Louise von Scheliha to withdraw her application for restitution and she was put under pressure. In 1993, Von Scheliha made a request to the Württemberg State Office for a full pension benefits and was again refused as Rudolf von Scheliha has been subject to a "proper trial".[13]

Rehabilitation and trial

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From the mid-80's onwards, the retired diplomat Ulrich Sahm campaigned to rehabilitate her husband.[14] It wasn't until 1986, that Rudolf von Scheliha was rehabilitated with the publication of Sahm's "Rudolf von Scheliha 1897–1942. Ein deutscher Diplomat gegen Hitler" (Rudolf von Scheliha 1897-1942: A German diplomat against Hitler).[15] The biography was based on extensive conversations with Marie Louise von Scheliha.[16] Sahm reframes her husband as a "daring and honourable resistance fighter".[17] Sahm's research was the likely basis[14] for the Cologne Administrative Court [de] to rule in October 1995 that Scheliha had been sentenced to death not for espionage but in a sham trial for his opposition to Nazism, which overturned the 1942 verdict, making him officially rehabilitated.[18] The court stated that "Scheliha had been persecuted because of his political opposition".[19] Marie-Louise von Scheliha lived to see this in her old age, surrounded by her family in Switzerland, where she spent the last years of her life. She died in Switzerland on 2 April 2003.[20]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Posner 1974, p. 184.
  2. ^ a b Hürter 2005, p. 646.
  3. ^ a b c Geyken 2014, pp. 34–37.
  4. ^ Hürter 2005.
  5. ^ Isphording, Keiper & Kröger 2012, p. 56.
  6. ^ a b Geyken 2014, pp. 44–47.
  7. ^ Eckelmann 2018.
  8. ^ Geyken 2014, pp. 89–92.
  9. ^ Pine 2013, pp. 272–273.
  10. ^ Coppi & Kebir 2013, p. 87.
  11. ^ a b Geyken 2014, pp. 97–98.
  12. ^ Harmsen 2018.
  13. ^ a b c Wippermann 2013.
  14. ^ a b Blasius 2013.
  15. ^ Sahm 1990.
  16. ^ Geyken 2014, p. 266.
  17. ^ Klemperer 1994, p. 68.
  18. ^ Isphording, Keiper & Kröger 2012, p. 6.
  19. ^ Frei & Hayes 2011, p. 67.
  20. ^ Geyken 2014, p. 267.

Bibliography

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  • Blasius, Rainer (29 July 2013). "Das Auswärtige Amt und Ilse Stöbe" (in German). Frankfurt: Fazit-Stiftung. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Archived from the original on 22 July 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  • Coppi, Hans; Kebir, Sabine (2013). Ilse Stöbe : wieder im Amt : eine Widerstandskämpferin in der Wilhelmstrasse : eine Veröffentlichung der Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung [Ilse Stöbe: back in office: a resistance fighter in the Wilhelmstrasse: a publication of the Rosa Luxemburg Foundation] (in German). Hamburg: VSA. ISBN 978-3-89965-569-8. OCLC 856798644.
  • Eckelmann, Susanne (19 December 2018). "Rudolf von Scheliha 1897-1942". LEMO. Berlin: Deutsches Historisches Museum. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  • Frei, Norbert; Hayes, Peter (2011). "The German Foreign Office and the Past" (PDF). Bulletin of the German Historical Institute. 49. Washington, DC: 55–71.
  • Geyken, Frauke (2014). Wir standen nicht abseits: Frauen im Widerstand gegen Hitler [We did not stand aside: women in the resistance against Hitler] (in German). München: C. H. Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-65902-7. OCLC 880530951.
  • Harmsen, Rieke C. (19 July 2018). "Frauen im Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus" (in German). Munich: Evangelischer Presseverband für Bayern e.V. Sonntagsblatt. Archived from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  • Hürter, Johannes (2005). Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German). Vol. 22. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. p. 646.
  • Isphording, Bernd; Keiper, Gerhard; Kröger, Martin (21 May 2012). Biographisches Handbuch des deutschen Auswärtigen Dienstes, 1871-1945 [Biographical Handbook of the German Foreign Service, 1871-1945] (in German). Vol. 4. Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh. ISBN 978-3-506-71843-3.
  • Klemperer, Klemens Von (1994). German Resistance Against Hitler: The Search for Allies Abroad, 1938-1945. Ebsco Publishing. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-19-151334-3.
  • Pine, Lisa (1 June 2013). "Family Punishment in Nazi Germany: Sippenhaft, Terror and Myth". German History. 31 (2): 272–273. doi:10.1093/gerhis/ghs131. ISSN 0266-3554.
  • Posner, J. (1974). "Medinger, Wilhelm von (1878-1934), Politiker". Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon (in German). Vol. 6. Austrian Centre for Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage. doi:10.1553/0x002834a1.
  • Sahm, Ulrich (1990). Rudolf von Scheliha, 1897-1942: ein deutscher Diplomat gegen Hitler [Rudolf von Scheliha, 1897-1942: a German diplomat against Hitler]. Munich: Beck. ISBN 3-406-34705-3.
  • Wippermann, Wolfgang (8 August 2013). "Als Spion geächtet" (in German). Jakob Augstein. Der Freitag. Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
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