A tide gauge is a device for measuring the change in sea level relative to a vertical datum.[2][3] It is also known as a mareograph,[4] marigraph,[5] and sea-level recorder.[6] When applied to freshwater continental water bodies, the instrument may also be called a limnimeter.[7][8]
Operation
editSensors continuously record the height of the water level with respect to a height reference surface close to the geoid. Water enters the device by the bottom pipe (far end of the tube, see picture), and electronic sensors measure its height and send the data to a tiny computer.[citation needed]
Historical data are available for about 1,450 stations worldwide, of which about 950 have provided updates to the global data center since January 2010.[9] At some places records cover centuries, for example in Amsterdam where data dating back to 1700 is available.[10]
When it comes to estimating the greater ocean picture, new modern tide gauges can often be improved upon by using satellite data.[citation needed]
Tide gauges are used to measure tides and quantify the size of tsunamis. The measurements make it possible to derive the mean sea level. Using this method, sea level slopes up to several 0.1 m/1000 km and more have been detected.[citation needed]
A tsunami can be detected when the sea level begins to rise, although warnings from seismic activity can be more useful.[citation needed]
History
editSea-level measurements were made using simple measuring poles or "tide staffs" until around 1830, when self-recording gauges with mechanical floats and stilling wells were introduced.[11]
Tidal poles and float gauges were the primary means of sea-level measurement for over 150 years and continue to operate at some locations today. While still part of modern-day tide gauge instrumentation, these technologies have since been superseded by pressure gauges (similar to depth gauges), acoustic/ultrasonic gauges, and radar gauges.[citation needed]
The following types of tide gauges have been used historically:[12]
- Kelvin type tide gauge
- Fuess type tide gauge
- GSI type tide gauge
- High accuracy automatic tide gauge
- High resolution automatic tide gauge
Common applications
edit
Tide gauges have a practical application in the shipping and fishing industries where low or high tide levels can hinder or prohibit access to shallow bays or locations with bridges. An example is the Cascais tide gauge in Portugal, which was originally installed because of the sand bar in the River Tagus that causes difficulties for shipping entering Lisbon port. Because of similar problems many industries have installed private tide gauges in ports around the world, and also rely on government agencies (such as NOAA).
Data collected from tide gauges is also of interest to scientists measuring global weather patterns, the mean sea water level, and trends - notably those potentially associated with global warming.
Modern gauges
editIn recent years new technologies have developed allowing for real-time, remote tide information to be published online via a solar powered wireless connection to a tide sensor. Acoustic/ultrasonic sensors[13] have already been deployed to great effect and the data is regularly broadcast via Twitter and also displayed online.[14]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ "The Kronstadt sea-gauge". Your Guide in St Petersburg. Retrieved 26 April 2019. With explanatory diagram showing Lea-type float gauge and stilling-well.
- ^ Iliffe, J. C.; Ziebart, M. K.; Turner, J. F. (2007). "A New Methodology for Incorporating Tide Gauge Data in Sea Surface Topography Models". Marine Geodesy. 30 (4): 271–296. doi:10.1080/01490410701568384. ISSN 0149-0419. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
- ^ Mitchum, Gary T. (2000). "An Improved Calibration of Satellite Altimetric Heights Using Tide Gauge Sea Levels with Adjustment for Land Motion". Marine Geodesy. 23 (3): 145–166. doi:10.1080/01490410050128591. ISSN 0149-0419. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
- ^ Torge, W.; Müller, J. (2012). Geodesy. De Gruyter Textbook. De Gruyter. p. 80. ISBN 978-3-11-025000-8. Retrieved 2021-12-08.
- ^ International Tsunami Information Center. "4. Tide, Mareograph, Sea Level". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2018-07-24. Retrieved 2014-06-16.
- ^ Ian Shennan; Antony J. Long; Benjamin P. Horton, eds. (2015). Handbook of Sea-Level Research. Wiley. p. 557. ISBN 978-1-118-45257-8.
- ^ "Definition of LIMNIMETER". Merriam-Webster. 2022-10-07. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
- ^ "Definition of LIMNIMETER". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2021-08-14.
- ^ "Obtaining Tide Gauge Data". Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level. PSMSL. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
- ^ "Other Long Records not in the PSMSL Data Set". PSMSL. Retrieved 2015-05-11.
- ^ Tide gauge history UK National Oceanographic Centre Archived 2015-08-24 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "History of tide gauges". Tide Observation. Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. Archived from the original on 2013-01-05. Retrieved 2014-04-19.
- ^ "Remote Monitoring a MaxSonar®". Archived from the original on 2012-09-03. Retrieved 2012-09-28.
- ^ "ioBridge Apps - Ockway Bay Tide Levels". Archived from the original on 2012-01-21. Retrieved 2012-09-28.
Further reading
edit- Gerd Morgenschweis (2010). Hydrometrie: Theorie und Praxis der Durchflussmessung in offenen Gerinnen. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-642-05390-0. (in German)
External links
edit
- Historical Examples Archived 2013-01-05 at the Wayback Machine Brown University
- Mean Sea Level Explanation
- NOAA Tide Data